Risk of subsequent prostate cancer in peptic ulcer patients who received helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: an Asian population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown diverse results regarding the association between H. pylori (HP) infection and the risk of malignancy. There is accumulating evidence relating HP infection to urological diseases. We investigated whether there was an association between HP-infected peptic ulcers and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer. METHODS: We collected HP-infected male patients from 1998 to 2008 from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID). HP-infected patients were identified as those who had a diagnosis of peptic ulcers upon admission and received HP eradication therapy within 1 year after diagnosis. The date of HP infection diagnosis upon admission was defined as the index date. Patients aged < 20 years or with a cancer history were excluded. For each HP-infected patient, we selected four males without peptic ulcers or a history of HP eradication in the LHID for the comparison cohort according to propensity score matching by age, index year, and comorbidity. The risk of prostate cancer and associated risk factors was assessed by Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: A total of 2620 HP infection treatment patients and 10,480 matched comparisons were selected. There were 36 patients in the HP-infected treatment cohort and 117 patients in the comparison cohort with documented prostate cancer development (1.52 and 1.21 per 1000 person-years, respectively). Compared to the comparison cohort, the HP infection cohort had a 1.26-fold increased prostate cancer risk in the Cox models after adjusting for matched-pairs (95% CI = 0.87-1.34). There were no significant differences in subsequent prostate cancer development between HP-infected treatment patients and the comparison cohort. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed no significant association between HP-infected peptic ulcers and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether this observation is attributable to an HP eradication policy.

Occurrence of paratesticular ganglioneuroma 18 years after concurrent adrenal ganglioneuroma and papillary thyroid carcinoma - a case report.

BACKGROUND: Ganglioneuromas (GNs) are composed of mature ganglion cells and Schwann cells with a fibrous stroma; GNs are most often observed in children and young adults. The majority of non-cranial GNs are located in the retroperitoneum and posterior mediastinum. Other reported rare sites include the adrenal gland, small intestine, colon and urinary bladder. However, para-testicular GNs are even more rare. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we report the case of a patient with concurrent adrenal GN and thyroid papillary carcinoma who developed paratesticular GN eighteen years later. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is an association among papillary thyroid carcinoma, GN and MEN2 syndromes. This case report may provide important information for the proposed association. However, further studies are required.

Association of benign prostatic hyperplasia and subsequent risk of bladder cancer: an Asian population cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies discussed the link between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder cancer. We performed this cohort study to investigate whether there is an association between BPH and subsequent risk of bladder cancer. METHODS: We identified 35,092 study subjects including 17546 BPH patients and 17546 comparisons from the National Health Insurance database. The comparison cohort was frequency matched with age and index-year. We measured subsequent bladder cancer rates (per 1000 person-years) in two cohorts. Attributable risks (ARs) was calculated based on the bladder cancer rates in two cohorts. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for bladder cancer were estimated via Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: BPH patients had a higher bladder cancer rate than comparisons (AR = 0.81 per 1000 person-years) and exhibited 4.69- and 4.11-fold increases in bladder cancer risk in the crude and adjusted Cox models, respectively (95% CIs = 4.15-6.99 and 2.70-6.26). The AR was highest in patients aged 65-74 years old (AR = 1.33). BPH patients with chronic kidney disease were at an elevated bladder cancer risk. Regarding the association between bladder cancer and transurethral prostatectomy (TURP), BPH patients who underwent TURP were at a higher risk of bladder cancer (AR = 1.69; HR = 6.17, 95% CI = 3.68-10.3) than those who did not (AR = 0.69; HR = 3.73, 95% CI = 2.43-5.74). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, BPH patients were found to have an increased risk of subsequent bladder cancer. Based on the limitations of retrospective nature, further studies are needed.

Association of Vagotomy and Decreased Risk of Subsequent Ischemic Stroke in Complicated Peptic Ulcer Patients: an Asian Population Study.

