Motivations for and against Participation in Neonatal Research: Insights from Interviews of Diverse Parents Approached for Neonatal Research in the US.

OBJECTIVE: To describe parents' motivations for and against participation in neonatal research, including the views of those who declined participation. STUDY DESIGN: We performed 44 semi-structured, qualitative interviews of parents approached for neonatal research. Here we describe their motivations for and against participation. RESULTS: Altruism was an important reason parents chose to participate. Some hoped participation in research would benefit their infant. Burdens of participation to the family, such as transportation to follow up (distinct from risks/burdens to the infant), were often deciding factors among those who declined participation. Perceived risks to the infant were reasons against participation, but parents often did not differentiate between baseline risks and incremental risk of study participation. Concerns regarding their infant being treated like a "guinea pig" were common among those who declined. Finally, historical abuses and institutional racism were reported as important concerns by some research decliners from minoritized populations. CONCLUSIONS: Within a diverse sample of parents approached to enroll their infant in neonatal research, motivations for and against participation emerged, which may be targets of future interventions. These motivations included reasons for participation which we may hope to encourage, such as altruism. They also included reasons against participation, which we may hope to, as feasible, eliminate, mitigate, or at least acknowledge. These findings can help clinical trialists, regulators, and funders attempting to improve neonatal research recruitment processes.

Family perspectives on provider conversations about housing needs for children with medical complexity.

BACKGROUND: Children with medical complexity (CMC) have unique, and often unmet, housing needs that place them at risk for housing insecurity and poor health outcomes. Yet, little is known about how families with CMC discuss their housing needs with healthcare providers. We sought to understand: (1) how housing is currently discussed between CMC caregivers and healthcare providers, and (2) how CMC caregivers want such conversations to occur. METHODS: From August to November 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with parents/guardians of CMC (<26 years old) in Maryland as part of a larger study to understand their housing experience. Four questions on communication with providers about housing were developed a priori and included in this analysis. Qualitative content analysis was applied to interview transcripts. RESULTS: Among 31 completed interviews, most participants were female (90%), lived in single-family homes (68%) and were from a mix of neighbourhood types (urban 19%, suburban 58%, rural 22%). Their children ranged in age from 6 months to 22 years, had a mix of insurance types (public 65%, private 29%, both 6%) and nearly all required medical equipment or technology. Four themes emerged: (1) Current housing conversations are rare and superficial, (2) Ideal housing conversations would result in thoughtful care plans and concrete supports, (3) Frequency and initiation of housing conversations are best tailored to family preferences and (4) Value of housing conversations are limited by lack of provider knowledge and time. CONCLUSIONS: Conversations about housing needs for CMC happen in limited ways with healthcare providers, despite a desire on the part of their caregivers. Such conversations can give meaningful insights into the family's specific housing challenges, allowing providers to appropriately tailor care plans and referrals. Future work is needed to capture provider perspectives, design CMC-specific housing screeners and develop interdisciplinary referral strategies.

Early Readmission following NICU Discharges among a National Sample: Associated Factors and Spending.

OBJECTIVE: Infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at increased likelihood of hospital readmission when compared with non-NICU admitted infants, resulting in appreciable financial and emotional burdens. Early readmission, days to weeks, following NICU discharge, may be preventable. Population-based data identifying potentially modifiable factors and spending associated with early readmission are lacking. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a secondary data analysis of privately insured infants in the IBM MarketScan Research Database born from 2011 to 2017 in all 50 states and admitted to the NICU. We examined demographic and clinical characteristics of early readmission within 7 days and between 8 and 30 days following NICU discharge and the payments of NICU and readmission care. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 86,741 NICU survivors analyzed, 3,131 infants (3.6%) were readmitted by 7 days and 2,128 infants (2.5%) between 8 and 30 days. Preterm infants had reduced odds of readmission by 7 days compared with term infants. Infants transferred to a step-down facility (vs. discharge home) and those with congenital anomalies had higher independent odds of readmission by 7 and 8 to 30 days. A higher percentage of NICU infants within the lowest quartile of initial NICU length of stay (LOS) were readmitted by 7 days compared with NICU infants in the middle and highest LOS quartiles (64 vs. 36%, p < 0.01). Median payments of readmissions at 7 and 8 to 30 days was $12,785 and 14,380, respectively. CONCLUSION: Being term, being transferred to a step-down facility, and having a congenital anomaly were risk factors for early readmission. Shorter initial NICU LOS may be a contributing factor to readmission by 7 days, especially among term infants. These findings identify factors associated with readmission with the hope of preventing early readmission, minimizing spending, and optimizing ideal timing of NICU discharge. KEY POINTS: · Preterm infants were less likely than term infants to be readmitted within 7 days after discharge.. · Transferred infants had higher odds of readmission versus those who were discharged home.. · Payments for an average single NICU day were $1,000 less than for an average day of readmission..

