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1.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38684513

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: While accumulating research has tested the hypothesis that screen time causes psychiatric symptoms in children, less attention has been paid to the hypothesis that children with psychiatric symptoms change their patterns of screen time and digital media use. We aimed to test whether children with psychiatric symptoms subsequently change their patterns of screen time and digital media use. METHODS: N = 9,066 children primarily aged 9-10 in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study at baseline and 1-year later. Psychiatric symptoms included internalizing, attention, and externalizing symptoms. Screen time was measured as ordinally defined weekday and weekend time on social and nonsocial [e.g., YouTube] digital media). Models assessed psychiatric symptoms as predictors of screen time, and screen time as predictors of psychiatric symptoms, controlled for baseline measures of each, sex, age, race/ethnicity, and income. RESULTS: Children with psychiatric symptoms spent more time on non-social media one year later compared with peers. Considering total psychiatric problems, clinical levels of problems predicted higher levels of weekday (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.22-1.23) and weekend (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.09-1.11) nonsocial screen time. For nearly all analyses of psychiatric symptoms predicting screen time, associations were highest for a non-social screen time outcome rather than a social screen time outcome (Highest OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.63-1.67, clinical rule breaking predicting weekday nonsocial screen time). Comparable magnitude associations were observed for social and nonsocial media use predicting future psychiatric symptoms, suggesting bidirectionality. CONCLUSION: Children with psychiatric symptoms have different subsequent media use patterns, including higher rates of subsequent nonsocial engagement. Ensuring that ongoing data collection and analysis efforts attend to temporality and transitions in the relation between media use and psychiatric symptoms will accelerate progress in the field.

2.
Psychol Med ; 53(7): 3168-3177, 2023 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35080196

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Awareness of adult separation anxiety (ASA) is growing, but there is a dearth of knowledge about how separation anxiety aggregates in families. We examined the intergenerational associations of separation anxiety and other forms of internalizing problems in an American community sample of 515 predominantly white children and their parents. METHODS: Children's separation anxiety (CSA), depression, and other anxiety disorders were modeled as latent factors using diagnoses from interviews and symptom scores from questionnaires completed by mothers, fathers, and children when children were 9 years old and again 3 years later. Parents' separation anxiety was assessed via a questionnaire and parents' other anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders were assessed with a diagnostic interview when children were nine. Relationships between parents' and children's psychopathology were modeled using s.e.m. RESULTS: Mothers' and fathers' ASA were related to all three psychopathology factors in offspring, over and above other parental disorders, in concurrent and prospective analyses. CSA was also related to maternal depression concurrently and prospectively and to maternal anxiety prospectively. Of all paternal psychopathology variables, only ASA was significantly related to children's psychopathology in either model. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that parental separation anxiety is an important, but non-specific, risk factor for children's psychopathology. The pathway by which this risk is transmitted may be genetic or environmental, and the observed statistical associations likely also encompass child-to-parent effects.


Asunto(s)
Ansiedad de Separación , Padres , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto , Niño , Ansiedad de Separación/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Padres/psicología , Padre , Madres/psicología
3.
Am J Public Health ; 113(6): 637-646, 2023 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36926964

RESUMEN

Objectives. To estimate social class inequities in US mortality using a relational measure based on power over productive property and workers' labor. Methods. We used nationally representative 1986-2018 National Health Interview Survey data with mortality follow-up through December 31, 2019 (n = 911 850). First, using business-ownership, occupational, and employment-status data, we classified respondents as incorporated business owners (IBOs), unincorporated business owners (UBOs), managers, workers, or not in the labor force (NLFs). Next, using inverse-probability-weighted survival curves, we estimated class mortality inequities overall, after subdividing workers by employment status and occupation, and by period, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Results. UBOs, workers, and NLFs had, respectively, 6.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -8.1, -4.6), 6.6 (95% CI = -8.1, -5.0), and 19.4 (95% CI = -21.0, -17.7) per 100 lower 34-year survival rates than IBOs. Mortality risk was especially high for unemployed, blue-collar, and service workers. Inequities increased over time and were greater among male, racially minoritized, and less-educated respondents. Conclusions. We estimated considerable mortality inequities by class, gender, and race/ethnicity. We also estimated that class mortality inequities are increasing, threatening population health. Public Health Implications. Addressing class inequities likely requires structural, worker-empowering interventions. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(6):637-646. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307227).


Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Clase Social , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Empleo , Ocupaciones , Escolaridad
4.
Dev Psychopathol ; 35(1): 12-23, 2023 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34158142

RESUMEN

In this article, we consider an often overlooked model that combines mediation and moderation to explain how a third variable can relate to a risk factor-psychopathology relationship. We refer to it as moderation and mediation in a three-variable system. We describe how this model is relevant to studying vulnerability factors and how it may advance developmental psychopathology research. To illustrate the value of this approach, we provide several examples where this model may be applicable, such as the relationships among parental externalizing pathology, harsh parenting, and offspring psychopathology as well as between neuroticism, stressful life events, and depression. We discuss possible reasons why this model has not gained traction and attempt to clarify and dispel those concerns. We provide guidance and recommendations for when to consider this model for a given data set and point toward existing resources for testing this model that have been developed by statisticians and other methodologists. Lastly, we describe important caveats, limitations, and considerations for making this approach most useful for developmental research. Overall, our goal in presenting this information to developmental psychopathology researchers is to encourage testing moderation and mediation in a three-variable system with the aim of advancing analytic strategies for studying vulnerability factors.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos Mentales , Psicopatología , Humanos , Padres , Responsabilidad Parental , Neuroticismo
5.
Dev Psychopathol ; 33(1): 363-371, 2021 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32375907

RESUMEN

Social anhedonia is well established as a transdiagnostic factor, but little is known about its development. This study examined whether temperament and parenting in early childhood predict social anhedonia in early adolescence. We also explored whether the relationships between early predictors and social anhedonia are moderated by a child's sex. A community sample of children participated in laboratory observations of temperament and parenting practices at age 3 (n = 275). The participants returned at age 12 and completed the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale-Child Version (ACIPS-C). Our results indicated that, at age 3, lower observed sociability predicted higher levels of social anhedonia at age 12. These associations were moderated by child sex, such that males with diminished sociability reported greater social anhedonia. These findings indicate that predictors of early adolescent social anhedonia are evident as early as 3 years of age. However, these effects were evident only for males, suggesting that the pathways to social anhedonia in early adolescence differ as a function of sex.


Asunto(s)
Anhedonia , Temperamento , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Masculino , Responsabilidad Parental , Placer , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
6.
Psychol Med ; 50(16): 2759-2767, 2020 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31637980

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There is an emerging consensus in developmental psychopathology that irritable youth are at risk for developing internalizing problems later in life. The current study explored if irritability in youth is multifactorial and the impact of irritability dimensions on psychopathology outcomes in adulthood. METHODS: We conducted exploratory factor analysis on irritability symptom items from a semi-structured diagnostic interview administered to a community sample of adolescents (ages 14-19; 42.7% male; 89.1% white). The analysis identified two factors corresponding to items from the mood disorders v. the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (Leibenluft and Stoddard) sections of the interview. These factors were then entered together into regression models predicting psychopathology assessed at age 24 (N = 941) and again at age 30 (N = 816). All models controlled for concurrent psychopathology in youth. RESULTS: The two irritability dimensions demonstrated different patterns of prospective relationships, with items from the ODD section primarily predicting externalizing psychopathology, items from the mood disorder sections predicting depression at age 24 but not 30, and both dimensions predicting borderline personality disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the current standard of extracting and compositing irritability symptom items from diagnostic interviews masks distinct dimensions of irritability with different psychopathological outcomes. Additionally, these findings add nuance to the prevailing notion that irritability in youth is specifically linked to later internalizing problems. Further investigation using more sensitive and multifaceted measures of irritability are needed to parse the meaning and clinical implications of these dimensions.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Genio Irritable , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Psicopatología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Adulto Joven
7.
Psychol Med ; 50(9): 1548-1555, 2020 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31274066

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Reward processing deficits have been implicated in the etiology of depression. A blunted reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential elicited by feedback to monetary gain relative to loss, predicts new onsets and increases in depression symptoms. Etiological models of depression also highlight stressful life events. However, no studies have examined whether stressful life events moderate the effect of the RewP on subsequent depression symptoms. We examined this question during the key developmental transition from childhood to adolescence. METHODS: A community sample of 369 children (mean age of 9) completed a self-report measure of depression symptoms. The RewP to winning v. losing was elicited using a monetary reward task. Three years later, we assessed stressful life events occurring in the year prior to the follow-up. Youth depressive symptoms were rated by the children and their parents at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Stressful life events moderated the effect of the RewP on depression symptoms at follow-up such that a blunted RewP predicted higher depression symptoms in individuals with higher levels of stressful life events. This effect was also evident when events that were independent of the youth's behavior were examined separately. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the RewP reflects a vulnerability for depression that is activated by stress.


