Salivary oxytocin changes and effect of the season in sows kept in different farrowing systems: Farrowing crate and farrowing pen with temporary crating.

Alternative farrowing systems that have been developed in recent years could have a positive effect on the welfare of sows during farrowing and lactation. Oxytocin measurements in saliva may provide information about positive animal welfare status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in salivary oxytocin concentrations in sows during the lactation period in three different farrowing systems and in two different seasons. Crossbred Duroc sows (n = 34, average parity = 3.6 ± 1.80) were housed in conventional farrowing crates (FC) (n = 10) or in farrowing pens with temporary crating (TC), including SWAP (n = 12) and JFL15 (n = 12) in two different seasons: summer and winter. Saliva samples were collected for six days during lactation: days 2, 4, 12, 23, 25 (i.e., 1-day post-weaning) and 26 (i.e., 2-day post-weaning) after farrowing. Moreover, behavioral data from sows was recorded on days 2, 4, 12 and 23 after farrowing, using a 30-s scan sampling method for 3 min per pen to record the behaviors which were assessed by the same observer. The results showed that the salivary oxytocin concentrations were 472.5 pg/mL and 399.4 pg/mL higher in both TC (SWAP and JLF15, respectively) than in the FC in early-lactation period, and these differences were more pronounced in summer and at the end of lactation in winter. In terms of behavior, higher number of mother-young interactions were observed in TC than FC in early- and mid-lactation period. In conclusion, TC is associated to a higher salivary oxytocin concentration that could indicated an increased mother-young interaction, although oxytocin concentration can be influenced by other factors, such as season or day of lactation.

Changes in cortisol, cortisone and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II activity in saliva during pregnancy and lactation in sows.

The activity of the enzyme 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II, which can be estimated by the combined measurement of cortisol and cortisone, is gaining importance as a marker for the assessment of stress in pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of this enzyme and the salivary concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in pigs during pregnancy, farrowing and lactation and to compare it with other stress-related biomarkers such as CgA, S100A12 and alpha-amylase. Salivary cortisol concentrations and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme type 2 activity decreased after farrowing, while cortisol concentrations increased. Enzyme activity did not show significant correlations with any of the other stress-related biomarkers measured in this study. Overall, the results of this report indicate a different regulation of 11ß-HSD type II activity and of cortisol and cortisone during pregnancy and lactation, which should be considered when evaluating these analytes in saliva during these periods.

Changes in biomarkers of the redox status in whole blood and red blood cell lysates in canine hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disease in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the redox status in canine hypothyroidism using whole blood (WB) and red blood cell (RBCs) lysates. For this purpose, a panel of five antioxidants and five oxidants biomarkers was measured in WB and RBCs lysates of 30 dogs with hypothyroidism, 26 dogs with non-thyroidal illnesses and 15 healthy dogs. The antioxidants measured were cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiol and paraoxonase type-1 (PON-1). Oxidants measured include the total oxidant status (TOS), peroxide-activity (POX-Act), reactive oxygen-derived metabolites (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). WB showed a significant decrease of the antioxidants CUPRAC, TEAC and thiol, and also an increase in TBARS and a decrease in AOPP in dogs with hypothyroidism compared to healthy dogs. Meanwhile, RBCs lysates showed a significant increase in FRAP and PON-1 in dogs with hypothyroidism. The changes in the redox biomarkers in this study show that WB in canine hypothyroidism had a higher number of changes in biomarkers of the redox status than RBCs lysates, making it a promising sample type for the evaluation of the redox status in this disease. In addition, WB is easier and simpler to process than RBCs lysates and unlike serum, it does not have any hemolysis interference.

Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in subacute ruminal acidosis in goats / Haptoglobina y proteína amilóide sérica A en acidosis ruminal subaguda en cabras

Ruminal acidosis is a frequent disorder that occurs in goats as a consequence of feedingmistakes in animals not adapted to a diet of easily fermentable carbohydrates. The subacuteform of the disease is difficult to diagnose because no apparent signs are shownand the acid-base parameters may remain within the normal range. The present studyaimed at testing the hypothesis that haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), the two major acute phase proteins in ruminants, may be useful as markers of subacuteacidosis in goats.A subacute acidosis was induced in six Murciano-Granadina goats through a diet of60% mixed feed-40% alfalfa hay offered during 5 days to goats not adapted to eatmixed feed. Two goats were rumen-fistulated to investigate the effect of feeding onruminal pH. Sampling of blood and urine of all animals was done before the inductionof the acidosis, during 5 days after the onset of induction and for 18 days after theinduction (recovery period). Ruminal pH in the fistulated goats dropped to less than 5.5 during the inductionperiod, and half of the goats had diarrhea on the third day after the induction of acidosis. Acid-base parameters showed that the acid-base compensatory mechanisms wereefficient in maintaining the equilibrium. Serum Hp had a moderate increase duringthe induction period, while SAA did not change. These results suggest that Hp mightbe a potential marker for ruminal acidosis in goats.

