Phylogenetic Analysis and Fungicide Baseline Sensitivities of Monilia mumecola in China.

Monilia mumecola is one of the causal agents of peach brown rot in China. In this study, M. mumecola isolates from different locations and hosts were used to analyze the genetic diversity and to assay the sensitivity to four generally used fungicides: carbendazim, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, and boscalid. Results showed that isolates from different locations tended to be separated. Interestingly, isolates from different hosts (e.g., peach and apricot) at the same locations generally clustered together, indicating that the M. mumecola isolates may infect different hosts in the same areas. The fungicide sensitivity assay of 93 M. mumecola isolates showed that the average effective concentration for 50% mycelial growth inhibition values for carbendazim, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, and boscalid were 0.103, 0.034, 0.325, and 0.419 µg/ml, respectively. The sensitivity distributions of the tested isolates to the four fungicides showed continuous unimodal curves, indicating no qualitative shift of resistance. No significant difference of sensitivity to tested fungicides was observed among isolates from either different locations or different hosts.

First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilia mumecola on Chinese Sour Cherry in Chongqing Municipality, China.

Cherry is widely planted in China, from Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui provinces (eastern China), to Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou provinces (western China). The brown rot fungus Monilinia fructigena causes considerable production losses in cherry production in Liaoning Province (3). In May 2013, Chinese sour cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus) cv. Wupi displaying symptoms of brown rot was found in an orchard in Chongqing municipality. Diseased cherry fruit had a brown rot sporulating with grayish, conidial tufts. The fruit later succumbed to the soft rot or shivered and became a mummy. Single-spore isolations on PDA resulted in colonies with concentric rings of pigmented mycelium with lobbed margins. Conidia were broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, occasionally even globose, with an average size of 16 × 12.7 µm. Multiple germ tubes were produced from each conidium, a germination pattern unique to Monilia mumecola (1,2,4). The pathogen identity was confirmed by multiplex PCR as described by Hu et al. (2). The PCR resulted in a 712-bp amplicon, which is diagnostic of M. mumecola. Further sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 and 2 and 5.8S gene further indicated 100% identity with that of M. mumecola isolates from China (Accession No. HQ908786) and from Japan (AB125613, AB125614, and AB125620). Koch's postulates were confirmed by inoculating mature cherry fruit with mycelia plugs. Inoculated fruit were placed in a sterilized moist chamber, and incubated at 22°C with 12 h light/dark cycle. Inoculated fruit developed typical brown rot symptoms only 2 days after inoculation, while the control fruit, inoculated with a sterile PDA plug, remained healthy. The pathogen isolated from inoculated symptomatic fruit was confirmed to be M. mumecola based on morphological characteristics and germination pattern. It should be noted that the conidia on inoculated fruit showed an average size of 20 × 15.3 µm, significantly bigger than that of from PDA, and most produced more than three germ tubes. The inoculation experiments were performed in triplicates. M. mumecola was first reported as the causal agent of brown rot of mume in Japan in 2004 (1). Later studies demonstrated that it is also pathogen on other stone fruits, e.g., peach, nectarine (2), and apricot (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of cherry brown fruit rot caused by M. mumecola, and the first report of M. mumecola in Chongqing municipality. References: (1) Y. Harada et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 70:297, 2004. (2) M. J. Hu et al. Plos One 6(9): e24990, 2011. (3) Z. H. Liu et al. J. Fruit Sci. 29:423, 2012. (4) L. F. Yin et al. Plant Dis. 98:694, 2014.

[Changes on patterns of sleep duration: findings from China Health and Nutrition Survey in population in 9 provinces].