Association of Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Its Timing with Retinopathy of Prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the association of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and its timing, with the development and timing of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary data analysis of 7,483 preterm infants from the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity Study. Associations between infants with surgical NEC, early-onset surgical NEC (8-28 days), and late-onset surgical NEC (over 28 days) with ROP were evaluated by using multivariable logistic regression models, controlling for birth weight, gestational age, small for gestational age status, chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, patent ductus arteriosus, and periventricular leukomalacia. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-six (4.8%) infants had surgical NEC, with 56% having early surgical NEC. Infants with surgical NEC had a higher risk of any ROP and severe ROP (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.9-3.7) and 2.5 (95% CI: 1.9-3.3), respectively; p < 0.001) compared with infants without surgical NEC. Infants with early surgical NEC were at the highest risk of developing ROP and severe ROP (adjusted OR: 3.1 [95% CI: 2.1-4.8], and 3.3 [95% CI: 2.3-4.7] respectively, p < 0.001). Infants with late surgical NEC were also at increased risk of developing ROP and severe ROP (adjusted OR: 2.1 [95% CI: 1.3-3.4], and 1.9 [95% CI: 1.3-2.8] respectively, p < 0.001) compared with infants without surgical NEC. CONCLUSION: Infants with surgical NEC, especially early surgical NEC, are at higher risk of ROP and severe ROP. KEY POINTS: · Infants with surgical NEC are at higher risk of ROP and severe ROP than those without surgical NEC.. · Increased ROP risk is seen in infants with both early- or later onset surgical NEC.. · Early-onset surgical NEC is associated with a higher ROP risk compared with later onset surgical NEC..

TIMS: A Mixed Methods Evaluation of the Impact of a Novel Chaplain Facilitated Recorded Interview Placed in the Medical Chart for the Medical Staff in an ICU During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The purpose of this study is to examine how a novel intervention known as TIMS, "This is My Story," impacted clinicians caring for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. An eight-question survey was administered to MICU staff on their experience with TIMS files for pre- and post-listening reflections. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 staff members who prospectively agreed to participate. A total of 97 pre-listening and 88 post-listening questionnaires were completed. Responses indicated that the audio recording was appropriate to discover more about the patient beyond the immediately observable and useful (98%), "considerably" increased staff empathy for the patient (74%), and thought it would "some" or "considerably" improve subsequent interactions with the patient's loved ones (99%). The qualitative analysis revealed that medical staff found the audio format easy to use and helpful in humanizing patients in their clinical practice. The study demonstrates that TIMS audio files are an important addition to the electronic medical record, enabling clinicians to practice with greater awareness of the patient's context and increased empathy for patients and families.

Randomized trial of azithromycin to eradicate Ureaplasma respiratory colonization in preterm infants: 2-year outcomes.