Asunto(s)
Depresión/fisiopatología , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Recompensa , Estrés Psicológico , Adolescente , Niño , Electroencefalografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Autoinforme
8.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry ; 61(2): 167-174, 2020 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31535383

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Although a robust body of literature implicates temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) as a prominent risk factor for anxiety disorders, many children with heightened BI do not develop anxiety. The current study examines the role of two forms of life stress (life events and natural disaster exposure) in moderating the relationship between BI in preschoolers and anxiety in early adolescence. METHOD: A community sample of 392 3-year-old children was administered a laboratory observational assessment of temperament. When children were a mean age 10, the region was struck by a devastating hurricane and exposure to disaster-related stress was assessed. In early adolescence, youth and a parent were administered the UCLA Life Stress Interview (LSI) to assess behaviorally independent and dependent negative life events during the prior year and youth completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). RESULTS: The association between early childhood BI and anxiety symptoms in early adolescence was moderated by both independent life events and disaster-related stress. Children high in BI at age 3 reported greater anxiety symptoms at age 12 after exposure to higher levels of both forms of stress. CONCLUSIONS: Stress moderated the association between early BI and later anxiety. Importantly, this was evident for two different kinds of stressors that were independent of the child's behavior that increases confidence in the causal role of stress in the development of anxiety in high BI children.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Conducta Infantil/fisiología , Inhibición Psicológica , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Temperamento/fisiología , Ansiedad/etiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Niño , Preescolar , Tormentas Ciclónicas , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones
9.
Child Dev ; 91(1): 110-128, 2020 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30102429

RESUMEN

Seventy-nine 3-year olds and their mothers participated in a laboratory-based task to assess maternal hostility. Mothers also reported their behavioral regulation of their child. Seven years later, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired while viewing emotional faces and completing a reward processing task. Maternal hostility predicted more negative amygdala connectivity during exposure to sad relative to neutral faces with frontal and parietal regions as well as more negative left ventral striatal connectivity during monetary gain relative to loss feedback with the right posterior orbital frontal cortex and right inferior frontal gyrus. In contrast, maternal regulation predicted enhanced cingulo-frontal connectivity during monetary gain relative to loss feedback. Results suggest parenting is associated with alterations in emotion and reward processing circuitry 7-8 years later.


Asunto(s)
Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiología , Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Reconocimiento Facial/fisiología , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Responsabilidad Parental , Recompensa , Amígdala del Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino
10.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol ; 49(3): 353-364, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30307751

RESUMEN

Psychopathology in school-age children predicts impairment later in development. However, the long-term psychosocial consequences of early childhood psychopathology are less well known. The current study is the first to prospectively examine how a range of diagnoses and symptoms in early childhood predict psychosocial functioning across specific domains during early adolescence 6-9 years later. A community sample (N = 595; 44.9% female; 88.7% White, 12.6% Hispanic) was assessed for psychopathology at ages 3 and 6 using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Diagnoses and dimensional scores for depressive, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorders (ODD) were examined. When children were 12 years old, children and parents completed the UCLA Life Stress Interview for Children, a semistructured interview assessing functioning in multiple domains (academic, behavior, close friends, broader peers, maternal relationship, paternal relationship). Having a diagnosis in early childhood predicted greater impairment in all domains in early adolescence, except paternal relationship. Externalizing disorders predicted impairment in more domains than internalizing disorders. Most of the associations between early childhood psychopathology and poorer functioning in adolescence persisted after taking into account adolescent psychopathology. Moreover, the majority of bivariate associations with depressive, ODD, and ADHD symptoms, but not anxiety symptoms, persisted in a subsample of children who did not meet criteria for a diagnosis in early childhood. Early childhood psychopathology has long-lasting deleterious effects on several domains of psychosocial functioning, often beyond the effects of continuing or recurring adolescent psychopathology. Findings thereby highlight the validity and clinical significance of early psychopathology.


