The impact of emergency department patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on the incidence of chronic pain following trauma and non-traumatic abdominal pain.

The effect of patient-controlled analgesia during the emergency phase of care on the prevalence of persistent pain is unkown. We studied individuals with traumatic injuries or abdominal pain 6 months after hospital admission via the emergency department using an opportunistic observational study design. This was conducted using postal questionnaires that were sent to participants recruited to the multi-centre pain solutions in the emergency setting study. Patients with prior chronic pain states or opioid use were not studied. Questionnaires included the EQ5D, the Brief Pain Inventory and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Overall, 141 out of 286 (49% 95%CI 44-56%) patients were included in this follow-up study. Participants presenting with trauma were more likely to develop persistent pain than those presenting with abdominal pain, 45 out of 64 (70%) vs. 24 out of 77 (31%); 95%CI 24-54%, p < 0.001. There were no statistically significant associations between persistent pain and analgesic modality during hospital admission, age or sex. Across both abdominal pain and traumatic injury groups, participants with persistent pain had lower EQ5D mobility scores, worse overall health and higher anxiety and depression scores (p < 0.05). In the abdominal pain group, 13 out of 50 (26%) patients using patient-controlled analgesia developed persistent pain vs. 11 out of 27 (41%) of those with usual treatment; 95%CI for difference (control - patient-controlled analgesia) -8 to 39%, p = 0.183. Acute pain scores at the time of hospital admission were higher in participants who developed persistent pain; 95%CI 0.7-23.6, p = 0.039. For traumatic pain, 25 out of 35 (71%) patients given patient-controlled analgesia developed persistent pain vs. 20 out of 29 (69%) patients with usual treatment; 95%CI -30 to 24%, p = 0.830. Persistent pain is common 6 months after hospital admission, particularly following trauma. The study findings suggest that it may be possible to reduce persistent pain (at least in patients with abdominal pain) by delivering better acute pain management. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

The cost-effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia vs. standard care in patients presenting to the Emergency Department in pain, who are subsequently admitted to hospital.

The clinical effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. However, patient-controlled analgesia is rarely utilised in the Emergency Department. The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia vs. standard care in participants admitted to hospital from the Emergency Department with pain due to traumatic injury or non-traumatic abdominal pain. Pain scores were measured hourly for 12 h using a visual analogue scale. Cost-effectiveness was measured as the additional cost per hour in moderate to severe pain avoided by using patient-controlled analgesia rather than standard care (the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio). Sampling variation was estimated using bootstrap methods and the effects of parameter uncertainty explored in a sensitivity analysis. The cost per hour in moderate or severe pain averted was estimated as £24.77 (€29.05, US$30.80) (bootstrap estimated 95%CI £8.72 to £89.17) for participants suffering pain from traumatic injuries and £15.17 (€17.79, US$18.86) (bootstrap estimate 95%CI £9.03 to £46.00) for participants with non-traumatic abdominal pain. Overall costs were higher with patient-controlled analgesia than standard care in both groups: pain from traumatic injuries incurred an additional £18.58 (€21.79 US$23.10) (95%CI £15.81 to £21.35) per 12 h; and non-traumatic abdominal pain an additional £20.18 (€23.67 US$25.09) (95%CI £19.45 to £20.84) per 12 h.

Surgical timing after chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer, analysis of technique (STARRCAT): results of a feasibility multi-centre randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The optimal time of rectal resection after long-course chemoradiotherapy (CRT) remains unclear. A feasibility study was undertaken for a multi-centre randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of the interval after chemoradiotherapy on the technical complexity of surgery. METHODS: Patients with rectal cancer were randomized to either a 6- or 12-week interval between CRT and surgery between June 2012 and May 2014 (ISRCTN registration number: 88843062). For blinded technical complexity assessment, the Observational Clinical Human Reliability Analysis technique was used to quantify technical errors enacted within video recordings of operations. Other measured outcomes included resection completeness, specimen quality, radiological down-staging, tumour cell density down-staging and surgeon-reported technical complexity. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were enrolled: 15 were randomized to 6 and 16-12 weeks across 7 centres. Fewer eligible patients were identified than had been predicted. Of 23 patients who underwent resection, mean 12.3 errors were observed per case at 6 weeks vs. 10.7 at 12 weeks (p = 0.401). Other measured outcomes were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility of measurement of operative performance of rectal cancer surgery as an endpoint was confirmed in this exploratory study. Recruitment of sufficient numbers of patients represented a challenge, and a proportion of patients did not proceed to resection surgery. These results suggest that interval after CRT may not substantially impact upon surgical technical performance.

