RESUMEN
The health and well-being of retired rugby union and league players, particularly regarding the long-term effects of concussions, are of major concern. Concussion has been identified as a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), in athletes engaged in contact sports. This study aimed to assess differences in specific biomarkers between UK-based retired rugby players with a history of concussion and a non-contact sports group, focusing on biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's, ALS, and CTE. We randomly selected a sample of male retired rugby or non-contact sport athletes (n = 56). The mean age was 41.84 ± 6.44, and the mean years since retirement from the sport was 7.76 ± 6.69 for participants with a history of substantial concussions (>5 concussions in their career) (n = 30). The mean age was 45.75 ± 11.52, and the mean years since retirement was 6.75 ± 4.64 for the healthy controls (n = 26). Serum biomarkers (t-tau, RBP-4, SAA, Nf-L, and retinol), plasma cytokines, and biomarkers associated with serum-derived exosomes (Aß42, p-tau181, p-tau217, and p-tau231) were analyzed using validated commercial ELISA assays. The results of the selected biomarkers were compared between the two groups. Biomarkers including t-tau and p-tau181 were significantly elevated in the history of the substantial concussion group compared to the non-contact sports group (t-tau: p < 0.01; p-tau181: p < 0.05). Although between-group differences in p-tau217, p-tau231, SAA, Nf-L, retinol, and Aß42 were not significantly different, there was a trend for higher levels of Aß42, p-tau217, and p-tau231 in the concussed group. Interestingly, the serum-derived exosome sizes were significantly larger (p < 0.01), and serum RBP-4 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the highly concussed group. These findings indicate that retired athletes with a history of multiple concussions during their careers have altered serum measurements of exosome size, t-tau, p-tau181, and RBP-4. These biomarkers should be explored further for the prediction of future neurodegenerative outcomes, including ALS, in those with a history of concussion.
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Atletas , Biomarcadores , Conmoción Encefálica , Fútbol Americano , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Jubilación , Humanos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Masculino , Conmoción Encefálica/sangre , Conmoción Encefálica/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Fútbol Americano/lesiones , Adulto , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/sangre , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/etiología , Rugby , Proteínas tau/sangre , Factores de Riesgo , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Unión al Retinol/metabolismo , Traumatismos en Atletas/sangre , Traumatismos en Atletas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease consistently associated with repetitive traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), which makes multiple professions, such as contact sports athletes and the military, especially susceptible to its onset. There are currently no approved biomarkers to diagnose CTE, thus it can only be confirmed through a post-mortem brain autopsy. Several imaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have shown promise in the diagnosis. However, blood-based biomarkers can be more easily obtained and quantified, increasing their clinical feasibility and potential for prophylactic use. This article aimed to comprehensively review the studies into potential blood-based biomarkers of CTE, discussing common themes and limitations, as well as suggesting future research directions. While the interest in blood-based biomarkers of CTE has recently increased, the research is still in its early stages. The main issue for many proposed biomarkers is their lack of selectivity for CTE. However, several molecules, such as different phosphorylated tau isoforms, were able to discern CTE from different neurodegenerative diseases. Further, the results from studies on exosomal biomarkers suggest that exosomes are a promising source of biomarkers, reflective of the internal environment of the brain. Nonetheless, more longitudinal studies combining imaging, neurobehavioral, and biochemical approaches are warranted to establish robust biomarkers for CTE.
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Encefalopatía Traumática Crónica , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Encefalopatía Traumática Crónica/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores , Autopsia , EncéfaloRESUMEN
Exposure to heavy metals, such as vanadium, poses an ongoing environmental and health threat, heightening the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. While several compounds have shown promise in mitigating vanadium toxicity, their efficacy is limited. Effective strategies involve targeting specific subunits of the NMDA receptor, a glutamate receptor linked to neurodegenerative conditions. The potential neuroprotective effects of ZA-II-05, an NMDA receptor antagonist, against vanadium-induced neurotoxicity were explored in this study. Organotypic rat hippocampal slices, and live mice, were used as models to comprehensively evaluate the compound's impact. Targeted in vivo fluorescence analyses of the hippocampal slices using propidium iodide as a marker for cell death was utilized. The in vivo study involved five dams, each with eight pups, which were randomly assigned to five experimental groups (n = 8 pups). After administering treatments intraperitoneally over six months, various brain regions were assessed for neuropathologies using different immunohistochemical markers. High fluorescence intensity was observed in the hippocampal slices treated with vanadium, signifying cell death. Vanadium-exposed mice exhibited demyelination, microgliosis, and neuronal cell loss. Significantly, treatment with ZA-II-05 resulted in reduced cellular death in the rat hippocampal slices and preserved cellular integrity and morphological architecture in different anatomical regions, suggesting its potential in countering vanadium-induced neurotoxicity.
