Evaluation of Tyro3 expression, Gas6-mediated Akt phosphorylation, and the impact of anti-Tyro3 antibodies in melanoma cell lines.

Tyro3, a member of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has emerged as a potential oncogene in melanoma. Here, we confirm that Tyro3 is specifically overexpressed in primary melanoma samples and show that Tyro3 is expressed at varying levels in numerous melanoma cell lines. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Tyro3 led to significant cell death via apoptotic mechanisms in nearly all melanoma cell lines tested, regardless of the BRAF or NRAS mutation status or co-expression of Axl and/or Mer. We generated soluble and monomeric versions of the human Tyro3 extracellular domain and human Gas6 for affinity measurements and correlated these values with the level of Gas6 required to induce Tyro3 signaling in cellular assays. Calcium was critical for the correct folding of Gas6 and its binding to Tyro3. In melanoma cell lines, Gas6 induced Tyro3 phosphorylation and downstream Akt phosphorylation without apparent effects on Erk. We generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Tyro3 to examine their effect on survival signaling in melanoma cell lines. The mAbs generated against Tyro3 included nonligand blockers, partial blockers, and competitive ligand blockers. A number of weak and partial ligand blockers (all recognizing the Tyro3 Ig domains) were the most effective at blocking ligand-mediated downstream signaling of Tyro3. Overall, these data indicate that Tyro3 may confer increased survival signals in melanoma cells and can be stymied using inhibitory mAbs. These mAbs may be useful for further investigations of the role of Tyro3 in melanoma.

Kinase requirements in human cells: I. Comparing kinase requirements across various cell types.

shRNA loss-of-function screens were used to identify kinases that were rate-limiting for promoting cell proliferation and survival. Here, we study the differences in kinase requirements among various human cells, including freshly prepared primary cells, isogenic cells, immortalized cells, and cancer cell lines. Closely related patterns of kinase requirements among the various cell types were observed in three cases: (i) in repeat experiments using the same cells, (ii) with multiple populations of freshly prepared primary epithelial cells isolated from the same tissue source, and (iii) between nearly isogenic cells that differ from each other by the expression of a single gene. Other commonly used cancer cell lines were distinct from one another, even when they were isolated from similar tumor types. Even primary cells of different lineages isolated from the same tissue source showed many differences. The differences in kinase requirements among cell lines observed in this study suggest that the control of proliferation and survival may be significantly different between cell lines and that simple comparisons from any one cell to another may be misleading. Although the regulation of cell proliferation and survival are heavily studied areas, we did not see a bias in these screens toward the identification of previously known and well studied kinases, suggesting that our knowledge of molecular events in these areas is still meager.

Circuit-specific hippocampal ΔFosB underlies resilience to stress-induced social avoidance.

Chronic stress is a key risk factor for mood disorders like depression, but the stress-induced changes in brain circuit function and gene expression underlying depression symptoms are not completely understood, hindering development of novel treatments. Because of its projections to brain regions regulating reward and anxiety, the ventral hippocampus is uniquely poised to translate the experience of stress into altered brain function and pathological mood, though the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process are not fully understood. Here, we use a novel method of circuit-specific gene editing to show that the transcription factor ΔFosB drives projection-specific activity of ventral hippocampus glutamatergic neurons causing behaviorally diverse responses to stress. We establish molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms for depression- and anxiety-like behavior in response to stress and use circuit-specific gene expression profiling to uncover novel downstream targets as potential sites of therapeutic intervention in depression.