Impact of analgesic modality on stress response following laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Epidural analgesia is perceived to modulate the stress response after open surgery. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and impact of measuring the stress response attenuation by post-operative analgesic modalities following laparoscopic colorectal surgery within an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol. METHODS: Data were collected as part of a double-blinded randomised controlled pilot trial at two UK sites. Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal resection were randomised to receive either thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) or continuous local anaesthetic infusion to the extraction site via wound infusion catheter (WIC) post-operatively. The aim of this study was to measure the stress response to the analgesic modality by measuring peripheral venous blood samples analysed for serum concentrations of insulin, cortisol, epinephrine and interleukin-6 at induction of anaesthesia, at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after the start of operation. Secondary endpoints included mean pain score in the first 48 h, length of hospital stay, post-operative complications and 30-day re-admission rates. RESULTS: There was a difference between the TEA and WIC groups that varies across time. In the TEA group, there was significant but transient reduced level of serum epinephrine and a higher level of insulin at 3 and 6 h. In the WIC, there was a significant reduction of interleukin-6 values, especially at 12 h. There was no significant difference observed in the other endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant transient attenuating effect of TEA on stress response following laparoscopic colorectal surgery and within ERAS as expressed by serum epinephrine and insulin levels. Continuous wound infusion with local anaesthetic, however, attenuates cytokine response as expressed by interleukin-6.

Feasibility study of analgesia via epidural versus continuous wound infusion after laparoscopic colorectal resection.

BACKGROUND: With the adoption of enhanced recovery and emerging new modalities of analgesia after laparoscopic colorectal resection (LCR), the role of epidural analgesia has been questioned. This pilot trial assessed the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing epidural analgesia and use of a local anaesthetic wound infusion catheter (WIC) following LCR. METHODS: Between April 2010 and May 2011, patients undergoing elective LCR in two centres were randomized to analgesia via epidural or WIC. Sham procedures were used to blind surgeons, patients and outcome assessors. The primary outcome was the feasibility of a large RCT, and all outcomes for a definitive trial were tested. The success of blinding was assessed using a mixed-methods approach. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were eligible, of whom 34 were randomized (mean(s.d.) age 70(11·8) years). Patients were followed up per-protocol; there were no deaths, and five patients had a total of six complications. Challenges with capturing pain data were identified and resolved. Mean(s.d.) pain scores on the day of discharge were 1·9(3·1) in the epidural group and 0·7(0·7) in the WIC group. Median length of stay was 4 (range 2-35, interquartile range 3-5) days. Mean use of additional analgesia (intravenous morphine equivalents) was 12 mg in the WIC arm and 9 mg in the epidural arm. Patient blinding was successful in both arms. Qualitative interviews suggested that patients found participation in the trial acceptable and that they would consider participating in a future trial. CONCLUSION: A blinded RCT investigating the role of epidural and WIC administration for postoperative analgesia following LCR is feasible. Rigorous standard operating procedures for data collection are required.

