Representations of people living with HIV: influences on the late diagnosis of infection.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the representations constructed by people living with HIV on the infection and their influence on the late search for diagnosis. METHOD: A qualitative study, conducted through an open interview with people who had a late diagnosis of HIV infection. The theoretical framework adopted was the Theory of Social Representations based on a critical approach. For data analysis, was used the Structural Analysis of Narration method and the MAXQDA 12® software. RESULTS: Eighteen people participated in the study. The following original representations were unveiled: AIDS as a transmissible and dangerous disease; disease of the other; severe, incurable and deadly disease; and denial of risk due to trust in a steady partner. These representations contributed to the late search for diagnosis, either because of the attitude of distance from susceptible people, or because they did not perceive or deny the risks to which they were exposed in their life trajectories. CONCLUSION: Understanding the reasons that lead people to a late diagnosis of HIV is imperative in the current epidemic scenario for the planning and implementation of new strategies and policies for the timely diagnosis of the infection.

[Sexual violence: narratives of women with mental disorders in Brazil]. / Violência sexual: narrativas de mulheres com transtornos mentais no Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the impact of sexual violence suffered by women with mental disorders based on self-reports of these experiences. METHODS: The reports emerged from open interviews with women receiving care at public mental health services in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These interviews were part of a larger research project that had the overall objective of investigating how this population group lives and thinks sexuality, in order to contribute to actions to promote sexual health. Data collection took place in 2008. RESULTS: Seventeen women with age between 18 and 68 years were interviewed. Fourteen reported having had stable relationships, but only three were still in these relationships. Most of the stable relationships had not been formalized into marriage. Two participants were widows and 13 had children. All the participants reported difficulties in living with their partners and children and having few friends and little family support. The instability of relationships was attributed to situations of aggression, infidelity, and use of drugs and alcohol. Seven women reported having been victims of physical violence within the family, mostly from partners. Two participants reported never having had sexual relations. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals must be trained to encourage the report of sexual violence by women and adequately handle the situation. Intersectoral actions to deal with this issue are also essential.

Patterns of abuse of elderly people in Brazil: analysis of notifications.

This study aimed to describe the characteristics of elderly people abuse notifications by gender and to assess notification patterns according to gender. We analyzed data from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) in 2017. We carried out a descriptive analysis of victim characteristics, violence, and the probable perpetrator according to gender. Pearson's χ2 test was used to assess the significance between groups. Then, we verified the main relationships between the studied characteristics and the victim's gender by simple correspondence analysis (SCA). Thus, 17,311 cases/suspicions of elderly people abuse were notified, corresponding to 7.2% of the total number of violence notifications. Of these victims, 50.4% were white, 42.3% were married, and 17.2% had a disability/disorder; 76.9% occurred at home, 62.8% included physical violence, and 49.5% were cases of repeated violence. Most perpetrators were men (62%), and violence by two or more perpetrators was observed in 62.8% of the cases. SCA evidenced inequalities in older adults' gender, which proved to be higher among women. Physical violence was the most common among younger and old individuals, whereas neglect/abandonment tended to occur more frequently among the oldest individuals, and was most often committed by daughters. In sum, this study demonstrated evidence of gender-based violence, especially among older adults. Disability proved to be an essential characteristic for neglect/abandonment in older adults. In this context, policies are needed to reduce gender inequalities and implement a care network for older adults who are victims of violence.

Representations about sexuality of people diagnosed late with HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE: to understand the representations about sexuality of people diagnosed late with HIV infection and its implications in the delayed search for diagnosis. METHODS: this is a qualitative study, whose theoretical and methodological framework was Social Representation Theory. The research was carried out with 18 people diagnosed late with HIV infection through an open interview. For data analysis, Structural Narration Analysis was used, with support from MAXQDA 12®. RESULTS: representations about sexuality contributed to delayed diagnosis, such as trust in a fixed partnership, sexual intercourse is natural, sexuality as a taboo, search for pleasure in sexual intercourse, regardless of risks, denial of risk for HIV infection. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: representations about sexuality participate in a web of stereotypes and riskier ways of living, which contribute to delayed diagnosis. Sexual health education remains necessary and essential throughout people's lives.

The COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the lifestyles of Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in the lifestyles of Brazilian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents who participated in the survey "ConVid Adolescentes - Pesquisa de Comportamentos". The indicators related to lifestyles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated: consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, physical activity and sedentary behavior, smoking and consumption of alcohol. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the total population and according to sex and age group. RESULTS: A total of 9,470 adolescents participated in the study. During the period of social distancing, there was an increase in the prevalence of vegetables consumption (from 27.34 to 30.5%), frozen foods (from 13.26 to 17.3%), chocolates and sweets (from 48.58 to 52.51%), and time in front of screens (from 44.57 to 70.15%). On the other hand, there was a decrease in the practice of physical activity (from 28.70 to 15.74%) and in the consumption of alcohol (from 17.72 to 12.77%). Differences were observed according to sex and age group. CONCLUSION: The results show changes in the lifestyle of adolescents and an increase in health risk behaviors.

Representations of primary care professionals about the occupational risk of HIV infection.