Asunto(s)
Psicopatología , Ajuste Social , Conducta Social , Adolescente , Ansiedad , Trastornos de Ansiedad/complicaciones , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/complicaciones , Niño , Preescolar , Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Psicología del Adolescente , Psicología Infantil
11.
Dev Psychopathol ; 31(4): 1589-1598, 2019 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30724155

RESUMEN

Little is known about the effect of natural disasters on children's neural development. Additionally, despite evidence that stress and parenting may both influence the development of neural systems underlying reward and threat processing, few studies have brought together these areas of research. The current investigation examined the effect of parenting styles and hurricane-related stress on the development of neural reactivity to reward and threat in children. Approximately 8 months before and 9 months after Hurricane Sandy, 74 children experiencing high and low levels of hurricane-related stress completed tasks that elicited the reward positivity and error-related negativity, event-related potentials indexing sensitivity to reward and threat, respectively. At the post-Hurricane assessment, children completed a self-report questionnaire to measure promotion- and prevention-focused parenting styles. Among children exposed to high levels of hurricane-related stress, lower levels of promotion-focused, but not prevention-focused, parenting were associated with a reduced post-Sandy reward positivity. In addition, in children with high stress exposure, greater prevention-focused, but not promotion-focused, parenting was associated with a larger error-related negativity after Hurricane Sandy. These findings highlight the need to consider contextual variables such as parenting when examining how exposure to stress alters the development of neural reactivity to reward and threat in children.


Asunto(s)
Tormentas Ciclónicas , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Recompensa , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Niño , Desastres , Electroencefalografía , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Autoinforme , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
13.
Psychol Med ; 48(13): 2159-2168, 2018 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29335030

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Many preschool-age children meet criteria for psychiatric disorders, and rates approach those observed in later childhood and adolescence. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal research examining the outcomes of preschool diagnoses. METHODS: Families with a 3-year-old child (N = 559) were recruited from the community. Primary caregivers were interviewed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment when children were 3 years old (n = 541), and, along with children, using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime Version when children were 9 and 12 years old. RESULTS: Rates of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) decreased from preschool to middle childhood and early adolescence, whereas rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increased. Rates of any psychiatric disorder and depression increased from preschool to early adolescence only. Preschoolers with a diagnosis were over twice as likely to have a diagnosis during later periods. Homotypic continuity was present for anxiety disorders from preschool to middle childhood, for ADHD from preschool to early adolescence, and for DBD through both later time points. There was heterotypic continuity between preschool anxiety and early adolescent depression, and between preschool ADHD and early adolescent DBD. Dimensional symptom scores showed homotypic continuity for all diagnostic categories and showed a number of heterotypic associations as well. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide moderate support for the predictive validity of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. Psychopathology in preschool is a significant risk factor for future psychiatric disorders during middle childhood and early adolescence.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , New York/epidemiología
14.
JAACAP Open ; 2(1): 55-65, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38469457

RESUMEN

Objective: After remaining stable for many years, the prevalence of depression among adolescents increased over the past decade, particularly among girls. In this study, we used longitudinal data from a cohort of high school students to characterize sex-specific trajectories of depressive symptoms during this period of increasing prevalence and widening gender gap in adolescent depression. Method: Using data from the Health and Happiness Cohort, a longitudinal 8-wave study of high school students residing in Los Angeles County from 2013 to 2017 (N = 3,393), we conducted a multiple-group, latent class growth analysis by sex to differentiate developmental trajectories in depressive symptoms scores measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression (CES-D) scale (range, 0-60). Results: A 4-class solution provided the best model fit for both girls and boys. Trajectories among girls included low stable (35.1%), mild stable (42.8%), moderate decreasing (16.2%), and high arching (5.9%). Trajectories among boys included low stable (49.2%), mild increasing (34.7%), moderate decreasing (12.2%), and high increasing (3.9%). Average scores consistently exceeded or crossed the threshold for probable depression (≥16). Across comparable sex-specific trajectory groups, the average CES-D scores of girls were higher than those of boys, whose average scores increased over time. Conclusion: In a diverse cohort of students in Los Angeles County, depressive symptom trajectories were comparable to prior time periods but with a higher proportion of students in trajectories characterized by probable depression. Trajectories differed by sex, suggesting that future research should consider differential severity and onset of depression between boys and girls.