Factors predicting deviation from an enhanced recovery programme and delayed discharge after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

AIM: The study aimed to identify factors that predict postoperative deviation from an enhanced recovery programme (ERP) and/or delayed discharge following colorectal surgery. METHOD: Data were prospectively collected from all patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal resection between January 2006 and December 2009. They included Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) variables, body mass index (BMI), sex, preoperative serum albumin, pathology, conversion from a laparoscopic to an open approach and postoperative length of hospital stay. RESULTS: There were 176 patients (90 women) of mean age 68 years. Fifteen (9%) operations were converted from laparoscopic to open. The remainder were completed laparoscopically. Fifty-five (31%) deviated from the ERP, with most failing multiple elements. The most common reason was failure to mobilize, which often occurred in conjunction with paralytic ileus or analgesic failure. Factors independently predicting ERP deviation on multivariate analysis were pathology and intra-operative complications. The median length of stay was 5 days. Sixty-four (36%) patients had a prolonged length of stay that was predicted by age, number of procedures and ERP deviation. CONCLUSION: Pathology and intra-operative complications are independent predictors of ERP deviation. Prolonged length of stay can be predicted by age, multiple procedures and ERP deviation. Failure to mobilize should be considered as a red flag sign prompting further investigation following colorectal resection.

Balance Right in Multiple Sclerosis (BRiMS): a feasibility randomised controlled trial of a falls prevention programme.

BACKGROUND: Balance, mobility impairments and falls are problematic for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The "Balance Right in MS (BRiMS)" intervention, a 13-week home and group-based exercise and education programme, aims to improve balance and minimise falls. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of undertaking a multi-centre randomised controlled trial and to collect the necessary data to design a definitive trial. METHODS: This randomised controlled feasibility study recruited from four United Kingdom NHS clinical neurology services. Patients ≥ 18 years with secondary progressive MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale 4 to 7) reporting more than two falls in the preceding 6 months were recruited. Participants were block-randomised to either a manualised 13-week education and exercise programme (BRiMS) plus usual care, or usual care alone. Feasibility assessment evaluated recruitment and retention rates, adherence to group assignment and data completeness. Proposed outcomes for the definitive trial (including impact of MS, mobility, quality of life and falls) and economic data were collected at baseline, 13 and 27 weeks, and participants completed daily paper falls diaries. RESULTS: Fifty-six participants (mean age 59.7 years, 66% female, median EDSS 6.0) were recruited in 5 months; 30 randomised to the intervention group. Ten (18%) participants withdrew, 7 from the intervention group. Two additional participants were lost to follow up at the final assessment point. Completion rates were > 98% for all outcomes apart from the falls diary (return rate 62%). After adjusting for baseline score, mean intervention-usual care between-group differences for the potential primary outcomes at week 27 were MS Walking Scale-12v2: - 7.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 17.2 to 1.8) and MS Impact Scale-29v2: physical 0.6 (CI - 7.8 to 9), psychological - 0.4 (CI - 9.9 to 9). In total, 715 falls were reported, rate ratio (intervention:usual care) for falls 0.81 (0.41 to 2.26) and injurious falls 0.44 (0.41 to 2.23). CONCLUSIONS: Procedures were practical, and retention, programme engagement and outcome completion rates satisfied a priori progression criteria. Challenges were experienced in completion and return of daily falls diaries. Refinement of methods for reporting falls is therefore required, but we consider a full trial to be feasible. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN13587999 Date of registration: 29 September 2016.

A pilot randomised controlled trial investigating a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention in individuals with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): the PATHWAYS study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an uncommon condition with progressive heart failure and premature death. Treatment costs up to £120,000 per patient per year, and the psychological burden of PAH is substantial. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an intervention with the potential to reduce this burden, but to date, it has not been applied to people with pulmonary hypertension. We wished to determine whether a trial of MBSR for people with PAH would be feasible. METHODS: A customised gentle MBSR programme of eight sessions was developed for people with physical disability due to PAH, and they were randomised to group-based MBSR or treatment as usual. The completeness of outcome measures including Beck Anxiety Index, Beck Depression Inventory and standard physical assessment at 3 months after randomisation were recorded. Health care utilisation was measured. Attendance at the sessions and the costs involved in delivering the intervention were assessed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the acceptability of the MBSR intervention and when appropriate the reasons for trial non-participation. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were recruited, but only 34 were randomised due to patients finding it difficult to travel to sessions. Twenty-two completed all questionnaires and attended all clinics, both routine and additional in order to collect outcomes measures. The MSBR sessions were delivered in Bristol, Cardiff and London, costing, on average, between £2234 (Cardiff) and £4128 (London) per patient to deliver. Attendance at each session averaged between two patients in Bristol and Cardiff and three in London. For those receiving treatment as usual, clinician blinding was achievable. Interviews revealed that people who attended MBSR found it interesting and helpful in managing their symptoms and minimising the psychological component of their disease. CONCLUSIONS: We found that attendance at group MBSR was poor in people with chronic PAH within the context of a trial. Achieving better MBSR intervention attendance or use of an Internet-based programme might maximise the benefit of MBSR.