BACKGROUND: To assess the potential impact of azithromycin treatment in the first week following birth on 2-year outcomes in preterm infants with and without Ureaplasma respiratory colonization who participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Respiratory morbidity was assessed at NICU discharge and at 6, 12, and 22-26 months corrected age using pulmonary questionnaires. Comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments were completed between 22 and 26 months corrected age. The primary and secondary composite outcomes were death or severe respiratory morbidity and death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment, respectively, at 22-26 months corrected age. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-one randomized participants (azithromycin, N = 60; placebo, N = 61) were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. There were no significant differences in death or serious respiratory morbidity (34.8 vs 30.4%, p = 0.67) or death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment (47 vs 33%, p = 0.11) between the azithromycin and placebo groups. Among all trial participants, tracheal aspirate Ureaplasma-positive infants experienced a higher frequency of death or serious respiratory morbidity at 22-26 months corrected age (58%) than tracheal aspirate Ureaplasma-negative infants (34%) or non-intubated infants (21%) (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe strong evidence of a difference in long-term pulmonary and neurodevelopment outcomes in preterm infants treated with azithromycin in the first week of life compared to placebo. IMPACT: No strong evidence of a difference in long-term pulmonary and neurodevelopment outcomes was identified at 22-26 months corrected age in infants treated with azithromycin in the first week of life compared to placebo. The RCT is the first study of 2-year pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes of azithromycin treatment in ELGANs. Provides evidence that ELGANs with lower respiratory tract Ureaplasma have the most frequent serious respiratory morbidity in the first 2 years of life, suggesting that a Phase III trial of azithromycin to prevent BPD targeting this population is warranted.

Costs of Neonatal Medical Complexity: Impact on New Parent Stress and Decision-Making.

OBJECTIVE: Parents of children with medical complexity experience substantial financial burdens. It is unclear how neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) clinicians prepare new parents of medically complex infants for this reality. This study explored new parent awareness of health care costs, desire to discuss costs with clinicians, and impact of costs on parents' medical decision-making. STUDY DESIGN: The study design comprised semistructured interviews and surveys of parents of infants with medical complexity currently or previously in a NICU. Conventional content analysis was performed on interview transcripts, and descriptive analyses were applied to surveys. RESULTS: Thematic saturation was reached with 27 families (15 NICU families and 12 post-NICU families) of diverse race/ethnicity/education/household income. Most were worried about their infants' current/future medical expenses and approximately half wanted to discuss finances with clinicians, only one parent had. While finances were not part of most parent's NICU decision-making, some later regretted this and wished cost had been incorporated into treatment choices. The family desire to discuss costs did not vary by family financial status. Parents described their infant's health care costs as: "We are drowning"; and "We'll never pay it off." CONCLUSION: Most parents were worried about current and future medical expenses related to their infant's evolving medical complexity. Many wanted to discuss costs with clinicians; almost none had. NICU clinicians should prepare families for the future financial realities of pediatric medical complexity. KEY POINTS: · Many families want to discuss costs with NICU clinicians.. · Some families want costs to be a part of medical decisions.. · Few families currently discuss costs with NICU providers..

The Changing Landscape in Pediatric Hospitals: A Multicenter Study of How Pediatric Chronic Critical Illness Impacts NICU Throughput.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric inpatient bed availability is increasingly constrained by the prolonged hospitalizations of children with medical complexity. The sickest of these patients are chronic critically ill and often have protracted intensive care unit (ICU) stays. Numbers and characteristics of infants with chronic critical illness are unclear, which undermines resource planning in ICU's and general pediatric wards. The goal of this study was to describe infants with chronic critical illness at six academic institutions in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: Infants admitted to six academic medical centers were screened for chronic, critical illness based on a combination of prolonged and repeated hospitalizations, use of medical technology, and chronic multiorgan involvement. Data regarding patient and hospitalization characteristics were collected. RESULTS: Just over one-third (34.8%) of pediatric inpatients across the six centers who met eligibility criteria for chronic critical illness were <12 months of age. Almost all these infants received medical technology (97.8%) and had multiorgan involvement (94.8%). Eighty-six percent (115/134) had spent time in an ICU during the current hospitalization; 31% were currently in a neonatal ICU, 34% in a pediatric ICU, and 17% in a cardiac ICU. Among infants who had been previously discharged home (n = 55), most had been discharged with medical technology (78.2%) and nearly all were still using that technology during the current readmission. Additional technologies were commonly added during the current hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Advanced strategies are needed to plan for hospital resource allocation for infants with chronic critical illness. These infants' prolonged hospitalizations begin in the neonatal ICU but often transition to other ICUs and general inpatient wards. They are commonly discharged with medical technology which is rarely weaned but often escalated during subsequent hospitalizations. Identification and tracking of these infants, beginning in the neonatal ICU, will help hospitals anticipate and strategize for inpatient bed management. KEY POINTS: · 35% of inpatients with chronic critical illness are infants.. · Nearly 90% of these infants spend some time in an intensive care unit.. · 78% are discharged with medical technology..

