SAXS Examinations of the Redox-Dependent Formation of a DNA-SOD1 Complex.

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis as an antioxidant enzyme. We recently found that SOD1 is involved in the regulation of gene expression in response to changes in cellular ROS levels by binding to DNA-specific sequences. Moreover, the SOD1 binding to DNA was observed to be redox-dependent in solutions. Thus, we examined the redox-dependent DNA binding of SOD1 by multiple measurements, including small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), indicating the redox-dependent formation of a DNA-SOD1 complex in solutions. The redox-dependent formation of the DNA-SOD1 complex could underlie the SOD1 regulation of gene expression.

Target-activated DNA nanomachines for the ATP detection based on the SERS of plasmonic coupling from gold nanoparticle aggregation.

The self-assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles provides a powerful approach to generate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which promotes the actual applications in chemical and biomolecular analyses. Herein, we developed a facile SERS sensing strategy for an ATP assay with a 3-D DNA nanomachine that walks by the Exo III cleavage, leading to the formation of AuNP aggregates, which resulted in the enhancement of the electromagnetic field. Depending on the target-activated Exo III cleavage, the 3-D nanomachine can walk along the 3-D track on the surface of AuNPs and generate self-assembled hot-spots to enhance the SERS signal of a Raman dye, allowing a homogenous assay of the ATP concentration with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Under optimized experimental conditions, the biosensor detected ATP with a widened dynamic range from 1 pM to 1 × 105 pM with a limit of detection of up to 0.29 pM. Hence, the novel strategy provides a useful and practical platform for the SERS assay of ATP with high sensitivity and repeatability. Besides, this platform shows great potential for applications in high-throughput assays for drug screening and clinical diagnostics.

Molecular characteristics of rhesus macaque interleukin-22: cloning, in vitro expression and biological activities.

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a potential therapeutic agent for diseases driven by epithelial injury. To characterize the IL-22 expressed by rhesus macaques, animals that are irreplaceable for human disease research, rhesus macaque IL-22 (rhIL-22) was cloned and expressed, and its biological activity and in vivo distribution were examined. It was found that the rhIL-22 gene consists of five introns and six exons, including a short non-coding exon starting 22 bp downstream of a putative TATA box. The amino acid sequence of rhIL-22 showed 95·5% identity to that of humans, and it shared two conserved disulphide bonds, three N-glycosylation sites and all the critical residues for binding to IL-22R1. High levels of IL-22 mRNA were observed in the liver, pancreas, lymphoid tissues and especially in the outer-body barriers such as the intestinal tract of rhesus macaques. Functionally, purified rhIL-22 has a similar but a little earlier effect on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation at Tyr705 compared with that of commercial human IL-22. The expression of the antibacterial proteins ß-defensin-2, S100A8, S100A9, RegIIIα and Muc1 by HT-29 cells was largely upregulated after stimulation with rhIL-22. Recombinant rhIL-22 could also significantly promote the proliferation of human intestinal epithelial cells without affecting cell apoptosis. These data indicate that rhesus macaque IL-22 is highly similar to that of humans in both structure and function, and tests of therapeutic effects of human IL-22 on human diseases in rhesus macaques are warranted.

Site-Mutation of Hydrophobic Core Residues Synchronically Poise Super Interleukin 2 for Signaling: Identifying Distant Structural Effects through Affordable Computations.

A superkine variant of interleukin-2 with six site mutations away from the binding interface developed from the yeast display technique has been previously characterized as undergoing a distal structure alteration which is responsible for its super-potency and provides an elegant case study with which to get insight about how to utilize allosteric effect to achieve desirable protein functions. By examining the dynamic network and the allosteric pathways related to those mutated residues using various computational approaches, we found that nanosecond time scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations can identify the dynamic network as efficient as an ensemble algorithm. The differentiated pathways for the six core residues form a dynamic network that outlines the area of structure alteration. The results offer potentials of using affordable computing power to predict allosteric structure of mutants in knowledge-based mutagenesis.