Balance Right in Multiple Sclerosis (BRiMS): a guided self-management programme to reduce falls and improve quality of life, balance and mobility in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Impaired mobility is a cardinal feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is rated by people with MS as their highest priority. By the secondary progressive phase, balance, mobility and physical activity levels are significantly compromised; an estimated 70% of people with secondary progressive MS fall regularly. Our ongoing research has systematically developed 'Balance Right in MS' (BRiMS), an innovative, manualised 13-week guided self-management programme tailored to the needs of people with MS, designed to improve safe mobility and minimise falls. Our eventual aim is to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of BRiMS in people with secondary progressive MS by undertaking an appropriately statistically powered, multi-centre, assessor-blinded definitive, randomised controlled trial. This feasibility study will assess the acceptability of the intervention and test the achievability of running such a definitive trial. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a pragmatic multi-centre feasibility randomised controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment. Sixty ambulant people with secondary progressive MS who self-report two or more falls in the previous 6 months will be randomly allocated (1:1) to either the BRiMS programme plus usual care or to usual care alone. All participants will be assessed at baseline and followed up at 15 weeks and 27 weeks post-randomisation. The outcomes of this feasibility trial include:Feasibility outcomes, including trial recruitment, retention and completionAssessment of the proposed outcome measures for the anticipated definitive trial (including measures of walking, quality of life, falls, balance and activity level)Measures of adherence to the BRiMS programmeData to inform the economic evaluation in a future trialProcess evaluation (assessment of treatment fidelity and qualitative evaluation of participant and treating therapist experience). DISCUSSION: The BRiMS intervention aims to address a key concern for MS service users and providers. However, there are several uncertainties which need to be addressed prior to progressing to a full-scale trial, including acceptability of the BRiMS intervention and practicality of the trial procedures. This feasibility trial will provide important insights to resolve these uncertainties and will enable a protocol to be finalised for use in the definitive trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN13587999.

Factors affecting the surgical outcome of primary exotropia.

AIMS: To identify the predictors for motor outcome and response to surgical treatment of primary exotropia. SETTING: Taunton and Somerset Hospital, Somerset, United Kingdom. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective analysis of the surgical treatment of primary exotropia performed in our department over a period of 12 years from April 1991 to May 2003. METHODS: Case-notes of the patients who had surgical treatment for primary exotropia for the specified period were identified by a hospital computer database (MDI coding). All case-notes were reviewed and the following data were recorded and used for statistical analysis: age at the time of surgery, type and severity of exotropia, presence of amblyopia, AV pattern and vertical deviation, the level of stereopsis, type of surgery, and motor and cosmetic results. The surgical outcome was determined as good motor outcome if tropia was within 10 PD of orthotropia. The response to surgery was derived from the difference between the preoperative and postoperative angle of deviation for distance per amount of muscle surgery in millimetres. RESULTS: A total of 124 cases were included in the study. Good motor outcome was achieved in 83 (67%) cases. There was a positive correlation between the preoperative angle of deviation at distance and dose response to surgery (r = 0.6 and p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between average corrected visual acuity and response (r = -0.21 and p = 0.025). There was a statistically significant negative relationship between preoperative stereopsis and response to surgery (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment for exotropia is effective and the dose response is correlated to the preoperative angle of deviation and average visual acuity. Poor or no preoperative stereopsis was associated with better response to surgery.