OBJECTIVES: The primary management of peptic ulcers is medical treatment. Persistent exacerbation of a peptic ulcer may lead to complications (perforation and/or bleeding). There has been a trend toward the use of a less invasive surgical simple suture, simple local suture or non-operative (endoscopic/angiography) hemostasis rather than acid-reducing vagotomy (i.e., vagus nerve severance) for treating complicated peptic ulcers. Other studies have shown the relationship between high vagus nerve activity and survival in cancer patients via reduced levels of inflammation, indicating the essential role of the vagus nerve. We were interested in the role of the vagus nerve and attempted to assess the long-term systemic effects after vagus nerve severance. Complicated peptic ulcer patients who underwent truncal vagotomy may represent an appropriate study population for investigating the association between vagus nerve severance and long-term effects. Therefore, we assessed the risks of subsequent ischemic stroke using different treatment methods in complicated peptic ulcer patients who underwent simple suture/hemostasis or truncal vagotomy/pyloroplasty. METHODS: We selected 299,742 peptic ulcer patients without a history of stroke and Helicobacter pylori infection and an additional 299,742 matched controls without ulcer, stroke, and Helicobacter pylori infection from the National Health Insurance database. The controls were frequency matched for age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, hypertension, hyperlipidemia history, and index year. Then, we measured the incidence of overall ischemic stroke in the two cohorts. The hazard ratio (HR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, peptic ulcer patients had a 1.86-fold higher risk of ischemic stroke. There were similar results in gender, age, CCI, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia stratified analyses. In complicated peptic ulcer patients, those who received truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty had a lower risk of ischemic stroke than patients who received simple suture/hemostasis (HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients with peptic ulcers have an elevated risk of subsequent ischemic stroke. Moreover, there were associations between vagotomy and a decreased risk of subsequent ischemic stroke in complicated peptic ulcer patients.

Comparison of Single-Port Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernioplasty Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernioplasty : A Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and outcomes of single-port laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (SPLTEP) and conventional laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (CLTEP) hernioplasty. METHODS: Retrospectively, we collected patients who underwent a laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) male patients aged >20 years, (2) untreated hernia, and (3) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≤3. The exclusion criteria included: (1) additional procedures received during surgery, (2) inguinoscrotal hernia, (3) ASA score >3, (4) previous lower abdominal surgery, (5) bleeding disorders, and (6) incarcerated, obstructed, strangulated, or recurrent inguinal hernias. Patients were classified into SPLTEP and CLTEP groups. The demographics, body mass index (BMI), ASA score, comorbidities, blood loss, operation time, postoperative length of stay (LOS)/complications, hernia recurrence, visual analog scale (VAS), and postoperative analgesic requirements were collected for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients were enrolled. There were 103 patients in the SPLTEP group and 143 patients in the CLTEP group. The mean age was 56.1 ± 16.2 years versus 57.9 ± 15.1 years. There were no significances in demographics, BMI, ASA score, comorbidities, blood loss, operation time, postoperative LOS/complications, and hernia recurrence. The SPLTEP group had a shorter postoperative LOS, lower VAS at 18 hours postoperation, and a reduced amount of 24-hour postoperative analgesics. CONCLUSION: SPLTEP hernioplasty is as safe as the CLTEP procedure. In addition, the SPLTEP group had a shorter LOS and a lower VAS score and required less postoperative analgesics. Further studies may focus on long-term complications, hernia recurrence, and chronic pain in these 2 groups.

Increased risk of subsequent benign prostatic hyperplasia in non-Helicobacter pylori-infected peptic ulcer patients: a population-based cohort study.