Silencing APLNR enhances the radiosensitivity of prostate cancer by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant expression of apelin receptor (APLNR) has been found to be involved in various cancers' development, however, its function in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. The research aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanism of APLNR in PCa. METHODS: The mRNA expression of APLNR was detected via qRT-PCR assay. PCa cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined through plate cloning and flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3) was evaluated using western blot. DNA damage marker (γ-H2AX) was analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blot. GSEA analysis was performed for seeking enrichment pathways of APLNR in PCa, and the protein levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, and p-mTOR were tested using western blot. RESULTS: APLNR expression was up-regulated in PCa tissues and cells. Silencing APLNR enhanced the sensitivity of PCa cells to radiotherapy, which was manifested by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting cell apoptosis, and promoting DNA damage. Next, silencing APLNR inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Specifically, 740Y-P (the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activator) reversed the effects of silencing APLNR on PCa cell proliferation, apoptosis and DNA damage. CONCLUSION: Silencing APLNR inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, and enhanced the radiosensitivity of PCa cells, which was involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This study is conducive to the deeper understanding of PCa and further provides a new perspective for the treatment of PCa.

The value of lung ultrasound score in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective diagnostic cohort study.

Rationale: The accurate diagnosis of critically ill patients with respiratory failure can be achieved through lung ultrasound (LUS) score. Considering its characteristics, it is speculated that this technique might also be useful for patients with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). Thus, there is a need for precise imaging tools to monitor such patients. Objectives: This double-blind randomized cohort study aims to investigate the impact of LUS and related scores on the severity of NRDS patients. Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective double-blind randomized study. Bivariate correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between LUS score and Oxygenation Index (OI), Respiratory Index (RI), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to generate correlation heat maps, elucidating the associations between LUS and respective parameters in different cohorts. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to calculate the predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity of different scores in determining the severity of NRDS. Results: This study ultimately included 134 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between December 2020 and June 2022. Among these patients, 72 were included in the NRDS cohort, while 62 were included in the Non-NRDS (N-NRDS) cohort. There were significant differences in the mean LUS scores between NRDS and N-NRDS patients (p < 0.01). The LUS score was significantly negatively correlated with the OI (p < 0.01), while it was significantly positively correlated with the RI and SOFA scores (p < 0.01). The correlation heatmap revealed the highest positive correlation coefficient between LUS and RI (0.82), while the highest negative correlation coefficient was observed between LUS and OI (-0.8). ROC curves for different scores demonstrated that LUS score had the highest area under the curve (0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98) in predicting the severity of patients' conditions. The combination of LUS and other scores can more accurately predict the severity of NRDS patients, with the highest AUC value of 0.93, significantly higher than using a single indicator alone (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our double-blind randomized cohort study demonstrates that LUS, RI, OI, and SOFA scores can effectively monitor the lung ventilation and function in NRDS. Moreover, these parameters and their combination have significant predictive value in evaluating the severity and prognosis of NRDS patients. Therefore, these results provide crucial insights for future research endeavors.

TSPAN4 influences glioblastoma progression through regulating EGFR stability.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and low cure rates. Recent studies suggest that TSPAN4 is recognized as a marker protein for migrasomes, a vesicular organelle associated with cell migration. However, the intrinsic role of TSPAN4 in cancers has not been clarified, especially in GBM. Here, we report that TSPAN4 promotes GBM progression by interacting with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and regulating its stability. Clinically, TSPAN4 is highly expressed in GBM and is significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Functionally, TSPAN4 knockdown dramatically inhibits GBM cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenicity in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of TSPAN4 facilitates GBM progression. Mechanistically, TSPAN4 knockdown disrupts interaction with EGFR, destabilizing its expression and inactivating EGFR and downstream signaling pathways, such as MEK/ERK, STAT3, and AKT. Our study reveals that TSPAN4 drives GBM progression through regulating EGFR stability and could be a potential target for cancer therapy.

Plastome evolution and phylogenomics of Trichosporeae (Gesneriaceae) with its morphological characters appraisal.

