Differential role of negative and positive parenting styles on resting-state brain networks in middle-aged adolescents.

Parenting styles encompass negative and positive approaches, potentially affecting adolescents' brain reward and emotion regulation systems. However, the association between parenting style and brain networks remains unknown. This study investigates the link between parenting style and functional connectivity (FC) within the reward and emotion regulation brain networks, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). A total of forty-two middle-aged adolescents (26 males; 16 females) with no neurological or psychiatric symptoms participated in this study. We assessed parenting behaviors and extracted reward/emotion regulation FC from rs-fMRI. We examined the association between FC and parenting style, identified through principal component analysis. Correlation analysis investigated these links while controlling for sex. We delineated both positive (love-autonomy) and negative (hostility-control) parenting styles, accounting for 79 % of the explained variance in parenting behaviors. The negative parenting style displayed connections with FC within the reward system, particularly in the left nucleus accumbens (NAc), showcasing links to multiple frontal regions. Furthermore, it correlated with the social reward network, specifically the insula-NAc FC in bilateral hemispheres. Conversely, the positive parenting style exhibited an association with FC between the hippocampus and right lateral prefrontal cortex. Our findings support negative parenting's association with an immature reward system and suggest positive parenting's potential to enhance emotion regulation in brain function. These observations highlight two distinct parenting styles, including single-parenting behaviors. Thus, we advance understanding of each style's unique contributions to adolescent reward- and emotion regulation-related brain network development.

Emotional abuse mediated by negative automatic thoughts impacts functional connectivity during adolescence.

Background: Emotional abuse during childhood and adolescence is thought to be associated with the brain; however, the neural mechanism underlying the cognitive process remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the mediating effect of negative automatic thoughts on the relationship between emotional abuse and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) during adolescence. Method: Our community sample included 54 adolescents aged 13-17 years in the statistical analysis. Resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, while emotional abuse and negative automatic thoughts were assessed using self-reported scales. A mediation analysis was used to assess the contributions of early traumatic events and negative automatic thoughts to resting functional connectivity. Result: Higher negative automatic thoughts were associated with lower connectivity in the context of greater emotional abuse (i.e., suppression effect). Thus, the relationships between emotional abuse and connectivity in the precuneus (pCun)-medial prefrontal cortex, parahippocampal cortex-extrastriate cortex, and temporal cortex-temporal pole were decreased by negative automatic thoughts. In contrast, functional connections in the pCun-pCun, pCun-precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens-somatomotor areas were strongly mediated when emotionally abused adolescents reported a high tendency for negative automatic thoughts. Conclusion: Negative automatic thoughts strengthened the relationship between emotional abuse and rsFC. These findings highlight the underlying cognitive processing of the traumatic event-neural system, supporting the use of cognitive therapy for post-traumatic symptoms.

Non-operative Management of Acute Knee Injuries.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acute knee injuries are commonly encountered in both the clinical and sideline setting and may be treated operatively or non-operatively. This article describes an evidence-based approach to non-operative acute knee injury. This includes history, physical exam, imaging, and initial management. In addition, the non-operative management of three such injuries-ligament injury, meniscus injury, and patellar dislocation injury-will be discussed via a case-based practical approach. RECENT FINDINGS: Aside from grade III ACL tears, most acute knee ligament injuries, especially in the absence of other concurrent injuries, can be treated non-operatively. There is new evidence that acute traumatic meniscus tears in those younger than 40 can be successfully treated non-operatively and can do equally, as well as those that undergo surgery, at 1 year out from injury. Based on the current literature, a short period of knee bracing in extension with progression to weightbearing to tolerance is recommended after initial patellar dislocation. Many of the most common acute knee injuries, including MCL tears, meniscus tears, and patellar dislocations, can be managed non-operatively. A detailed systemic approach to initial evaluation, including pertinent history, physical exam, and appropriate imaging, is essential and complementary to the subsequent non-operative treatment algorithm.

Case Report: Intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning in two sisters with a 12p11.22 loss.

Multiple genome sequencing studies have identified genetic abnormalities as major causes of severe intellectual disability (ID). However, many children affected by mild ID and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) lack a genetic diagnosis because known causative ID genetic mutations have not been identified or the role of genetic variants in mild cases is less understood. Genetic variant testing in mild cases is necessary to provide information on prognosis and risk of occurrence. In this study, we report two sibling patients who were 5 years 9 months old and 3 years 3 months old and presented to the hospital due to developmental delay. Clinical assessment and chromosomal microarray analysis were performed. The patients were diagnosed with mild intellectual disability (ID) and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF). Genetic analysis identified a loss of 12p11.22, including the OVCH1-AS1, OVCH1, and TMTC1 genes, which was the only variant that occurred in both sisters. Identical variants were found in their father with probable BIF. Neither patient presented any brain structural abnormalities or dysmorphism, and no exogenous factors or parenting problems were reported. Thus, loss of 12p11.22 may be associated with our patients' cognitive impairment. The OVCH1, OVCH1-AS1 and TMTC1 variants identified in this study are the most likely disease-causing genes in the sisters. Our findings may expand as yet limited knowledge on mild ID and BIF causative variants, which would further support the diagnosis even if the severity is mild.