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Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato , Ratas , Ratones , Animales , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , N-Metilaspartato/metabolismo , Vanadio/toxicidad , Vanadio/metabolismo , Muerte Celular , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/etiología , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismoRESUMEN
Histamine is arguably the most pleiotropic transmitted in the human body [...].
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Histamina , Biología Molecular , HumanosRESUMEN
Researchers from across the world are seeking to develop effective treatments for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which arose as a major public health issue in 2019, and was declared a pandemic in early 2020. The pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple-organ failure, neurological problems, and thrombosis have all been linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fatalities. The purpose of this review is to explore the rationale for using photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) of the particular wavelength 1068 nm as a therapy for COVID-19, investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings illustrate the efficacy of PBMT 1068 nm for cytoprotection, nitric oxide (NO) release, inflammation changes, improved blood flow, and the regulation of heat shock proteins (Hsp70). We propose, therefore, that PBMT 1068 is a potentially effective and innovative approach for avoiding severe and critical illness in COVID-19 patients, although further clinical evidence is required.
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COVID-19 , Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced through activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. It is known as the "stress hormone" for its primary role in the body's stress response and has been the focus of much modern clinical research. Within archaeology, only a few studies have analyzed cortisol in human remains and these have been restricted to hair (Webb et al., 2010; Webb, White, van Uum, & Longstaffe, 2015a; Webb, White, van Uum, & Longstaffe, 2015b). This study examines the utility of dentine and enamel, which survive well archaeologically, as possible reservoirs for detectable levels of cortisol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Then, 69 teeth from 65 individuals from five Roman and Post-Roman sites in France were tested via competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess and quantify the cortisol concentrations present within tooth dentine and enamel. RESULTS: In both tooth dentine and enamel, detectable concentrations of cortisol were identified in multiple teeth. However, concentrations were low and not all teeth yielded results that were measurable through cortisol ELISA. Differences in cortisol values between dentine and enamel could suggest different uptake mechanisms or timing. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that cortisol is incorporated within tooth structures and merits further investigation in both modern and archaeological contexts. Analysis of the results through liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry would verify current results and might yield values that could be better integrated with published cortisol studies. Future studies of cortisol in tooth structures would greatly expand the research potential of cortisol in the past and could have implications for studies of human stress across deep time.
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Esmalte Dental/química , Dentina/química , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Diente/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropología Física , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Francia , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Estrés Fisiológico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology is characterised by distinct types of cellular defects, notably associated with oxidative damage and mitochondria dysfunction, leading to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain's substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Exposure to some environmental toxicants and heavy metals has been associated with PD pathogenesis. Raised iron levels have also been consistently observed in the nigrostriatal pathway of PD cases. This study explored, for the first time, the effects of an exogenous environmental heavy metal (vanadium) and its interaction with iron, focusing on the subtoxic effects of these metals on PD-like oxidative stress phenotypes in Catecholaminergic a-differentiated (CAD) cells and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK-1)B9Drosophila melanogaster models of PD. We found that undifferentiated CAD cells were more susceptible to vanadium exposure than differentiated cells, and this susceptibility was modulated by iron. In PINK-1 flies, the exposure to chronic low doses of vanadium exacerbated the existing motor deficits, reduced survival, and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both Aloysia citrodora Paláu, a natural iron chelator, and Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFO), a synthetic iron chelator, significantly protected against the PD-like phenotypes in both models. These results favour the case for iron-chelation therapy as a viable option for the symptomatic treatment of PD.