Objective: To understand the changes on patterns of sleep duration of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort in 9 provinces from 2004 to 2011. Methods: Four rounds of CHNS data were used. Urban/rural, age and gender specific insufficient sleeping rates and excessive sleeping rates were analyzed. Results: In 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011, a total of 274, 281, 329 and 304 children aged 3-5 years; 874, 806, 768 and 742 children aged 6-12 years; 789, 529, 426 and 367 children aged 13-17 years; 9 568, 9 530, 9 942 and 9 609 adults aged ≥18 years were surveyed respectively. The lowest insufficient sleeping rate was 53.9% (200/371) in 3-17 years old children in rural area in 2006, the highest insufficient sleeping rate was 77.2% (44/57) in 3-5 years old children in urban area in 2004. The insufficient sleeping rate increased in rural 3-5 years old children from 2004 to 2011. For the adults aged ≥18 years, the insufficient sleeping rate ranged from 4.2% (82/1 954) in females aged 18-44 years in 2004 and 2009 to 20.8% (211/1 015) in urban residents aged > 60 years in 2011. The insufficient sleeping rate in age-groups 44-59 years and ≥60 years increased in both males and females and in both urban area and rural area from 2004 to 2011. The gender specific excessive sleeping rate in 3-17 years old children was very low in both urban area and rural area and no difference was found in different rounds of survey. The excessive sleeping rate in adults ranged from 18.4% (569/3 093) in urban population in 2011 to 32.5% (1 617/4 969) in females in 2004. The excessive sleeping rate of adult decreased from 2004 to 2011. Conclusion: We should pay attention to the fact that the insufficient sleeping rate in adolescents is high and in increase in rural 3-5 years old children and adults aged ≥45 years.

[Effect of CCK receptor antagonists on plasma CCK bioassay].

Fasting and postprandial plasma CCK levels of 102 normal subjects were measured by bioassay with dispersed rat pancreatic acini. The reference values ranged from 0 to 4.2 pmol/L (CCK-8 equivalents) for fasting and from 1.1 to 13.5 pmol/L for postprandial state. There was no significant difference between male and female, or in different age groups. The effects of CCK receptor antagonists of 3 different categories on CCK bioactivity in plasma measured by the bioassay were investigated. L 364,718 (5 nmol/L), proglumide (1.0 mmol/L), or Bt2-cGMP (0.1 mmol/L) was either extracted by SEP-PAK C18 cartridges together with human plasma containing 8 pmol/L of CCK-8, or added into the plasma extracts before the assay. The CCK bioactivity was inhibited by all of the 3 CCK antagonists. The action of L364,718 could be eliminated by the procedure of plasma extraction, but not of proglumide or Bt2-cGMP. It was suggested that CCK bioassay can be used even if L364,718 was administered. However, CCK cannot be measured accurately if there are proglumide or Bt2-cGMP in the plasma.

The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1989-2011.

The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) began in 1989 with the goal of creating a multilevel method of data collection from individuals and households and their communities to understand how the wide-ranging social and economic changes in China affect a wide array of nutrition and health-related outcomes. Initiated with a partial sample in 1989, the full survey runs from 1991 to 2011, and this issue documents the CHNS history. The CHNS cohort includes new household formation and replacement communities and households; all household members are studied. Furthermore, in-depth community data are collected. The sample began with eight provinces and added a ninth, Heilongjiang, in 1997 and three autonomous cities, Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing, in 2011. The in-depth community contextual measures have allowed us to create a unique measure of urbanicity that captures major dimensions of modernization across all 288 communities currently in the CHNS sample. The standardized, validated urbanicity measure captures the changes in 12 dimensions: population density; economic activity; traditional markets; modern markets; transportation infrastructure; sanitation; communications; housing; education; diversity; health infrastructure; and social services. Each is based on numerous measures applicable to each dimension. They are used jointly and separately in hundreds of studies.

China in the period of transition from scarcity and extensive undernutrition to emerging nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, 1949-1992.

This study uses unique official data to document nutritional changes in the 1949-1992 period. In 1949, widespread famine, high mortality and low life expectancy dominated. Economic progress was uneven; however, the longer term food supply changed greatly, and hunger was conquered. Diet composition shifted greatly over this period. Cereal consumption, already high, increased from 541.2 g d(-1) (70.0% coarse grains) in 1952 to 645.9 g d(-1) (15.9% coarse grains) in 1992. Consumption of animal-source foods, half of which were pork and pork products, tripled from 30.0 to 103.0 g d(-1). The proportion of energy intake from fat tripled from 7.6% to 22.5%, and that from carbohydrates decreased from 83.0% to 65.8% over the same period. Physical activity was high in all domains, but shifts were beginning to occur (e.g. the initial mechanization of work and the expansion of biking). Nutritional improvement was uneven, including increased undernutrition in the 1959-1962 period and a remarkable rebound and continued improvement thereafter. Overweight emerged only after 1982. Shifts in diet, activity and body composition in 1949-1992 set the stage for major shifts in nutrition in the subsequent decades.

