[Characterizing Structural Composition of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter from Sediment Pore Water in a Urban River Using Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence with Self-Organizing Map].

Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence with self-organizing map was applied to characterize structural composition and spatial distribution of dissolved (DOM) and particulate (POM) organic matter from sediment pore water in a typical urban river. Ten sediment pore water samples were collected from the mainstream of Baitabuhe River in Shenyang City of northeast China, along a human impact gradient, i. e. river source, rural and urban regions. DOM and POM were extracted from the pore water, and their EEM fluorescence spectra were measured. ƒ450/500 of DOM ranged from 1.82 to 1.91, indicating that DOM is mainly from microbial source; ƒ450/500 of POM ranged from 1.42 to 1.68, suggesting that POM derived from land. Four components were identified from DOM and POM fractions by self-organizing map, which included tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like, fulvic-like and humic-like matters. Tyrosine-like originated from fresh and less-degraded material with a high potential for oxida- tion, which was considered as representative components of DOM and POM. Tryptophan-like was associated with microbial byproduct-like material, and can indicate microbial activities. The abundance sum of all components in DOM is roughly 2 times more than that in POM. The mean relative abundance of tyrosine-like was more than 50%, while tryptophan-like was about 18.6%-23.1%. Abundance of fulvic-like was much more than that of humic-like, but they were only a small proportion of organic matter fractions. Based on principal component analysis, the characteristics of DOM and POM distinctly were distributed along river source, rural region and urban region, proving that the river was deeply influenced by human activity.

[The investigation of organic matter removal in water treatment plant by EEM spectra coupled with self-organizing map].

Three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectra (3D-EEM) has attracted the increasing attention of researchers in water monitoring and water treatment areas. The self-organizing map (SOM) is a kind of non-supervised and self-learning neural network with the feature of high self-stability and noise tolerance. In the present paper, SOM technique was employed for the exploratory analysis of EEM spectra of water samples in a water treatment plant The results showed that EEM spectra could be clustered into three classes, corresponding to tryptophan-like protein substances, tyrosine-like protein substances, and UV fulvic-like substances. The three components could be effectively removed during the whole water treatment process with the high removal of 84.6% (tyrosine-like), 79.9% (tryptophan-like), and 69.1% (UV fulvic-like). The results show that SOM technique can be used as an effective tool for EEM spectra analysis, which is helpful for the optimization of water treatment process parameters, the improvement of process performance, and the operation of water treatment plant.

[Kinetics and Mechanism of Sucralose Degradation in Water Using UV-activated Persulfate Process].

The degradation of emerging pollutant artificial sweetener sucralose (SUC) using UV/persulfate (UV/PS). The effects of several process parameters, including UV light intensity, PS dosage, pH, and anion concentration, were also investigated. The degradation products and their toxicity during the UV/PS process were further analyzed and evaluated. It is reported that, compared with single UV or PS, the degradation of SUC by UV/PS was more obvious. The degradation rate constants increased with an increase in the light intensity and PS dosage. The SUC degradation could be improved under neutral conditions. The background ions NO3- and HCO3- could inhibit the degradation process, while Cl- and SO42- ions could accelerate the process. Sixteen intermediate products were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and GC-MS. Hydroxylation, oxidation, ether cracking, and other reactions were involved. A degradation path was further proposed. Moreover, luminescent bacteria toxicity test and ECOSAR prediction showed that the intermediates with higher toxicity could be produced during UV/PS, which could pose a potential threat to the ecological environment.

[Chlorination of Naproxen: Removal, Transformation and Risk Assessment].