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Hierro/metabolismo , Hierro/toxicidad , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Vanadio/metabolismo , Vanadio/toxicidad , Animales , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Quelantes del Hierro/farmacología , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Due to the incidence of diabetes and the related morbidity of diabetic nephropathy, identification of new therapeutic strategies represents a priority. In the last few decades new and growing evidence on the possible role of histamine in diabetes has been provided. In particular, the histamine receptor H4R is emerging as a new promising pharmacological target for diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selective H4R antagonism by JNJ39758979 on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy progression in a murine model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin injection. JNJ39758979 (25, 50, 100â¯mg/kg/day p.o.) was administered for 15 weeks starting from the onset of diabetes. Functional parameters were monitored throughout the experimental period. JNJ39758979 did not significantly affect glycaemic status or body weight. The urine analysis indicated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of JNJ39758979 on Albumin-Creatinine-Ratio, the Creatinine Clearance, the 24â¯h urine volume, and pH urine acidification (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). The beneficial effects of JNJ39758979 on renal function paralleled comparable effects on renal morphological integrity. These effects were sustained by a significant immune infiltration and fibrosis reduction. Notably, megalin and sodium-hydrogen-exchanger 3 expression levels were preserved. Our data suggest that the H4R participates in diabetic nephropathy progression through both a direct effect on tubular reabsorption and an indirect action on renal tissue architecture via inflammatory cell recruitment. Therefore, H4R antagonism emerges as a possible new multi-mechanism therapeutic approach to counteract development of diabetic nephropathy development.
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Nefropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirrolidinas/uso terapéutico , Receptores Histamínicos H4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/patología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Receptores Histamínicos H4/metabolismo , Reabsorción Renal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The anaphylactoid reaction described follows cessation of ranitidine in a 19-year-old female with the disease cluster: mast cell activation syndrome, hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and postural tachycardia syndrome. Anaphylaxis can give wide-ranging symptoms from rhinorrhoea and urticaria to tachycardia and system-wide, life-threatening, anaphylactic shock. Individuals with a disorder of mast cell activation can experience many such symptoms. H2 receptor antagonists, such as ranitidine, are commonly prescribed in this population. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed in the context of ranitidine, as an inverse agonist, causing upregulation of H2 histamine receptors and raised histamine levels due to enzyme induction. This effect, following extended and/or high antihistamine dosing, may have implications for other individuals with a disorder of mast cell activation, such as mastocytosis or mast cell activation syndrome. There are potential policy and patient guidance implications for primary and secondary care with respect to cessation of H2 antagonists.
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Anafilaxia/inmunología , Histamina/sangre , Receptores Histamínicos H2/metabolismo , Privación de Tratamiento , Adulto , Anafilaxia/sangre , Anafilaxia/diagnóstico , Anafilaxia/tratamiento farmacológico , Clorfeniramina/uso terapéutico , Epinefrina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Histamina/inmunología , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H1/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas de los Receptores H2 de la Histamina/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Ranitidina/administración & dosificación , Receptores Histamínicos H2/inmunología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Regulación hacia Arriba , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Histamine is a developmentally highly conserved autacoid found in most vertebrate tissues. Its physiological functions are mediated by four 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R, H4R) that are all targets of pharmacological intervention. The receptors display molecular heterogeneity and constitutive activity. H1R antagonists are long known antiallergic and sedating drugs, whereas the H2R was identified in the 1970s and led to the development of H2R-antagonists that revolutionized stomach ulcer treatment. The crystal structure of ligand-bound H1R has rendered it possible to design new ligands with novel properties. The H3R is an autoreceptor and heteroreceptor providing negative feedback on histaminergic and inhibition on other neurons. A block of these actions promotes waking. The H4R occurs on immuncompetent cells and the development of anti-inflammatory drugs is anticipated.
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Diseño de Fármacos , Histamina/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Agonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Humanos , Ligandos , Receptores Histamínicos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a serious age-dependent human neurodegenerative disease, with multiple debilitating symptoms, including dementia, psychosis and significant motor deficits, but with little or no effective treatments. This comparative ligand autoradiographical study has quantified histamine H3 receptors (H3R) in a series of major cortical and basal ganglia structures in human DLB and Alzheimer's (AD) post-mortem cases using the highly selective radioligand, [3H] GSK189254. In the main, the levels of H3 receptor were largely preserved in DLB cases when compared with aged-matched controls. However, we provide new evidence showing variable levels in the globus pallidus, and, moreover, raised levels of Pallidum H3 correlated with positive psychotic symptoms, in particular delusions and visual hallucinations, but not symptoms associated with depression. Furthermore, no correlation was detected for H3 receptor levels to MMSE or IUPRS symptom severity. This study suggests that H3R antagonists have scope for treating the psychotic symptomologies in DLB and other human brain disorders.