The vagus nerve plays an essential role in homeostasis and inflammation. Clinically, peptic ulcer patients without helicobacter pylori (HP) infection may provide a population for studying the effect of vagal hyperactivity. There were interests in the association of gastrointestinal disease and urogenital disorders. Herein, we try to investigate subsequent risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in non-HP infected peptic ulcer patients. We identified 17,672 peptic ulcer admission male patients newly diagnosed in 1998-2007 from Taiwan Health Insurance Database, and 17,672 male comparison without peptic ulcer, frequency matched by age, and index-year. We assessed subsequent incidence of BPH in each cohort by the end of 2013, and then compared the risk of developing BPH between individuals with and without peptic ulcer. In addition, peptic ulcer patients underwent surgery were also examined. There were 2954 peptic ulcer patients and 2291 comparisons noted with the occurrence of BPH (25.35 and 16.70 per 1000 person-years, respectively). Compared to comparisons, peptic ulcer patients had a 1.45- and 1.26-fold BPH risk in multivariable Cox model and Fine and Gray model (95% CI 1.37-1.54 and 1.19-1.34). In age-stratified analysis, the highest risk of BPH was in 45-59 years (interaction p < 0.05). Regarding surgery types, peptic ulcer patients who underwent simple suture surgery (i.e.: with integrated vagus nerve) had a significant higher BPH risk than comparison (HR 1.50 and 95% CI 1.33-1.74; SHR 1.26 and 95% CI 1.07-1.48), while patients underwent truncal vagotomy/pyloroplasty showed a lower incidence of BPH. In this study, non-HP-infected male peptic ulcer patients were found to have an increased risk of subsequent BPH. Indicating that there might be a role of vagus nerve. Based on the limitations of retrospective nature, further studies are required.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura increased risk of subsequent pancreatitis: A Nationwide population cohort study.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is characterized by thrombocytopenia and bleeding diathesis. Pancreatitis is a very rare complication but may be fatal. We analyzed data of newly diagnosed ITP patients, excluding those with a history of splenectomy, unknown sex or date of birth, or preexisting pancreatitis at the time of ITP diagnosis, and compared these with selected age-, gender-, and index-year-matched controls, using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 1996 to 2013. The study enrolled 100,177 ITP patients and 100,177 controls. We found that pancreatitis risk was higher in secondary ITP patients, regardless of age group, gender, baseline Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, history of biliary stone, hyperlipidemia, or alcoholism, than in the control population. Primary ITP patients with CCI score 1 and without biliary tract stone history also showed a higher pancreatitis risk than the controls. The incidence rate and cumulative incidence of pancreatitis were increased in primary, secondary, and unspecified ITP cases. These phenomena may be related to the presence of autoantibodies against glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, or to IgG4, microparticle obstruction, or sclerosis. We noted a direct association between ITP and the development of pancreatitis in Taiwan population.

A population-based cohort study examining the association of documented bladder diverticulum and bladder cancer risk in urology patients.

OBJECTIVES: Studies have shown a high risk of tumor development within a bladder diverticulum (BD). We were interested in the relationship between BD and the development of bladder cancer. Herein, we attempted to investigate whether there exists an association between documented BD and subsequent risk of bladder cancer. METHODS: We identified 10,662 hospitalized urology patients, including 2,134 documented BD patients (study cohort) and 8,528 non-BD subjects (comparison cohort) from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database. Only urology patients were enrolled in the study to minimize selection bias. The two cohorts were frequency-matched 1:4 by age, sex and index-year. Patients with less than one year of follow-up were excluded to avoid inverting cause and effect. Risks of developing bladder cancer were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: There was an increased bladder cancer risk in the documented BD patients. The incidence of bladder cancer in documented BD patients was 2.60-fold higher than that in the comparison group, and the overall risk-factor-adjusted hazard ratio was 2.63 (95% CI, 1.74-3.97). Moreover, stratified analysis by sex also showed that documented BD patients were at higher risk of subsequent bladder cancer than the comparison cohort. The effect of BD on the risk of bladder cancer was higher in males than in females and was more profound in patients without comorbidities than in those with comorbidities. CONCLUSION: In this population-based longitudinal study, urology patients with documented BD might have an elevated risk of subsequent bladder cancer. Based on the limitations of the retrospective study design, further studies are required.

Acid-reducing vagotomy is associated with reduced risk of subsequent ischemic heart disease in complicated peptic ulcer: An Asian population study.