Refractive outcomes after cataract surgery with primary lens implantation in infants.

AIMS: To show the refractive outcomes, accuracy of intraocular lens power selection, and visual outcomes and complications in infants undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS: The refraction (spherical equivalent) of 14 operated eyes in 8 children aged <1 year was plotted over time. Preoperative and final recorded visual acuities were assessed. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 37.25 months. The median initial postoperative refraction was (+)6.75 dioptres. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive outcomes for each eye were not entirely predictable and were variable between infants. However, there was a consistent pattern in each infant who underwent bilateral surgery, with both eyes following a similar pattern of refractive change with time: a decreasing myopic shift was seen in 8 eyes, possibly demonstrating emmetropisation. The two unilateral cases appeared to show a linear myopic shift. 4 eyes in 2 patients did not follow a myopic shift curve and one of these patients showed an early trend towards increased hyperopia. Definite causes for this erratic refractive change were not identified. A postoperative refraction >4.5 dioptres avoided early onset myopia. The range of difference between postoperative and predicted refraction using SRK-T was (-)2.85 to 2.97 dioptres. Most of the visual results are encouraging compared with historical data in older children.

Interobserver variation in the reporting of the histopathological grading of anal intraepithelial neoplasia.

AIM: To assess the consistency in the histological reporting of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) among experienced histopathologists. METHOD: One hundred anal biopsy specimens were retrieved from archival material at St Mark's Hospital, London and graded by five histopathologists according to criteria outlined by Fenger (six point scale, ranging from normal to invasive carcinoma). RESULTS: There was only moderate agreement among the pathologists, with unweighted k scores ranging from 0.09 to 0.48, and weighted k scores of 0.17 to 0.60. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable interobserver variation in the reporting of AIN. A simplified system of grading may help to abolish this.

Spinal cord stimulation significantly decreases the need for acute hospital admission for chest pain in patients with refractory angina pectoris.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on the need for acute admissions for chest pain in patients with refractory angina pectoris. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of case records. PATIENTS: 19 consecutive patients implanted for SCS between 1987 and 1997. All had three vessel coronary disease, and all were in New York Heart Association functional group III/IV. METHODS: Admission rates were calculated for three separate periods: (1) from initial presentation up until last revascularisation; (2) from last revascularisation until SCS implantation; (3) from SCS implantation until the study date. Post-revascularisation rates were then compared with post-SCS rates, without including admissions before revascularisation, as this would bias against revascularisation procedures. RESULTS: Annual admission rate after revascularisation was 0.97/patient/year, compared with 0.27 after SCS (p = 0.02). Mean time in hospital/patient/year after revascularisation was 8.3 days v 2.5 days after SCS (p = 0.04). No unexplained new ECG changes were observed during follow up and patients presented with unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction in the usual way. CONCLUSIONS: SCS is effective in preventing hospital admissions in patients with refractory angina, without masking serious ischaemic symptoms or leading to silent infarction.

An MRSA outbreak in a urology ward and its association with Nd:YAG coagulation laser treatment of the prostate.

An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) involving 88 patients in a general urology ward is described. Symptomatic bacteraemia and epididymo-orchitis occurred in 10 and 8% of patients respectively. Patients had a particularly high risk of acquiring serious MRSA infection after endoscopic neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment of the prostate. Appreciation of the mode of transmission of MRSA, a programme of continuing education for all medical and nursing staff, simple changes in ward protocol and advances in surgical laser technique contributed to the control of the outbreak.

Is visual outcome compromised when next day review is omitted after phacoemulsification surgery? A randomised control trial.