Trichosporeae is the largest and most taxonomically difficult tribe of Gesneriaceae due to its diverse morphology. Previous studies have not clarified the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe on several DNA markers, including the generic relationships within subtribes. Recently, plastid phylogenomics have been successfully employed to resolve the phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. In this study, plastid phylogenomics were used to explore the relationships within Trichosporeae. Eleven plastomes of Hemiboea were newly reported. Comparative analyses, phylogeny and morphological character evolution within Trichosporeae were conducted on 79 species representing seven subtribes. The Hemiboea plastomes range from 152,742 bp to 153,695 bp in length. Within Trichosporeae, the sampled plastomes range from 152,196 bp to 156,614 bp and GC content from 37.2% to 37.8%. A total of 121-133 genes were annotated in each species, including 80-91 protein-coding genes, 34-37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The contraction and expansion of IR borders were not detected, and gene rearrangements and inversions did not occur. The 13 hypervariable regions were proposed as the potential molecular markers for species identification. A total of 24,299 SNPs and 3,378 indels were inferred, and most of the SNPs were functionally missense and silent variations. There were 1968 SSRs, 2055 tandem repeats and 2802 dispersed repeats. The RSCU and ENC values indicated that the codon usage pattern was conserved in Trichosporeae. Both the phylogenetic frameworks based on the whole plastome and 80 CDSs were basically concordant. The sister relationships between Loxocarpinae and Didymocarpinae were confirmed, and Oreocharis was a sister group of Hemiboea with high support. The morphological characters showed a complex evolutionary pattern of Trichosporeae. Our findings may contribute to future research on genetic diversity, morphological evolutionary patterns, and conservation of the tribe Trichosporeae.

Heparan sulfate regulates IL-21 bioavailability and signal strength that control germinal center B cell selection and differentiation.

In antibody responses, mutated germinal center B (BGC) cells are positively selected for reentry or differentiation. As the products from GCs, memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) support high-affinity and long-lasting immunity. Positive selection of BGC cells is controlled by signals received through the B cell receptor (BCR) and follicular helper T (TFH) cell-derived signals, in particular costimulation through CD40. Here, we demonstrate that the TFH cell effector cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) joins BCR and CD40 in supporting BGC selection and reveal that strong IL-21 signaling prioritizes ASC differentiation in vivo. BGC cells, compared with non-BGC cells, show significantly reduced IL-21 binding and attenuated signaling, which is mediated by low cellular heparan sulfate (HS) sulfation. Mechanistically, N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1)-mediated N-sulfation of HS in B cells promotes IL-21 binding and signal strength. Ndst1 is down-regulated in BGC cells and up-regulated in ASC precursors, suggesting selective desensitization to IL-21 in BGC cells. Thus, specialized biochemical regulation of IL-21 bioavailability and signal strength sets a balance between the stringency and efficiency of GC selection.

Cyclization of the intrinsically disordered α1S dihydropyridine receptor II-III loop enhances secondary structure and in vitro function.

A key component of excitation contraction (EC) coupling in skeletal muscle is the cytoplasmic linker (II-III loop) between the second and third transmembrane repeats of the α(1S) subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR). The II-III loop has been previously examined in vitro using a linear II-III loop with unrestrained N- and C-terminal ends. To better reproduce the loop structure in its native environment (tethered to the DHPR transmembrane domains), we have joined the N and C termini using intein-mediated technology. Circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy revealed a structural shift in the cyclized loop toward a protein with increased α-helical and ß-strand structure in a region of the loop implicated in its in vitro function and also in a critical region for EC coupling. The affinity of binding of the II-III loop binding to the SPRY2 domain of the skeletal ryanodine receptor (RyR1) increased 4-fold, and its ability to activate RyR1 channels in lipid bilayers was enhanced 3-fold by cyclization. These functional changes were predicted consequences of the structural enhancement. We suggest that tethering the N and C termini stabilized secondary structural elements in the DHPR II-III loop and may reflect structural and dynamic characteristics of the loop that are inherent in EC coupling.

(1) H and (13) C NMR assignments of four series bioactive pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.