Persistent exacerbation of a peptic ulcer may lead to a complicated peptic ulcer (perforation or/and bleeding). The management of complicated peptic ulcers has shifted from acid-reducing vagotomy, drainage, and gastrectomy to simple local suture or non-operative (endoscopic/angiographic) hemostasis. We were interested in the long-term effects of this trend change. In this study, complicated peptic ulcer patients who received acid-reducing vagotomy were compared with those who received simple suture/hemostasis to determine the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD).This retrospective cohort study analyzed 335,680 peptic ulcer patients recorded from 2000 to 2006 versus 335,680 age-, sex-, comorbidity-, and index-year matched comparisons. Patients with Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection were excluded. In order to identify the effect of vagus nerve severance, patients who received gastrectomy or antrectomy were also excluded. The incidence of IHD in both cohorts, and in the complicated peptic ulcer patients who received acid-reducing vagotomy versus those who received simple suture or hemostasis was evaluated.The overall incidence of IHD was higher in patients with peptic ulcer than those without peptic ulcer (17.00 vs 12.06 per 1000 person-years), with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.46 based on multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis controlling for age, sex, Charlson's comorbidity index, and death (competing risk). While comparing peptic ulcer patients with acid-reducing vagotomy to those with simple suture/hemostasis or those without surgical treatment, the aHR (0.58) was the lowest in the acid-reducing vagotomy group.Patients with peptic ulcer have an elevated risk of IHD. However, complicated peptic ulcer patients who received acid-reducing vagotomy were associated with reduced risk of developing IHD.

Association of vagus nerve severance and decreased risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes in peptic ulcer patients: An Asian population cohort study.

Vagus nerve may play a role in serum glucose modulation. The complicated peptic ulcer patients (with perforation or/and bleeding) who received surgical procedures with or without vagotomy provided 2 patient populations for studying the impact of vagus nerve integrity. We assessed the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in peptic ulcer patients without and with complications by surgical treatment received in a retrospective population study using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan.A cohort of 163,385 patients with peptic ulcer and without Helicobacter pylori infection in 2000 to 2003 was established. A randomly selected cohort of 163,385 persons without peptic ulcer matched by age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Charlson comorbidity index score, and index year was utilized for comparison. The risks of developing diabetes in both cohorts and in the complicated peptic ulcer patients who received truncal vagotomy or simple suture/hemostasis (SSH) were assessed at the end of 2011.The overall diabetes incidence was higher in patients with peptic ulcer than those without peptic ulcer (15.87 vs 12.60 per 1000 person-years) by an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.40-1.47) based on the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (competing risk). Comparing ulcer patients with truncal vagotomy and SSH or those without surgical treatment, the aHR was the lowest in the vagotomy group (0.48, 95% CI = 0.41-0.56).Peptic ulcer patients have an elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Moreover, there were associations of vagus nerve severance and decreased risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes in complicated peptic ulcer patients.

Association between appendectomy and subsequent colorectal cancer development: an Asian population study.

OBJECTIVES: The appendix may modulate colon microbiota and bowel inflammation. We investigated whether appendectomy alters colorectal cancer risk. METHODS: We identified a cohort of 75,979 patients who underwent appendectomy between 1997 and 1999 based on the insurance claims of Taiwan. A comparison cohort of 303,640 persons without appendectomy was selected randomly, frequency matched by age, sex, comorbidity and entry year was also selected. We monitored subsequent colorectal cancer development in both cohorts. RESULTS: The overall colorectal cancer incidence was 14% higher in the appendectomy patients than in the comparison cohort (p <0.05): the highest incidence was observed for rectal cancer, and the lowest incidence was observed for cancer of the cecum-ascending colon for both cohorts. Men were at higher risk than women. Subjects ≥ 60 years had an HR of 12.8 compared to those <60 years. The incidence of colorectal cancer was much higher in 1.5-3.5 years post appendectomy follow-up than for the comparisons (HR of 2.13). Patients who received an incidental appendectomy had an HR of 2.90 when compared to the comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our study suggest that appendectomy in patients with appendicitis is likely associated with the development of colorectal cancer in the post-surgery period.