La acidosis ruminal es un trastorno frecuente en cabras como consecuencia de errores en el manejo alimentario en animales no adaptados a dietas que contienen carbohidratos fácilmente fermentables. La forma subaguda de la enfermedad es de difícil diagnóstico toda vez que no muestra evidencia de signos clínicos claros y los parámetrosácido-básicos pueden permanecer en el rango normal. El presente estudio tuvo porobjetivo probar la hipótesis de que la haptoglobina y la proteína amilóide sérica A, las dos proteínas de fase aguda más importantes en rumiantes, pueden ser útiles como marcadores de acidosis subaguda en cabras. Se indujo acidosis ruminal a seis cabras de la raza Murciano-Granadina, no adaptadas al consumo de concentrado, mediante el suministro de una dieta con 60% de concentradoy 40% de heno de alfalfa durante 5 días. Dos cabras fueron sometidas a fistulaciónruminal para comprobar el efecto del tratamiento sobre el pH del rumen. A todos los animales se les tomaron muestras de sangre y orina el día anterior a la inducción,durante el período de inducción y hasta 18 días después de la inducción (período de recuperación). El pH ruminal cayó a menos de 5,5 durante el período de inducción de acidosis en lascabras fistuladas, mientras que la mitad de las cabras tuvieron diarrea al tercer día de la inducción de acidosis. Los parámetros gasométricos indicaron que los mecanismoscompensatorios fueron eficientes para mantener el equilibrio ácido-básico. La haptoglobinasérica presentó un aumento moderado durante el período de inducción de acidosis,mientras que la amilóide sérica A no presentó cambios. Los resultados sugierenque la haptoglobina puede utilizarse como un potencial indicador de acidosis ruminalen cabras.

Conocimiento actual de las hormonas reguladoras de la ingestión de alimentos en la especie porcina / Current knowledge of the regulatory hormones in food intake in swine

Este trabajo es una revisión de los estudios realizados en la especie porcina sobre el comportamiento de la insulina, leptina y grelina, y su implicación en la regulación de la ingestión de alimentos. Desde el punto de vista productivo es de gran interés por constituir una fuente de información importante para conocer el estado metabólico y energético del animal. Los animales, durante su crecimiento y a lo largo de su vida productiva, pasan por diferentes etapas con necesidades específicas que deben ser cubiertas mediante el aporte de nutrientes a través de la alimentación. La salud de los animales dependen de la habilidad del cuerpo para regular de forma adecuada el equilibrio entre las necesidades y los aportes, y este equilibrio está regulado por del sistema nervioso central mediante señales neuronales o la liberación de hormonas. Las hormonas implicadas en la ingestión de alimentos, es decir, aquellas que ejercen un papel regulador sobre el apetito o la saciedad, pueden clasificarse en orexigénica o anorexigénias según su capacidad de estimular o inhibir, respectivamente, el consumo de alimentos. La grelina, también llamada hormona del hambre, es la principal hormona orexigénica, es producida principalmente en el estómago en respuesta al hambre y la inanición. Durante el ayuno, o en estados energéticos insuficientes eleva sus niveles en sangre y tras la alimentación recupera los niveles basales. Entre las hormonas anorexigénicas destaca la leptina secretada principalmente por las células del tejido adiposo, cuya función primordial es la regulación de la ingestión de alimentos y del gasto energético, a largo plazo, para mantener las reservas corporales, de manera que, cuando un individuo está en balance energético positivo los niveles de leptina aumentan presentando un estado de saciedad que provoca la disminución en el consumo alimentos y/o apetito. Además, tras la ingestión de alimento, se secreta insulina, que es la principal hormona encargada de regular la glucemia y esta implicada en la regulación del apetito por interactuar con otras hormonas. Aunque estas hormonas han sido ampliamente estudiadas en la especie humana y roedores, es de esperar que en las próximas décadas su estudio se extienda a todos las especies domésticas (AU)

This paper is a review about research of insulin, leptin and ghrelin in pigs and their implications in regulation of appetite. Their study could be very important in animal production as they are a source of important information to know metabolic and energetic states of animals. The animals during their growth have different states with their own needs which should be covered with the nutrients intake. The balance between needs and feed nutrient inputs are regulated by central neuronal system through hormones. The hormones involved in feed intake are orexigenic or anorexigenic according their capacity to activate or inhibit feed intake. The most important orexigenic hormone is the ghrelin, which is a «hunger hormone» is high in the fasting state and decreases in serum after feed intake. Leptin, anorexigenic hormone, is thought to be a satiety factor that regulates body weight through modulation of feeding behaviour and energy expenditure and it is directly related to the animals’ adiposity degree. Insulin, besides regulating blood glucose levels, is involved in food intake by interacting with other hormones. However, these actions are affected by many factors as the feeding pattern, the diet composition or the productive stage of swine (AU)

Determinación espectrofotométrica de colinesterasa en sangre entera de animales domésticos: factores pre y analíticos / Spectrophotometric whole blood cholinesterase determination: preanalytical and analytical sources of variation

En el presente trabajo se describen aquellos factores pre y analíticos que pueden influir sobre la determinación de colinesterasa en sangre entera de animales domésticos, provocando variaciones en los resultados. La importancia que supone el conocimiento de estos factores radica en la posibilidad de controlarlos con el fin de optimizar la precisión y exactitud de los análisis (AU)