Paying for Pediatric Home Health Care: How Families of Children With Medical Complexity Navigate Gaps in Coverage.

Limited private and public financing of home health care for children with medical complexity can have harmful and costly consequences. Little is known of how parents and professionals in the United States navigate coverage for these services or how payer restrictions are shaping service quality. Qualitative interviews were conducted with families and professionals (eg, prescribers, providers, administrators of pediatric home health care [PHHC]) caring for children with medical complexity. Interview transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. In total, 47 families and 45 professionals from across 31 states and the District of Columbia had experiences with the full range of PHHC services. Participants detailed the need to patch together multiple insurances and payment programs to cover a child's home health needs. They described nontransparent eligibility determinations that do not reflect the diagnostic uncertainty and static functional status that is common for many children. Coverage denials are common, leaving gaps in care that can potentiate downstream cost escalation. Evidence-based health care reform must ensure that children get the PHHC needed to maintain function and reduce the need for hospital-based services. Recommendations are offered to improve PHHC financing and care for the most medically vulnerable children and their families.

Our life at home: Photos from families inform discharge planning for medically complex children.

BACKGROUND: Infants with medical complexity are increasingly cared for at home, creating unique challenges for their caregivers. The sickest of these are those with chronic critical illness (CCI). These infants' medical fragility and resource-intensive needs puts them at increased risk for suboptimal transitions from hospital- to home-based care. It is unclear whether, and if so, to what extent clinicians gather and use knowledge of a family's home context during discharge planning. METHODS: This study is a pilot of a novel program, using Photovoice methodology, which aims to record and reflect the experience of caring for a child with CCI at home from caregivers' perspectives and to provide direct feedback to inpatient discharging clinicians, with the goal of increasing awareness of (a) the importance of home context and (b) current discharge limitations. RESULTS: Through photographs, parents described the importance of developing new routines, learning how to be a family, the impact of medical technology on nearly all aspects of everyday life, the critical role played by clinicians during the transition home, and feelings of social stigma and isolation. Clinicians, in turn, learned about gaps in discharge planning and the value of making families part of the decision-making team. They also found meaning in seeing the children they had cared for doing well at home, which subsequently bolstered enthusiasm for their job. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this pilot study highlight the importance of understanding the lived experience of families caring for medically complex children at home and suggest that this knowledge can be used to address gaps in the transition home.

Diagnosis to death: family experiences of paediatric heart disease.

CHD remains one of the leading causes of mortality of children in the United States. There is limited research about the experience of parents from the diagnosis of their child with CHD through the death of their child. A prior study has shown that adults with heart failure go through a series of four transitions: 1) learning the diagnosis, 2) reframing the new normal, 3) taking control of the illness, and 4) understanding death is inevitable. In our qualitative study, we performed semi-structured interviews with parents who have a child die of CHD to determine whether the four transitions in adults apply to parents of children with CHD. We found that these four transitions were present in the parents we interviewed and that there were two novel transitions, one that proceeded the first Jones et al transition ("Prenatal diagnosis") and one that occurred after the final Jones et al transition ("Adjustment after death"). It is our hope that identification of these six transitions will help better support families of children with CHD.

Living in the Hospital: The Vulnerability of Children with Chronic Critical Illness.

The number of children with chronic critical illness (CCI) is a growing population in the United States. A defining characteristic of this population is a prolonged hospital stay. Our study assessed the proportion of pediatric patients with chronic critical illness in U.S. hospitals at a specific point in time, and identified a subset of children whose hospital stay lasted for months to years. The potential harms of a prolonged hospitalization for children with CCI, which include over treatment, infection, disruption of family life, and the intensive utilization of resources-combined with the moral distress experienced by the clinicians who care for the children, suggest the need for ethical analysis of this growing issue to identify actions that could be taken at the clinical and health systems levels to reduce the harms associated with prolonged hospital stay. In this article we present three real cases from our study that involved a very long hospital stay. We applied a framework developed by Mackenzie, Rogers, and Dodds to analyze inherent, situational, and pathogenic vulnerabilities to examine the ways that interventions intended to remedy one source of harm for the children in our cohort inadvertently created other harms. We examined the complex ways that children with protracted hospitalization are vulnerable to the choices made by their family and clinicians, as well as by healthcare systems and communities. Finally, we used this analysis to summarize actions and ethical responses to this growing patient population. Such an understanding is essential to make clinical and ethical decisions that arise for children who are at risk for a very long stay in the hospital.