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Demencia/metabolismo , Globo Pálido/metabolismo , Enfermedad por Cuerpos de Lewy/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos H3/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Autorradiografía/métodos , Benzazepinas/uso terapéutico , Corteza Cerebelosa/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Cerebelosa/metabolismo , Demencia/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/metabolismo , Femenino , Alucinaciones/tratamiento farmacológico , Alucinaciones/metabolismo , Humanos , Enfermedad por Cuerpos de Lewy/tratamiento farmacológico , Ligandos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Niacinamida/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The first studies of histamine and diabetes date back to the 1950s. Since that time the involvement of histamine in diabetes was related to its well known vasoactive properties and permeability leakage effects. In particular, the first evidence for a correlation between histamine and diabetes arose in 1989 when an increase in plasma and leucocyte histamine content was observed. Limited independent evidence followed in the subsequent two decades, focusing on both histamine glyceamic control and macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes. However, recent observations have sparked the question whether it is time to reconsider the functional contribution of histamine in diabetes. We reveal an interesting upsurge in the field which provides scope for new insights into the role of histamine in diabetes.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Histamina/metabolismo , Animales , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/sangre , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatología , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Receptores Histamínicos/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Fibrosis of lung tissue is a disease where a chronic inflammatory process determines a pathological remodelling of lung parenchyma. The animal model obtained by intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin in C57BL/6 mice is one of the most validated murine model. Bleomycin stimulates oxidative stress and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Histamine H4R have recently been implicated in inflammation and immune diseases. This study was focused to investigate the effects of H4R ligands in the modulation of inflammation and in the reduction of lung fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice treated with bleomycin. C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle, JNJ7777120 (JNJ, selective H4R antagonist) or ST-1006 (partial H4R agonist), ST-994 (H4R neutral antagonist) and ST-1012 (inverse H4R agonist) at equimolar doses, released by micro-osmotic pumps for 21days. Airway resistance to inflation was assayed and lung samples were processed to measure malondialdehyde (TBARS); 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG); myeloperoxidase (MPO); COX-2 expression and activity as markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Fibrosis and airway remodelling were evaluated throughout transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), percentage of positive Goblet cells, smooth muscle layer thickness determination. Our results indicated that JNJ, ST-994 and ST-1012 decreased inflammation and oxidative stress markers, i.e. the number of infiltrating leukocytes evaluated as lung tissue MPO, COX-2 expression and activity, TBARS and 8OHdG production. They also reduced the level of TGF-ß, a pro-fibrotic cytokine, collagen deposition, thickness of smooth muscle layer, Goblet cells hyperplasia; resulting in a decrease of airway functional impairment. The results here reported clearly demonstrated that H4R ligands have a beneficial effect in a model of lung fibrosis in the mouse, thus indicating that H4R antagonists or inverse agonists could be a novel therapeutic strategy for lung inflammatory diseases.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Bleomicina , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Indoles/farmacología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacología , Fibrosis Pulmonar/prevención & control , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Receptores Histamínicos H4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Citoprotección , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Agonismo Parcial de Drogas , Células Caliciformes/efectos de los fármacos , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Células Caliciformes/patología , Hiperplasia , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Ligandos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Neumonía/inducido químicamente , Neumonía/metabolismo , Neumonía/prevención & control , Fibrosis Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fibrosis Pulmonar/patología , Receptores Histamínicos H4/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Histamine has been reported to decrease the ultrafiltration coefficient, which inversely correlates with glomerular permselectivity, however the mechanism(s) underling this effect have never been investigated. This study aimed to assess whether histamine could exert a direct detrimental effect on podocyte permeability and the possible involvement of two key proteins for the glomerular slit diaphragm (SD) integrity, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and P-cadherin. The effect of histamine (100 pM-1000nM) on coloured podocytes junctional integrity was evaluated functionally by a transwell assay of monolayer permeability and morphologically by electron microscopy. Histamine receptor (H1-4R) presence was evaluated at both mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (immunofluorescence) levels. The Kd and Bmax values for [3H]mepyramine were determined by saturation binding analysis; IP1 and cAMP production evoked by histamine were measured by TR-FRET. ZO-1, P-cadherin and vimentin expression was assessed by qRT-PCR and quantitative immunoblotting. Histamine elicited a time- and sigmoidal dose-dependent (maximum effect at 8h, 10nM) increase in podocyte paracellular permeability widening the paracellular spaces. Only H1R was predominantly localised to the podocyte membrane. Consistently, histamine elicited a sigmoidal dose-dependent increase in IP1, but not in cAMP. Histamine exposure evoked a concentration-dependent reduction in both ZO-1 and P-cadherin and a parallel induction of vimentin mRNA expression with a maximum effect after 6h, and protein expression with a maximum effect after 8h. These effects were prevented by the selective H1R antagonist chlorpheniramine. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that histamine, via the H1R, modifies SD morphological and functional integrity, in part, by decreasing the expression of ZO-1 and P-cadherin.