The complete (1) H and (13) C NMR assignments of four series pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were achieved by combination of one and two-dimensional NMR experiments, and the NMR signals of these compounds were analyzed and compared.

Shenfu Administration Improves Cardiac Fibrosis in Rats With Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Through Adenosine A2a Receptor Activation.

OBJECTIVE: Shenfu injection (SFI) is commonly used for cardiac dysfunction in China. Adenosine receptors have been reported to exert anti-fibrosis effects. The intent of this study was to evaluate that SFI attenuates cardiac fibrosis through activating of adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R). METHODS: Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five groups, nine rats in each group. Injections in all rat groups were carried out prior to reperfusion, and in the sham and MI/R groups, only vehicle was injected. Injections in the remaining group were as follows: 5 mL/kg in the SFI group; 15 mg/kg nicorandil in the A2R agonist group; and 5 mL/kg SFI plus 5 mg/kg MSX-3 in the SFI + A2aR antagonist group. Changes in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the development of myocardial infarction and cardiac fibrosis were documented among the groups. Additionally, the levels of A2aR, collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were measured. RESULTS: Following injection with SFI or nicorandil, the cAMP concentration, infarct area, and cardiac fibrosis induced by MI/R injury were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the levels of collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, fibronectin, and MMP-9 were clearly suppressed by SFI or nicorandil when compared with the MI/R group (p<0.01). However, the protective effects of SFI were counteracted by MSX-3. A negative correlation between A2aR and collagen I and collagen III was found (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: SFI activated the A2aR to reduce myocardial fibrosis caused by MI/R injury, which provided an underlying mechanism of action of SFI.

Assessing the Public Health Economic Loss from PM2.5 Pollution in '2 + 26' Cities.

Due to the fast growth of China's economy, urban atmospheric pollution has become a serious problem affecting the public's physical and mental health. The '2 + 26' cities, as the Jing-Jin-Ji atmospheric pollution transmission channel, has attracted widespread concern. There were several previous studies on the economic loss of public health caused by PM2.5 pollution in '2 + 26' cities. To assess the economic loss caused by PM2.5 on human health in '2 + 26' cities, this paper used the exposure-response model, the health effect loss model and willingness to pay method to obtain the economic loss from PM2.5 pollution with the latest available data in 2020. It was concluded that, in 2020, the economic loss of '2 + 26' cities from PM2.5 was spatially distributed low in the east and high in the west. In addition, it was larger in the southern and northern part, which was smaller in the middle of the region. Based on the conclusions, policy recommendations were put forward.

Application value of Doppler ultrasound combined with CA125 and CA19.9 in the early diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: An early diagnosis is of great significance in improving the survival rate of patients. At present, the application values of different diagnostic methods in ovarian cancer are different, and the clinical diagnosis alone is not ideal. Therefore, this study explored the application value of Doppler ultrasound combined with CA125 and CA19.9 in the early diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: A total of 58 patients with ovarian diseases were divided into an observation group (epithelial ovarian cancer group, n=29) and a control group (benign ovarian tumour group, n=29). Doppler ultrasound results and serum CA125 and CA19.9 detection results of the two groups were collected to analyse and compare the application values of ultrasound and different kinds of tumour markers in the early diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. RESULTS: The results of Doppler ultrasound showed that the resistance index of the blood flow in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the ultrasound score was higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). The levels of serum tumour markers CA125 and CA19.9 in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). The results of the repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in the ultrasound score, blood flow resistance index, and CA125 and CA19.9 levels in different stages of ovarian cancer (p<0.05). There was no difference in the ultrasonographic score between stage I and the partum stage, while the stages of menstruation and implantation showed a gradually increasing trend (p<0.05). The blood flow resistance index and CA125 and CA19.9 levels increased gradually with the stage (p<0.05). The sensitivity (93.1%), specificity (96.55%), positive predictive value (96.43%), negative predictive value (93.33%) and diagnosis rate (94.83%) of Doppler ultrasonography combined with CA125 and CA19.9 in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer were higher than those of the single indicator detection method or the two combined diagnostic detection methods. CONCLUSION: Doppler ultrasound combined with CA125 and CA19.9 has high sensitivity, high specificity and high coincidence rate and can improve the early clinical diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Effects of Shenfu injection on myocardial adenosine receptors in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion postconditioning.