Risks of preterm birth among non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women: Effect modification by maternal age.

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth (PTB) disproportionately affects African American compared with Caucasian women, although reasons for this disparity remain unclear. Some suggest that a differential effect of maternal age by race/ethnicity, especially at older maternal ages, may explain disparities. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the relationship between maternal age and preterm birth varies by race/ethnicity among primiparae non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 367 081 singleton liveborn first births to NHB and NHW women in California from 2008 to 2012 was conducted. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated for PTB and its subtypes-spontaneous and clinician-initiated-after adjusting for confounders through Poisson regression. Universal age/race reference groups (NHW, 25-29 years) and race-specific reference groups (NHW or NHB, 25-29 years) were used for comparisons. RESULTS: Among all women, RR of PTB was highest at the extremes of age (<15 and ≥40 years). Among NHBs, the risk of PTB was higher than among NHWs at all maternal ages (adjusted RR of PTB 1.38-2.93 vs 0.98-2.38). However, using race-specific reference groups, the risk of PTB for NHB women (RR 0.91-1.88) vs NHW women (RR 0.98-2.39) was nearly identical at all maternal ages, with overlapping confidence intervals. Analyses did not demonstrate substantial divergence of risk with advancing maternal age. PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician-initiated PTB demonstrated similar risk patterns at younger but not older maternal ages, where risk of clinician-initiated PTB increased sharply for all women. CONCLUSIONS: Primiparae NHBs demonstrated increased risk of PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician-initiated PTB compared with NHWs at all maternal ages. However, RRs using race-specific reference groups converged across maternal ages, indicating a similar independent effect of maternal age on PTB by race/ethnicity. A differential effect of maternal age does not appear to explain disparities in preterm birth by race/ethnicity.

A mindfulness intervention to reduce maternal distress in neonatal intensive care: a mixed methods pilot study.

Mothers with an infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at risk for depression, anxiety, and trauma symptoms, with negative implications for maternal-infant bonding, maternal well-being, and infant development. Few interventions to promote NICU mothers' mental health, however, have been developed or tested. This pre-post pilot study assessed feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness intervention for NICU mothers. Twenty-seven mothers were recruited from a university NICU and offered a mindfulness intervention via introductory video and audio-recorded practices. Participants completed a baseline self-report survey. After 2 weeks of engaging with intervention materials, participants completed a second survey and in-depth interview. Quantitative data were analyzed using paired t tests; qualitative data were analyzed using thematic coding. Twenty-four women (89%) completed the study. Quantitative data indicated significant improvements in depressive, anxiety, and trauma symptoms, negative coping, NICU-related stress, and sleep (p < 0.05). Qualitative data identified themes of perceived improvements in psychological distress and stress symptoms, self-care, and relationships. Findings support the mindfulness intervention's feasibility, acceptability, and potential promise for reducing maternal distress and promoting well-being. Use of video and audio modalities may facilitate program sustainability and scale up. Further research on the program is merited.

Supports and Barriers to the Provision of Human Milk by Mothers of African American Preterm Infants.