AIMS: To examine the safety implications of omitting first day clinical review following phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS: 362 patients were randomly assigned to "same day discharge" (SDD) or "next day review" (NDR). All patients were reviewed approximately 2 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients randomised to NDR, 14 (8.0%) were treated for raised intraocular pressure (25-48 mm Hg) on the first postoperative day. Four received increased topical steroids for uveitis (two) and corneal oedema (two). One patient was treated for a significant wound leak. 12 (6.9%) required additional reviews before 2 week follow up for treatment of the following complications: drop toxicity (six), raised intraocular pressure (five), and corneal abrasion (one). Of the 188 randomised to SDD, six (3.2%) returned to the department before the planned review for reassurance of patients' concerns regarding eye symptoms (three), drop toxicity (one) and follow up of previously raised intraocular pressure (one). There were two cases of iris prolapse in the SDD group. In one case, the complication was anticipated and early review had been arranged. Postoperative acuities of 6/12 or better were achieved in 83% of both SDD and NDR patients (p = 0.96 by chi(2) test). Postoperative quality of life scores at 4 months indicating "no or hardly any concern about vision" (VCM1 questionnaire index <1.0) were achieved in 67% SDD and 72.5% NDR (p = 0.26). CONCLUSION: The intention to discharge patients on the day of surgery, with planned postoperative review at 2 weeks, was associated with a low frequency of serious ocular complications. Differences in the proportions achieving a good visual outcome between the two groups, based on 2 week visual acuity and 4 month quality of life, were not significant.

A 10 year retrospective survey of cataract surgery and endophthalmitis in a single eye unit: injectable lenses lower the incidence of endophthalmitis.

AIM: To study the incidence of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery over a 10 year period, and to examine ways in which this may be related to changes in surgical technique. METHODS: All cases of endophthalmitis occurring over a 10 year period within a single ophthalmic unit in the United Kingdom were reviewed, and possible risk factors identified. RESULTS: During the study period, as the technique of extracapsular cataract surgery was replaced by phacoemulsification, there was a commensurate reduction in the incidence of endophthalmitis. Injectable IOLs were associated with the lowest risk of postoperative endophthalmitis (0.028%). CONCLUSIONS: Injectable intraocular lenses do not make contact with the ocular surface and this may result in the observed lower rate of endophthalmitis. This, and the ease with which they can be inserted through small incisions, support their use as the first line method of lens insertion.

Vimentin expression does not assist in predicting survival in ductal carcinoma of the breast.

AIMS: To establish the value of vimentin expression in predicting survival in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Five-year follow-up data were obtained for 68 patients with ductal carcinoma (NOS) of the breast in whom vimentin expression had been studied in fresh frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. The predictive value on survival of tumour size, growth fraction (as assessed using the Ki67 monoclonal antibody), oestrogen receptor status and Bloom and Richardson grade of the primary tumour, and the presence or absence of lymph node metastases in axillary samples, were also studied. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients died of their disease within 5 years of diagnosis. Vimentin expression either on frozen or paraffin sections did not provide a statistically significant prediction of survival. On univariate analysis tumour grade, size and the presence of lymph node metastases provided prognostic information. Only lymph node status was of independent prognostic importance on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst these results confirm the value of established prognostic factors, they do not support the use of vimentin expression in either fresh or fixed tissue for the prediction of survival in ductal carcinoma (NOS) of the breast.

A prospective study to assess the implementation of a fast-track system to meet the two-week target for colorectal cancer in Somerset.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective study assesses the introduction of a fast-track referral system for patients with suspected colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The referral system was initiated in Yeovil District Hospital and Taunton and Somerset Hospital using six screening criteria to select high-risk patients. Data on all high-risk patients from 1 November 1999 to 30 April 2000 was recorded prospectively. Patients with proven colorectal cancer diagnosed between 1 November 1998 and 30 April 1999 have been identified for comparison. RESULTS: There were 158 new cases of colorectal cancer in total (111 elective, 47 emergency). 59 cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed from 433 fast-track referrals (53% of total elective cases). Median time from referral to diagnosis in the fast-track group was 11 days vs. 32.5 days for nonfast-track elective patients (P < 0.001). Median time from referral to diagnosis for all elective cases was 17 days vs. 38.5 days for patients presenting one year earlier (P < 0.001). 75% of fast-track patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer within two weeks, compared with 17% of nonfast-track elective patients (P < 0.001). The proportion of emergency admissions was reduced from 40% to 30% (P=0.07) following the introduction of this system. CONCLUSION: Data from the first six months reveal that over half of the elective cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed within the fast-track system. The median time from referral to diagnosis in these patients was within two weeks and there has been a significant reduction in the time to diagnosis associated with the introduction of this service.