OBJECTIVE: Shenfu injection (SFI) has been reported to have a protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. However, the changes of adenosine receptors in MI/R postconditioning when pretreated with SFI are unclear. METHODS: Forty-five rats were randomly divided into sham group (sham), MI/R postconditioning group (MI/R-post), low-dose SFI group (1 mL/kg), middle-dose SFI group (2.5 mL/kg), and high-dose SFI group (5 mL/kg). In SFI groups, SFI was intravenously injected before reperfusion, and rats were treated with ischemic postconditioning after ischemia for 30 min. After 24 h of reperfusion, the levels of Ca2+ and cAMP in blood platelets were analyzed. Myocardial infarct volume and myocardial pathology were observed. The levels of adenosine receptor subtypes A1, A2b, and A3 in myocardium were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The oxidative stress-related indicators were also observed. RESULTS: Compared with the MI/R-post group, SFI ameliorated the MI/R injury by decreasing the myocardial infarct area, oxidative stress, and concentration of Ca2+ and cAMP (p < 0.01). Pretreatment with SFI enhanced the expression of adenosine receptors A1 and A2b in a dose manner compared with the MI/R-post group. In contrast, the levels of adenosine receptor A3 were increased after MI/R postconditioning compared with the sham group, and its expression continued to increase with the increase of SFI. Furthermore, the oxidative stress reduced with the concentrations of SFI. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that pretreatment with SFI might regulate the expression of adenosine receptors to improve the MI/R postconditioning.

Conformational and dynamics simulation study of antimicrobial peptide hedistin-heterogeneity of its helix-turn-helix motif.

Hedistin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the coelomocytes of Nereis diversicolor, possessing activity against a large spectrum of bacteria including the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio alginolyticus. The three-dimensional structure of hedistin in both aqueous solution and deuterated dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles was examined using circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. And, the early events of the antibacterial process of hedistin were simulated using palmitoyl-oleoyl-phophatidylcholine (POPC) lipid bilayers and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. Hedistin lacks secondary structure in aqueous solution, however, in DPC micelles, it features with a heterogeneous helix-turn-helix moiety and exhibits obvious amphipathic nature. The turn region (residues Val9-Thr12) in the moiety is a four-residue hinge, lying in between the first N-terminal alpha-helix (residues Leu5-Lys8) and the second alpha-helix (residues Val13-Ala17) regions and causing an approximately 120 degrees angle between the axes of the two helices. The segmental and nonlinear nature of hedistin structure is referred to as the heterogeneity of its helix-turn-helix motif which was found to be corresponding to a kind of discrete dynamics behavior, herein coined as its dynamical heterogeneity, at the early stage (0-50 ns) of the MD simulations. That is, the first helix segment, prior to (at 310 K) or following (at 363 K) the second helix, binds to the lipid head-group region and subsequently permeates into the hydrophobic lipid tail region, and the hinge is the last portion entering the lipid environment. This result implies that hedistin may adopt a "carpet" model action when disrupting bacterial membrane.

CoAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheet-based fluorescence assay for fast DNA detection.

In the study, CoAl-layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) was prepared as a fluorescence quenching agent to detect DNA molecules. Because of its simple preparation for a large scale, excellent surface effect, good biocompatibility and high fluorescence quenching capability, the effective, rapid, and sensitive DNA detection was realized. The fluorescence quenching efficiency of LDH to 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein attached to single stranded DNA (FAM-ssDNA) was as high as 88%, and after FAM-ssDNA hybridized with the complementary DNA oligonucleotide, that to FAM-dsDNA was about 33%. The quenching mechanisms of LDH for ssDNA and dsDNA were discussed. Phosphate exposed of ssDNA played an important role in quenching effect. Compared to dsDNA, more exposed phosphate groups in ssDNA resulted in the stronger electrostatic interaction between ssDNA and LDH, and thus the higher quenching efficiency. Under optimal conditions, the linear equation was y = 38.26 + 3.37x in a linear relationship of 1-50 nM, and the correlation coefficient R2 corresponded to 0.999, and the limit of detection was calculated to be 0.79 nM (3σ). Cytotoxicity studies have shown that LDH has good biocompatibility. The study provides an effective, sensitive and safe approach for DNA detection and gives an insight for the design of LDH-based biosensing materials.