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Agonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/efectos adversos , Histamina/efectos adversos , Glomérulos Renales/efectos de los fármacos , Podocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Histamínicos H1/metabolismo , Cadherinas/análisis , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Permeabilidad de la Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Glomérulos Renales/metabolismo , Glomérulos Renales/patología , Glomérulos Renales/ultraestructura , Podocitos/metabolismo , Podocitos/patología , Podocitos/ultraestructura , Proteína de la Zonula Occludens-1/análisis , Proteína de la Zonula Occludens-1/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIM: Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) regulate the trafficking and expression of AMPA receptors that are essential for the fast excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the activity-dependent regulation of TARPγ8 in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. METHODS: Rat hippocampal neurons cultured for 7-8 DIV or 17-18 DIV were exposed to the AMPA receptor agonist AMPA at a non-toxic concentration (100 µmol/L) for 4 h. The protein levels of TARPγ8 and AMPA receptor subunits (GluA1 and GluA2) were measured using Western blotting analysis. AMPA-induced currents were recorded in the neurons using a whole-cell recording method. RESULTS: Four-hour exposure to AMPA significantly decreased the protein levels of TARPγ8 and GluA1 in the neurons at 17-18 DIV, but did not change the protein level of TARPγ8 in the neurons cultured at 7-8 DIV. AMPA-induced down-regulation of TARPγ8 and GluA1 was largely blocked by the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (50 µmol/L), but not affected by the caspase inhibitor zVAD (50 µmol/L). Four-hour exposure to AMPA significantly decreased AMPA-induced currents in the neurons at 17-18 DIV, which was blocked by co-exposure to calpeptin (50 µmol/L). CONCLUSION: The down-regulation of TARPγ8 and GluA1 protein levels and AMPA-induced currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons is activity- and development-dependent, and mediated by endogenous calpain.
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Canales de Calcio/metabolismo , Hipocampo/citología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Receptores AMPA/metabolismo , Animales , Calpaína/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transmisión SinápticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: To extend our previous observation of H4R upregulation in the kidney of diabetic rats, we evaluated in the same specimens the presence of the H3R. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Kidney specimens from 24 8-week-old male Wistar rats (12 non-diabetic and 12 diabetic animals) were processed for both immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: H3R is expressed in the apical membrane by collecting duct cells in the kidney of rats and it is significantly increased in diabetic animals. These data support the hypothesis that H3R could also mediate non-neuronal histamine effects, suggesting its involvement in fluid homeostasis.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Riñón/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos H3/biosíntesis , Animales , Inmunohistoquímica , Túbulos Renales Colectores/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of the histamine receptors, particularly focusing on the H4R in human renal tubules. MATERIAL: The ex vivo evaluation was carried on specimens from human renal cortex. Primary and immortalized tubular epithelial cells (TECs) and the HK-2 cell line were used as in vitro models. TREATMENT: Cells were pretreated for 10 min with chlorpheniramine maleate 10 µM (H1R antagonist), ranitidine 10 µM (H2R antagonist), GSK189254 1 µM (H3R antagonist) or JNJ7777120 10 µM (H4R antagonist), and then exposed to histamine (3 pM-10 nM) for 30 min. METHODS: The ex vivo evaluation on specimens from human renal cortex was performed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of histamine receptors on primary and immortalized TECs and the HK-2 cell line was evaluated at both gene (RT-PCR) and protein (immunocytofluorescence) levels. The pharmacological analysis was performed by TR-FRET measurements of second messenger (IP3 and cAMP) production induced by histamine with or without the selective antagonists. RESULTS: Our data revealed the presence of all histamine receptors in human tubules; however, only TECs expressed all the receptors. Indeed, histamine elicited a sigmoid dose-response curve for IP3 production, shifted to the right by chlorpheniramine maleate, and elicited a double bell-shaped curve for cAMP production, partially suppressed by the selective H2R, H3R and H4R antagonists when each added alone, and completely ablated when combined together. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we report the identification of all four histamine receptors in human renal tubules.