15.
Psychiatr Serv ; 74(5): 455-462, 2023 05 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36321320

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Although U.S. mental health treatment rates increased in the 2000s, gaps in treatment among racial-ethnic groups grew. Little is known, however, about national trends after 2012, when treatment access increased overall. This study assessed trends in racial-ethnic disparities in past-year treatment rates among people with a major depressive episode, serious psychological distress, or serious mental illness. METHODS: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2019) data of adults with a past-year major depressive episode (N=49,791) or serious psychological distress (N=89,233) and of adults with past-year serious mental illness (N=24,944; 2008-2019) were analyzed. Linear risk regressions were used to model trends in past-year use of mental health treatment and included an interaction term between survey year and race-ethnicity. RESULTS: Treatment use prevalence (2005-2019) among marginalized individuals with a major depressive episode remained lower than that among White people. The magnitude of the disparity in treatment use between White and Hispanic people with major depressive episode decreased slightly (percentage-point difference=-25.1% to -14.9%), whereas the disparity in treatment use between White people and American Indian/Alaska Native people with serious mental illness increased significantly (percentage-point difference=23.4% to -12.2%), from 2005 to 2019. The magnitude of the disparities for other marginalized racial-ethnic groups did not meaningfully change. CONCLUSIONS: Racial-ethnic disparities in past-year mental health treatment use have persisted. Efforts to reduce disparities should consider structural barriers that hinder treatment use among marginalized groups.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Humanos , Adulto , Estados Unidos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Salud Mental , Etnicidad , Hispánicos o Latinos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Blanco
16.
Personal Disord ; 14(1): 118-126, 2023 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35737564

RESUMEN

Tests of statistical interactions (or tests of moderation effects) in personality disorder research are a common way for researchers to examine nuanced hypotheses relevant to personality pathology. However, the nature of statistical interactions makes them difficult to reliably detect in many research scenarios. The present study used a flexible, simulation-based approach to estimate statistical power to detect trait-by-trait interactions common to psychopathy research using the Triarchic model of Psychopathy and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. Our results show that even above-average sample sizes in these literatures (e.g., N = 428) provide inadequate power to reliably detect trait-by-trait interactions, and the sample sizes needed to detect interaction effect sizes in realistic scenarios are extremely large, ranging from 1,300 to 5,200. The implications for trait-by-trait interactions in psychopathy are discussed, as well as how the present findings might generalize to other areas of personality disorder research. We provide recommendations for how to design research studies that can provide informative tests of interactions in personality disorder research, but also highlight that a more realistic option is to abandon the traditional approach when testing for interaction effects and adopt alternative approaches that may be more productive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Trastornos de la Personalidad , Humanos , Inventario de Personalidad , Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Personalidad , Fenotipo
17.
J Affect Disord ; 340: 649-657, 2023 11 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37591353

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Offspring of depressed mothers have elevated risk of developing depression because they are exposed to greater stress. While generally assumed that youth's increased exposure to stress is due to the environmental effects of living with a depressed parent, youth's genes may influence stress exposure through gene-environment correlations (rGEs). To understand the relationship between risk for depression and stress, we examined the effects of polygenic risk for depression on youth stress exposure. METHODS: We examined the relations of a polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression (DEP-PRS), as well as PRSs for 5 other disorders, with youth stress exposure. Data were from a longitudinal study of a community sample of youth and their parents (n = 377) focusing on data collected at youth's aged 12 and 15 assessments. RESULTS: Elevated youth DEP-PRS was robustly associated with increased dependent stress, particularly interpersonal events. Exploratory analyses indicated that findings were driven by major stress and were not moderated by maternal nor paternal history of depression, and of the 5 additional PRSs tested, only elevated genetic liability for bipolar I was associated with increased dependent stress-particularly non-interpersonal events. LIMITATIONS: Like other PRS studies, we focused on those of European ancestry thus, generalizability of findings is limited. CONCLUSION: Polygenic risk contributes to youth experiencing stressful life events which are dependent on their behavior. This rGE appears to be specific to genetic risk for mood disorders.