Analysis of the Status and Future Direction for Digital Therapeutics in Children and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Digital therapeutics based on software, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, games, and smartphone applications, are in the spotlight as new therapeutic alternatives in child and adolescent psychiatry. It draws attention to overcoming conventional therapeutics' limitations, such as toxicity, cost, and accessibility, and encourages patients to participate in the treatment attractively. The growth potential of the digital therapeutics market for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Korea and abroad has been highlighted. Clinical studies and Food and Drug Administration approvals for digital therapeutics have increased, and cases approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety have emerged in Korea. As seen above, digital transformation in child and adolescent psychiatry will change treatment paradigms significantly. Therefore, as this new field has just begun to emerge, it is necessary to verify the effectiveness and scope of the application of digital therapeutics and consider preparing a compensation system and institutional arrangements. Accordingly, this study analyzed the development trends and application status of digital therapeutics in children and adolescents and presented limitations and development directions from the perspective of application in healthcare. Further, the study is expected to identify the utility and limitations of digital therapeutics for children and adolescents and establish effective application measures.

Effectiveness of Clonidine in Child and Adolescent Sleep Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the improvement in sleep quantity and quality when clonidine was used in children and adolescents with insomnia. We also examined how sociodemographic characteristics such as age, sex, underlying psychological problems, and levels of depression and anxiety affected the effect of clonidine. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed outpatients aged 6 to 24 who took clonidine due to insomnia from September 2019 to September 2021 at the Department of Psychiatry at Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital of Catholic University. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for our study. RESULTS: A total of 62 participants were included in our study (34 females, mean age 13.94±4.94 years). After using clonidine, there was a significant decrease in PSQI components 1, 2, and 5, especially PSQI component 2. There was a greater decrease in sleep latency when clonidine was used in females, those aged between 13 and 24, those with mood/anxiety disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, those whose sleep latency exceeded 60 minutes at baseline, and those who used clonidine for more than 14 days. Those with higher STAI-Trait scores and CDI scores at baseline showed less improvement in total PSQI scores. CONCLUSION: Considering that there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved sleep drugs for children and adolescents and no apparent difference in efficacy and safety among sleep drugs, we demonstrated that treatment with clonidine might be a good approach to improve sleep quality and quantity for children and adolescents.

Treatment of osteitis pubis and osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis in athletes: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The authors examined the most current evidence for treatment options in athletes with osteitis pubis and osteomyelitis pubis, attempting to determine which options provide optimal pain relief with rapid return to sport and prevention of symptom reoccurrence. METHODS: Three databases-MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CINAHL-were searched using the OVID interface for all years between 1985 and May 2008. References were analysed from included studies, and additional relevant articles were obtained for inclusion. Inclusion criteria included (1) humans only, (2) subjects had no apparent risk factors for development of osteitis pubis or osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis other than athletic involvement, (3) both physical exam findings and diagnostic imaging were used to confirm either diagnosis, and (4) a definitive treatment strategy was identifiable for management of osteitis pubis or osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis. In total, 25 articles were included in the review. RESULTS: There were no randomised controlled trials identified with this study's search strategy. A total of 195 athletes were diagnosed as having osteitis pubis (186 males, nine females) and treated with either conservative measures/physical therapy, local injection with corticosteroids and/or local anaesthetic, dextrose prolotherapy, surgery or antibiotic therapy. Six case reports/series described conservative treatment measures (physical therapy, rest, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs). Four case series explored the use of corticosteroid injections in treatment. One case series described the use of dextrose prolotherapy as a treatment modality. Six case series described various surgical techniques (pubic symphysis curettage, polypropylene mesh placement and pubic bone stabilisation) in treatment. Ten case reports/series (10 subjects) outlined antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis. CONCLUSIONS: The current medical literature shows only level 4 evidence of the treatment for osteitis pubis in 24 case reports/series in athletes. Without any direct comparison of treatment modalities, it is difficult to determine which individual treatment option is the most efficacious. Further study comparing the different treatment options is necessary to determine which modality provides the fastest return to sport.

Magnetic resonance arthrography of the upper extremity.

Although magnetic resonance arthrography is not indicated for every clinical scenario, capsular distention can significantly improve visualization of intra-articular pathologic conditions. With attention to technique, intraarticular injection can be completed successfully with little patient discomfort. This article provides details of the technique for injection of the shoulder, the elbow, and the wrist for optimization of magnetic resonance imaging.

Exercise: the data on its role in health, mental health, disease prevention, and productivity.

How would you define exercise? If you look up exercise in the dictionary, it is defined as physical activity used for the purpose of conditioning any part of the body. Exercise is an important topic because in the United States less than 50% of the total population exercises on a regular basis. The lack of regular physical activity is linked to an increased rate of obesity, development of chronic diseases, and an overall decline in health. This article uses an evidence-based approach to demonstrate how exercise affects health, mental health, disease prevention, and productivity.