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Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Túbulos Renales/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Histamínicos/metabolismo , Benzazepinas/farmacología , Línea Celular , Clorfeniramina/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Células Epiteliales/citología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Histamina/farmacología , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Indoles/farmacología , Túbulos Renales/citología , Túbulos Renales/efectos de los fármacos , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Niacinamida/farmacología , Piperazinas/farmacología , Ranitidina/farmacología , Receptores Histamínicos/clasificación , Sistemas de Mensajero Secundario/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background: Supported self-management is an important component of management for persistent pain according to current recommendations and guidelines. However, it is unclear whether staff from differing disciplines who may be in early contact with people with established or developing persistent pain are confident to introduce and support self-management for this patient group. Aim: To determine the confidence of staff across professional disciplines to introduce and support self-management. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional online survey. Methods: Charts were constructed to represent information on professional grouping, prior training in self-management and confidence in supporting key components of self-management for persistent pain. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences between groups. Results: Overall, 165 practitioners reported confidence to support self-management below the midpoint of a ten-point scale and 93 above. There were few differences between different professions apart from in explaining pain (f = 6.879 p < .001), managing activity levels (f = 6.340 p < .001) and supporting healthy habits (f = 4.700, p = .001) in which physiotherapists expressed higher confidence than other professional groups. There was no difference in confidence expressed between staff who had or had not received previous training in self-management (f = 1.357, p = .233). Conclusions: Many front-line staff who might be expected to introduce and deliver self-management support for persistent pain lack the confidence and skills to do so. This is consistent with a known lack of education about pain across disciplinary boundaries in primary and community-based care. In order to meet treatment priorities for persistent pain there is an urgent need to upskill the workforce by providing access to good quality training and resources.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant native to Mediterranean regions and found in other parts of the world. Extracts and essential oil from this widely cultivated culinary medicinal herb are used in traditional medicine to manage a variety of disorders that include epilepsy and pain. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the anti-nociceptive potentials of Melissa officinalis essential oil (MO) and probe the involvement of adrenergic, opioidergic, serotonergic and potassium adenosine triphosphate (KATP) mechanisms in its anti-nociceptive effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We employed formalin-, acetic acid and hot plate-induced nociception to study the acute anti-nociceptive effects of MO. The sciatic nerve injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain was utilized to study the anti-nociceptive effects of MO on chronic pain. Effects of MO on anxiety, cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and inflammation in the CCI rats were evaluated on elevated plus maze, open field test, novel object recognition, oxidative stress parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. The possible mechanism(s) of MO's anti-nociceptive effects were elucidated using prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, glibenclimide, naloxone and metergoline, which are acknowledged antagonists for α1-, α2- and ß-adrenergic, potassium adenosine triphosphate (KATP), opioidergic and serotonergic systems, respectively. RESULTS: MO significantly attenuated acetic acid- and formalin-induced nociception; prolonged the mean reaction time of rats on hot plate before and following sciatic nerve chronic injury (CCI). MO ameliorated anxiety, cognitive deficits and oxidative stress, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and produced a near total restoration of injured sciatic nerves in CCI rats. Naloxone, metergoline and glibenclimide significantly blocked, while prazosin, yohimbine and popranolol failed to block the anti-nociceptive effects of MO in formalin-induced nociception. CONCLUSIONS: MO contains biologically active compounds with potential anti-nociceptive properties that modulate KATP, opioidergic and serotonergic pathways. These support the development of bioactive compounds from MO as anti-nociceptive agents.