Asunto(s)
Depresión , Trastornos del Humor , Humanos , Adolescente , Femenino , Depresión/genética , Estudios Longitudinales , Factores de Riesgo , Madres
18.
Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol ; 50(11): 1445-1455, 2022 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35652991

RESUMEN

The current study examined changes in the agreement, stability, and concurrent and predictive validity of parent- and self-reports on a frequently used measure of youth anxiety symptoms, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), from age 9 to 15. A community sample of 531 families (youth, mothers, and fathers) completed the SCARED and a semi-structured diagnostic interview when children were ages 9, 12, and 15. Agreement between youth and each parent on youth anxiety symptoms was weak at age 9 (r = 0.12-0.17), but moderate at age 12 (r = 0.31-0.36) and 15 (r = 0.31-0.46); mother-father (r = 0.50-0.53) agreement was greater than youth-parent agreement at every wave. Stability of youth-reported symptoms was low between age 9 and 12 (r = 0.25), but much higher from age 12 to 15 (r = 0.57); mother- and father-reported youth anxiety symptoms demonstrated high stability (r = 0.53-0.74) at both intervals. Self- and parent-reported youth symptoms were both significantly associated with youth anxiety disorder status, cross-sectionally and prospectively. When considered simultaneously at age 9, only parent-reported anxiety symptoms uniquely predicted concurrent and subsequent youth anxiety diagnoses. However, by age 12, parent- and youth-reported anxiety symptoms were each independently associated with concurrent and subsequent anxiety diagnoses. Agreement, stability, and concurrent and predictive validity of youth self-reported anxiety symptoms are poorer than parent-reports in middle childhood, but comparable by middle adolescence. However, all reporters provide unique information about youth anxiety at each of the developmental periods examined.


Asunto(s)
Ansiedad , Padres , Femenino , Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Padres/psicología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Autoinforme
19.
J Psychopathol Clin Sci ; 131(5): 467-478, 2022 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35653755

RESUMEN

Youth personality is hypothesized to mediate the intergenerational transmission of internalizing disorders. However, this has rarely been examined. We tested whether the intergenerational transmission of depressive and anxiety disorders is mediated by youth neuroticism and extraversion, and how parent personality influenced these relationships. Participants included 550 adolescent girls, aged 13-15 years at baseline (T1), and a coparticipating biological parent. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by interview at T1, and adolescents were reinterviewed every 9 months for 3 years (T2-T5). Parent and youth personality was assessed at T1. Four path models examined direct and indirect effects of parent psychopathology and personality (neuroticism and extraversion) on youth outcomes, with youth neuroticism and extraversion as mediators in separate models. In the model examining the effects of parent psychopathology via T1 youth neuroticism, there were direct effects of parent depression on T2-T5 youth depressive disorders and indirect effects of parent anxiety disorders on T2-T5 youth depressive and anxiety disorders. When parent neuroticism was added, indirect effects of T1 parent anxiety disorders and neuroticism on T2-T5 youth depressive and anxiety disorders via T1 youth neuroticism were significant. In the model examining T1 youth extraversion as a mediator, there were significant direct effects of parent depressive and anxiety disorders on T2-T5 youth depressive and anxiety disorders, respectively. Finally, when adding parent extraversion, indirect effects of parent extraversion on T2-T5 youth depressive and anxiety disorders via youth extraversion were significant. Parent and youth personality play important roles in the intergenerational transmission of depressive and anxiety disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad , Extraversión Psicológica , Adolescente , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Personalidad , Trastornos de la Personalidad , Inventario de Personalidad
20.
J Psychopathol Clin Sci ; 131(7): 741-753, 2022 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35708930

RESUMEN

There is an extensive literature documenting associations between dimensions of temperament and depressive and anxiety disorders. However, much of the research in this area relies on cross-sectional and monomethod designs, uses samples of older youth and adults, and examines only the main effects of temperament. We examined longitudinal associations between temperamental positive emotionality (PE) and negative emotionality (NE) in early childhood and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescence. We assessed temperament using laboratory observations and parent reports, and symptoms using youth and parent report. We also examined potential moderators of these associations, including maternal and paternal history of depressive and anxiety disorders, youth experience of stressful life events, and parenting styles. Early childhood NE was associated with both adolescent depression and anxiety. Additionally, life events and psychological controlling and firm parenting moderated the associations between NE and depression symptoms, and maternal depression, paternal anxiety, and psychological controlling and firm parenting moderated the associations between NE and anxiety symptoms. Interaction effects were largely consistent with diathesis-stress interpretations. These findings show that temperamental NE, but not PE, is prospectively associated with risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescence, and that multiple additional factors potentiate these associations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Depresión , Temperamento , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/epidemiología , Padre , Humanos , Masculino
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