BACKGROUND: Mother's own milk (MOM) provides significant health benefits to very low birth-weight infants (VLBW, ≤1500 g). However, 60% of African American (AA) women initiate lactation, and less than 35% provide MOM 6 months following the birth of their infant. Previous research focuses on term infants and is not specific to AA mothers of VLBW infants. PURPOSE: To qualitatively describe supports and barriers experienced by AA mothers while providing MOM for their VLBW infants. METHODS: In this qualitative, descriptive study, we conducted semistructured interviews with AA mothers who provided MOM for their VLBW infant. Interviews were transcribed and manually coded concurrently with enrollment until theoretical saturation was achieved. Infant charts were reviewed for demographics, and triangulation with notes from the medical record by bedside nurse lactation consultants and other providers was performed to increase validity. Member checks were completed to ensure true meaning of responses. RESULTS: Theoretical saturation was achieved after 9 interviews. Themes perceived to support provision of MOM included (1) Being a Mother; (2) Neonatal intensive care unit environment; (3) Community support; and (4) Useful resources. Themes that emerged as barriers to the provision of MOM were: (1) Maternal illness; (2) Milk expression; (3) Challenging home environment; and (4) Emotional distress. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: African American mothers report supports similar to published data but faced challenges not previously reported. These factors warrant attention by professionals who support lactation in this population. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Future research will address perceived barriers to improve provision of MOM and the quality of the lactation journey of AA mothers of preterm infants.

Communication and decision-making regarding children with critical cardiac disease: a systematic review of family preferences.

Critical heart disease in the pediatric population is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Research around the most effective communication and decision-making strategies is lacking. This systematic review aims to summarise what is known about parent preference for communication and decision-making in children with critical heart disease. Database searches included key words such as family, pediatric heart disease, communication, and decision-making. A total of 10 studies fit our inclusion criteria: nine were qualitative studies with parent interviews and one study was quantitative with a parent survey. We found three main themes regarding physician-parent communication and decision-making in the context of paediatric heart disease: (1) amount, timing, and content of information provided to parents; (2) helpful physician characteristics and communication styles; and (3) reinforcing the support circle for families.

Professional Responsibility, Consensus, and Conflict: A Survey of Physician Decisions for the Chronically Critically Ill in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Units.

OBJECTIVE: To describe neonatologist and pediatric intensivist attitudes and practices relevant to high-stakes decisions for children with chronic critical illness, with particular attention to physician perception of professional duty to seek treatment team consensus and to disclose team conflict. DESIGN: Self-administered online survey. SETTING: U.S. neonatal ICUs and PICUs. SUBJECTS: Neonatologists and pediatric intensivists. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We received 652 responses (333 neonatologists, denominator unknown; 319 of 1,290 pediatric intensivists). When asked about guiding a decision for tracheostomy in a chronically critically ill infant, only 41.7% of physicians indicated professional responsibility to seek a consensus decision, but 73.3% reported, in practice, that they would seek consensus and make a consensus-based recommendation; the second most common practice (15.5%) was to defer to families without making recommendations. When presented with conflict among the treatment team, 63% of physicians indicated a responsibility to be transparent about the decision-making process and reported matching practices. Neonatologists more frequently reported a responsibility to give decision making fully over to families; intensivists were more likely to seek out consensus among the treatment team. CONCLUSIONS: ICU physicians do not agree about their responsibilities when approaching difficult decisions for chronically critically ill children. Although most physicians feel a professional responsibility to provide personal recommendations or defer to families, most physicians report offering consensus recommendations. Nearly all physicians embrace a sense of responsibility to disclose disagreement to families. More research is needed to understand physician responsibilities for making recommendations in the care of chronically critically ill children.

Family Conferences in the Neonatal ICU: Observation of Communication Dynamics and Contributions.

OBJECTIVES: Clinicians in the neonatal ICU must engage in clear and compassionate communication with families. Empirical, observational studies of neonatal ICU family conferences are needed to develop counseling best practices and to train clinicians in key communication skills. We devised a pilot study to record and analyze how interdisciplinary neonatal ICU clinicians and parents navigate difficult conversations during neonatal ICU family conferences. DESIGN: We prospectively identified and audiotaped a convenience sample of neonatal ICU family conferences about "difficult news." Conversations were analyzed using the Roter interaction analysis system, a quantitative tool for assessing content and quality of patient-provider communication. SETTING: An urban academic children's medical center with a 45-bed level IV neonatal ICU. SUBJECTS: Neonatal ICU parents and clinicians. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We analyzed 19 family conferences that included 31 family members and 23 clinicians. The child's mother was included in all conferences, and a second parent, usually the father, was present in 13 conferences. All but one conference included multiple medical team members. On average, physicians contributed 65% of all dialogue, regardless of who else was present. Over half (56%) of this dialogue involved giving medical information; under 5% of clinician dialogue involved asking questions of the family, and families rarely (5% of dialogue) asked questions. Conversations were longer with the presence of nonphysician clinicians, but this did not increase the amount of dialogue about psychosocial information or increase parent dialogue. CONCLUSIONS: We collected a novel repository of audio-recorded neonatal ICU family meetings that offers insights into discussion content and process. These meetings were heavily focused on biomedical information even when interdisciplinary clinicians were present. Clinicians always talked more than parents, and no one asked many questions. Maximizing the participation of interdisciplinary clinicians in neonatal ICU family meetings may require explicit strategies. Methods to increase family engagement should be targeted.