Evolution and extensive reassortment of H5 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in China over the past decade.

Lethal infection of wild birds with different subtypes of H5 viruses continuously occur. To investigate the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of H5 viruses in wild birds, we performed a detailed genetic and biologic analysis of 27 viruses, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8 subtypes, that were responsible for avian influenza outbreaks in wild birds in China over the past decade. We found that these 27 viruses, bearing different clades/subclades of HA, were complicated reassortants and formed 12 different genotypes. Ten of the viruses tested were highly pathogenic in chickens, but showed distinct pathotypes in ducks and mice. Five of these 10 viruses, which were all from clade2.3.4.4, could bind human-type receptors. Our findings reveal the diversity of the genetic and biologic properties of H5 viruses circulating in wild birds and highlight the need to carefully monitor and evaluate the risks these viruses pose to animal and public health.

Molecular recognition of the disordered dihydropyridine receptor II-III loop by a conserved spry domain of the type 1 ryanodine receptor.

1. The dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) II-III loop is an intrinsically unstructured region made up of alpha-helical and beta-turn secondary structure elements with the N and C termini in close spatial proximity. 2. The DHPR II-III loop interacts in vitro with a ryanodine receptor (RyR) 1 SPRY domain through alpha-helical segments located in the A and B regions. Mutations within the A and B regions in the DHPR II-III loop alter the binding affinity to the SPRY2 domain. 3. The A and C peptides derived from DHPR II-III loop show negative cooperativity in binding to the SPRY2 domain. 4. The SPRY2 domain of the RyR1 (1085-1208) forms a beta-sheet sandwich structure flanked by variable loop regions. An acidic loop region of SPRY2 (1107-1121) forms part of a negatively charged cleft that is implicated in the binding of the DHPR II-III loop. 5. The mutant E1108A located in the negatively charged loop of SPRY2 reduces the binding affinity to the DHPR II-III loop.

Molecular cloning, expression and biological activity of rhesus macaque interleukin-17A and interleukin-17F.

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and interleukin-17F (IL-17F) as two potent proinflammatory cytokines and the signature cytokines of Th17 cells play important roles in human autoimmune diseases, inflammation and host defenses. In this study, rhesus macaque IL-17A (rhIL-17A) and IL-17F (rhIL-17F) were cloned and expressed, and their biological activities and in vivo distribution were examined. The resulting data showed that both the rhIL-17A and rhIL-17F genes were consisted of three exons and two introns. RhIL-17A and rhIL-17F shared 96.8% and 93.9% amino acid sequence identity with human IL-17A (huIL-17A) and IL-17F (huIL-17F) respectively and the sequences also shared one N-glycosylation site and six conserved cysteine residues with huIL-17A and huIL-17F. IL-17A and IL-17F transcripts were highly expressed in lymphoid tissues and the intestinal tract of rhesus macaques. Functionally, recombinant rhIL-17A and rhIL-17F showed similar effect on Act1 levels and NF-κB phosphorylation compared with that of commercial human IL-17A and IL-17F. Moreover, the antibacterial proteins (such as ß-defensin 2, S100A8, S100A9, RegIIIα and Muc1) and the tight junction associated genes (including CLDN1, CLDN4, OCLN, and ZO1) expressed by Caco-2 cells were largely enhanced after treatment with rhIL-17A and rhIL-17F. Meanwhile, purified rhIL-17A and rhIL-17F could also induce the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α by THP-1 cells. These data indicated that rhesus macaque IL-17A and IL-17F are highly similar to that of humans in both structure and function. Studies on rhIL-17A/rhIL-17F are promising approach to contribute to the understanding of human IL-17A and IL-17F-related intestinal diseases.