The emergence of cardiometabolic disease risk in Chinese children and adults: consequences of changes in diet, physical activity and obesity.

Strong secular declines in physical activity, increased fat and salt intake, and increased obesity, especially abdominal obesity, mark China's recent nutrition transition. The China Health and Nutrition 2009 Survey collected anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood samples from more than 9,000 individuals ≥ 7 years of age. We focus on elevated blood pressure and plasma markers of diabetes, inflammation and dyslipidemia. We used international definitions of cardiometabolic risk and estimated age- and sex-specific prevalence ratios for each outcome for high waist circumference or overweight. We used logistic regression to assess each risk factor's association with diet, physical activity, overweight and abdominal obesity. Cardiometabolic risk prevalence was high in all age groups Prevalence ratios for most risk factors were nearly doubled for overweight or high waist circumference groups. Prevalence ratios were higher in younger than older adults. Low physical activity consistently predicted higher cardiometabolic risk across most outcomes and age-sex groups. The co-occurrence of overweight and high waist circumference was highly predictive of dyslipidemia, elevated glycated haemoglobin and diabetes. High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and their strong association with weight status and abdominal obesity in young adults portend increases in cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Early interventions will be required to reverse trends.

Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991-2011.

China's food consumption patterns and eating and cooking behaviours changed dramatically between 1991 and 2011. Macronutrient composition has shifted towards fats, and protein and sodium intakes remain high and potassium intake low. The rapid decline in intake of coarse grains and, later, of refined grains and increases in intake of edible oils and animal-source foods accompanied by major eating and cooking behaviour shifts are leading to what might be characterized as an unhealthy Western type of diet, often based on traditional recipes with major additions and changes. The most popular animal-source food is pork, and consumption of poultry and eggs is increasing. The changes in cooking and eating styles include a decrease in the proportion of food steamed, baked, or boiled, and an increase in snacking and eating away from home. Prior to the last decade, there was essentially no snacking in China except for hot water or green tea. Most recently, the intake of foods high in added sugar has increased. The dietary shifts are affected greatly by the country's urbanization. The future, as exemplified by the diet of the three mega cities, promises major growth in consumption of processed foods and beverages.

[Study on the quality of life in patients with prostate cancer].

It was proposed by FDA that, the increase of survival rate and the improvement of quality of life must both be considered in cancer treatment. Based on the questionnaire designed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the author studied the quality of life in 102 cases of prostate cancer and in 102 controls. With factor analysis method, a 30-item questionnaire was divided into six aspects to evaluate patients' quality of life: (1) activities of daily life; (2) family and social life; (3) physical symptoms of prostate cancer; (4) fatigue and malaise; (5) psychologic disturbance and distress and (6) sexual dysfunction. The results showed that there was statistical importance between each item when comparing case and control groups which proved the questionnaire an appropriate approach in assessing quality of life in patients with prostate cancer.

[A case-control study of prostate cancer].

In America and many European countries, prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Among 10-30% of all the men older than 50 years of age, a silent microscopic form of prostate cancer may be harbored. This high rate is similar throughout the world. However, few epidemiologic studies of prostate cancer have implicated its risk factors. A 1:1 matched case-control study looked into risk factors of prostate cancer. A total number of 102 cases of prostate cancer and 102 controls were surveyed. The results showed that high body mass index, history of urinary diseases, coitus frequency > 3 times per week, hormone drug use, and number of children > 3 are identified as risk factors of prostate cancer statistically, but physical labor, exercise, and age of first nocturnal emission > 18 are protective factors of prostate cancer.