Pharmacokinetics, microbial response, and pulmonary outcomes of multidose intravenous azithromycin in preterm infants at risk for Ureaplasma respiratory colonization.

The study objectives were to refine the population pharmacokinetics (PK) model, determine microbial clearance, and assess short-term pulmonary outcomes of multiple-dose azithromycin treatment in preterm infants at risk for Ureaplasma respiratory colonization. Fifteen subjects (7 of whom were Ureaplasma positive) received intravenous azithromycin at 20 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h for 3 doses. Azithromycin concentrations were determined in plasma samples obtained up to 168 h post-first dose by using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Respiratory samples were obtained predose and at three time points post-last dose for Ureaplasma culture, PCR, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and cytokine concentration determinations. Pharmacokinetic data from these 15 subjects as well as 25 additional subjects (who received either a single 10-mg/kg dose [n = 12] or a single 20-mg/kg dose [n = 13]) were analyzed by using a nonlinear mixed-effect population modeling (NONMEM) approach. Pulmonary outcomes were assessed at 36 weeks post-menstrual age and 6 months adjusted age. A 2-compartment model with all PK parameters allometrically scaled on body weight best described the azithromycin pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates. The population pharmacokinetics parameter estimates for clearance, central volume of distribution, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution were 0.15 liters/h · kg(0.75), 1.88 liters · kg, 1.79 liters/h · kg(0.75), and 13 liters · kg, respectively. The estimated area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC24)/MIC90 value was ∼ 4 h. All posttreatment cultures were negative, and there were no drug-related adverse events. One Ureaplasma-positive infant died at 4 months of age, but no survivors were hospitalized for respiratory etiologies during the first 6 months (adjusted age). Thus, a 3-day course of 20 mg/kg/day intravenous azithromycin shows preliminary efficacy in eradicating Ureaplasma spp. from the preterm respiratory tract.

Novel legislation for pediatric advance directives: surveys and focus groups capture parent and clinician perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Legislative measures increasingly require consideration of pediatric inpatients for Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment. AIM: To explore pediatric clinicians' experiences with life-sustaining treatments prior to the Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment mandate and to describe clinician and family concerns and preferences regarding pediatric Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment. DESIGN: Clinician surveys and clinician and parent focus groups. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Pediatric clinicians and parents from one of Maryland's largest health systems. RESULTS: Of 96 survey respondents, 72% were physicians and 28% were nurse practitioners. A total of 73% of physicians and 34% of nurse practitioners felt able to lead discussions about limiting therapies "most" or "all" of the time. A total of 75% of physicians and 37% of nurse practitioners led such a discussion in the prior year. A total of 55% of physicians and 96% of nurse practitioners had written no order to limit therapies in the past year. Only for children predicted to die within 30 days did >80% of clinicians agree that limitation discussions were warranted. A total of 100% of parent focus group participants, but 17% of physicians and 33% of nurse practitioners, thought that all pediatric inpatients warranted Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment discussions. Parents felt that universal Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment would decrease the stigma of limitation discussions. Participants believed that Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment would clarify decision making and increase utilization of palliative care. Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment communication skills training was recommended by all. CONCLUSION: A minority of clinicians, but all parents, support universal pediatric Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment. Immediately prior to the Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment mandate, many clinicians felt unprepared to lead limitation discussions, and few had written relevant orders in the prior year. Communication training is perceived essential to successful Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment conversations.