The by-products produced during chlorination of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have created widespread public concern. Chlorination of a typical PhAC, naproxen (NAP), was studied. NAP chlorination parameters, intermediates identification, chlorination mechanism, and risk assessment during chlorination process have also been discussed. The results showed that NAP chlorination could fit well with the fist-order kinetics. The rate of removal and rate constants of NAP chlorination decreased with increasing initial NAP concentration and ammonium dosage, while these values increased with increasing initial free chlorine concentration. Acidic condition of the solution could significantly promote NAP chlorination. Five intermediates were identified by HPLC-MS/MS, and the mechanism of NAP chlorination was also put forward. Vibrio fischeri toxicity analysis and ESCOAR prediction indicated that higher toxicity intermediates were produced during NAP chlorination, which pose a potential threat to drinking water safety.

[Degradation of Organic Sunscreens 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone by UV/ H2O2 Process: Kinetics and Factors].

Organic sunscreens continue to enter the environment through people's daily consumption, and become a kind of emerging contaminants. The photochemical degradation of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) in water by UV/H2O2 process was investigated. Several factors, including the initial BP-3 concentration, H2O2 concentration, UV light intensity, coexisting cations and anions, humic acid and tert-butyl alcohol, were also discussed. The results showed that BP-3 degradation rate constant decreased with increasing initial BP-3 concentration, while increased with increasing H2O2 dosage and UV intensity. Coexisting anions could reduce the degradation rate, while coexisting ferric ions could stimulate the production of OH through Fenton-like reaction, further significantly accelerated BP-3 degradation process. The BP-3 degradation would be inhibited by humic acid or tert-butyl alcohol. The electrical energy per order (E(Eo)) values were also calculated to evaluate the cost of BP-3 degradation by UV/H2O2 process. The addition of ferric ions significantly reduced the value of E(Eo). The investigation of processing parameter could provide a reference for the practical engineering applications of benzophenone compounds removal by UV/H2O2 process.

[Dynamic effects of commonly co-existing anions on the removal of selenite from groundwater by nanoscale zero-valent iron].

Batch experiments are used to research selenite removal from groundwater by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) , and dynamic effects of commonly co-existing anions on the removal of selenite are also investigated. The results showed that under anoxic conditions,when nZVI dose was 0.1 g.L-1 , the concentration of Se( IV)/sodium chloride was 100 micromol.L-1/0. 01 mol L-1 , pH = 7.0, T = 25 degrees C +/- 1 degrees C, auto-adding 1 mmol.L -1 CO(2-)(3) or SO(2-)(4) , 5 mg. L -1 humic acid (HA), the removals of Se( IV ) were obviously inhibited. The weak effect on the removal of Se( IV) was observed when added 0. 5 mmol L- Ca2+ or Mg2 ,while concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were 3 mmol L-1 and 3 mmol L-1 respectively, removal efficiency of Se( IV) were evidently decreased. Without coexisting ions, Se( IV) were totally removed in 20 min, while with co-existing ions, removal efficiency of Se( NV) were achieved 100% in 30 min. Bivalent iron tended to stationary with the remove of Se( WV) in reaction processes. ORP rapidly decreased from positive to negative in the process of reaction, which illustrated the process of remove Se( IV) by nZVI was the reduction reaction.

[Investigation of the microbial diversity and structure of biological activated carbon from different sources in drinking water treatment process].

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology was used to investigate the microbial diversity and structure of biological activated carbon (BAC) from different sources in drinking water advanced treatment process. Diversity indices of samples A, B and C, with relatively high tannic acid and humic acid adsorption capacity, were close to each other, which meant higher microbial diversity. However, samples D and E had relatively lower diversity indices with the low tannic acid and humic acid adsorption capacity. There were five species including ß-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes in the phylogenetic tree of BAC samples. Among them, ß-Proteobacteria and α-Proteobacteria were the dominant microbial species in these BAC samples, which played an important role in organic matter removal. Planctomycetes, γ-Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the non-dominant microbial species. Bacteroidetes only existed in samples A, B, C and D, while did not occur in sample E. The BAC samples with the higher tannic acid and humic acid adsorption capacity had higher microbial diversity. This research should deepen the understanding of microbial community in BAC, and provide a theoretical basis for the safety of drinking water.