Carbohydrate metabolism before and after Norplant removal.

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism, measured by oral glucose tolerance test, were studied in Norplant users before and after removal. The mean area under the glucose curve rose from 24.7 min mmol/L before Norplant insertion to 35.1 min mmol/L before removal and decreased to 26.1 min mmol/L four weeks after Norplant removal. The areas before insertion and after removal were not statistically different (95% confidence interval -3.3 to 0.56, P = 0.16). The mean areas under the insulin curves before insertion (53.14 min uU/L) and after removal (59.46 min uU/L), however, were significantly different (95% confidence interval -7.64 to -5.0, P less than 0.0001). We conclude that changes in carbohydrate metabolism induced by Norplant are reversible once the implants are removed. While the changes in glucose induced by Norplant returned to pre-insertion levels within 4 weeks after removal, insulin changes were slower to return to pre-insertion values.

PIP: Physicians at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria recruited 24 26-39 year old women who had use Norplant for 18-30 months between January 1986-July 1988 into a study to determine changes in carbohydrate metabolism before and after removal of Norplant. None of the women had diabetes mellitus. The women underwent a glucose tolerance test (GTT) before insertion, just before removal, and 30 days after removal. The mean area under the GTT curve increased from 24.7 min mmol/L before insertion to 35.1 min mmol/L before removal and decreased to 26.1 min mmol/L 30 days after removal (p.0001). Yet there was no statistical difference between the mean areas under the GTT curve before insertion and those after removal. Thus glucose levels returned to preinsertion levels shortly after removal. There were significant differences in the mean areas under the insulin curves between before insertion and after removal, however (5314 min uU/L vs. 59.46 min uU/L; p.0001). Thus insulin levels 30 days after removal did not return to preinsertion levels as rapidly as did glucose levels. These results suggest that carbohydrate metabolic changes may be significant in women with diabetes mellitus. Therefore physicians should monitor blood glucose levels in diabetics. The changes in carbohydrate metabolism caused by Norplant return to almost normal when it is removed.

Treating dyspepsia with acupuncture and homeopathy: reflections on a pilot study by researchers, practitioners and participants.

OBJECTIVES: For people with dyspepsia who are receiving orthodox general practice care, what is the effect on outcome and on NHS costs of adding treatment by a choice of acupuncture or homeopathy? This paper describes and reflects upon a pilot study with user involvement. DESIGN: A randomised pilot study. Patients chose between acupuncture and homeopathy and were then randomised to this preference or to the control group of normal GP care. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Sixty people with dyspepsia (>/=2 weeks) presenting in one UK general practice were recruited in consultations and by letter to those on repeat prescriptions. There were few exclusion criteria. The homeopath and the acupuncturist treated the patient individually according to their normal practice for up to 6 months. After the trial there was a focus group for participants. OUTCOME MEASURES: SF-36 health survey, Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP), and General Well-being Index (GWBI). Counts of prescriptions, consultations and referrals from practice computer records. RESULTS: No trend or significant difference between the groups for clinical outcome or NHS costs. Major costs for the 6 months, mean (S.D.) cost per patient, were general practitioner consultations pound 8 (18), prescriptions pound 64 (73), acupuncture pound 175 (52), homeopathy pound 105 (33). Participants gave insights and suggestions which will inform the full trial design. CONCLUSIONS: Reflection on the pilot study data and experience by participants, treating practitioners and researchers led to modifications in the design and a sample size calculation. How to demonstrate individual responses to treatment remains a problem.