This was a qualitative study, based on the Social Representations Theory, with professionals that work in primary care, about the risk of HIV infection to which they are exposed in their quotidian work routine. Twelve physicians and nurses who work in two Health Centers in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, were interviewed. The final analysis, carried out using the saturation of information criterion, was based on the method proposed by Structural Analysis of Narrative. The results show that the health professionals interviewed knew the infection risk in their work routine, representing it as very low in primary care, because they relate it to technological complexity which they consider does not exist in the level of assistance in which they work. They believed that the use of personal protection equipment may minimize the risks and that, nowadays, no primary care professional refuses to attend a patient due to fear of infection, even if not using all the recommended precautions.

Late diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the occurrence of late diagnosis of infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and its associated factors. METHOD: this is an epidemiological, cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out with 369 people followed-up by Specialized Assistance Services, undergoing anti-retroviral treatment, and interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Univariate analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and Kruskall-Wallis test, and multivariate analysis using the ordinal logistic regression model of proportional odds. RESULTS: the occurrence of 59.1% for late diagnosis of the infection was observed; the probability of later diagnosis is greater among people who have a steady partnership, when compared to those who do not; with increasing age, particularly above 35 years old; among those with lower schooling; for those who seek the health services to have an HIV test when they feel sick; and for those who test HIV less often or never do it after sex without a condom with a steady partner. CONCLUSION: the knowledge on the high proportion of late diagnosis and its associated factors verified in this study make the planning and implementation of new policies and strategies aimed at the timely diagnosis of the infection imperative.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and changes in adult Brazilian lifestyles: a cross-sectional study, 2020. / A pandemia da COVID-19 e as mudanças no estilo de vida dos brasileiros adultos: um estudo transversal, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe lifestyle changes with regard to consumption of tobacco and alcohol, food intake and physical activity, in the period of social restriction resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil with data from the ConVid online health behavior survey. The data were collected via an online questionnaire answered by the survey participants. Post-stratification procedures were used to calculate prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: 45,161 individuals aged 18 years or more participated. During the period of social restriction participants reported a decrease in practicing physical activity and an increase in time spent using computers or tablets or watching TV, intake of ultra-processed foods, number of cigarettes smoked and alcoholic beverage consumption. Differences were observed according to sex and age group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a worsening of lifestyles and an increase in health risk behaviors.

Self-reported medical diagnosis of heart disease and associated risk factors: National Health Survey. / Diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doença cardíaca e fatores de risco associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors associated with the self-reported medical diagnosis of heart disease in Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, analyzing information from 60,202 adult participants of the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013. Heart disease was defined by self-reported medical diagnosis of heart disease. We analyzed associations between the occurrence of disease and sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle. A hierarchical binary logistic regression model was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of heart disease in Brazil was 4.2% (confidence interval of 95% [95%CI] 4.0 ‒ 4.3) and was associated with females (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1; 95%CI 1.1 ‒ 1.1), people 65 years old or older (OR = 4.7; 95%CI 3.3 ‒ 5.6), poor or very poor health conditions (OR = 4.1; 95%CI 3.5 ‒ 4.6) and fair health conditions (OR = 2.4; 95%CI 2.2 ‒ 2.7), hypertensive individuals (OR = 2.4; 95%CI 2.2 ‒ 2.7), those with increased cholesterol (OR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.5 ‒ 1.8), overweight individuals (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.4 ‒ 1.8) and obese individuals (OR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.7 ‒ 2.2), sedentary behavior (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.02 ‒ 2.1), former smokers (OR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.3 ‒ 1.6) or current smokers (OR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.03 ‒ 1.3) and the consumption of fruits and vegetables 5 or more days each week (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.1 ‒ 1.5). CONCLUSION: The importance of knowledge on the prevalence of heart disease and associated risk factors in the present Brazilian epidemiological context must be emphasized because it guides actions to control and prevent cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores de risco associados ao diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doença cardíaca no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que analisa informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), realizada em 2013. A amostra consistiu de 60.202 adultos. A doença cardíaca foi definida pelo diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doença do coração. Foram analisadas associações entre a ocorrência de doença e as características sociodemográficas, as condições de saúde e o estilo de vida. Foi empregado o modelo de regressão logística binária hierarquizado. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de diagnóstico autorreferido de doença cardíaca no Brasil foi de 4,2% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 4,0 ‒ 4,3) e esteve associada a sexo feminino (odds ratio [OR] = 1,1; IC95% 1,1 ‒ 1,1), idade igual ou maior que 65 anos (OR = 4,7; IC95% 3,3 ‒ 5,6), avaliação do estado de saúde ruim/muito ruim (OR = 4,1; IC95% 3,5 ‒ 4,6) e regular (OR = 2,4; IC95% 2,2 ‒ 2,7), indivíduos hipertensos (OR = 2,4; IC95% 2,2 ‒ 2,7), colesterol elevado (OR = 1,6; IC95% 1,5 ‒ 1,8), sobrepeso (OR = 1,5; IC95% 1,4 ‒ 1,8) e obesidade (OR = 2,0; IC95% 1,7 ‒ 2,2), insuficientemente ativo nos quatro domínios (OR = 1,5; IC95% 1,02 ‒ 2,1), ser ex-fumante (OR = 1,4; IC95% 1,3 ‒ 1,6) ou ser fumante (OR = 1,2; IC95% 1,03 ‒ 1,3) e consumir frutas e hortaliças 5 ou mais dias da semana (OR = 1,5; IC95% 1,1 ‒ 1,5). CONCLUSÃO: A importância do conhecimento da prevalência de doença cardíaca e fatores de riscos associados no atual contexto epidemiológico brasileiro deve ser ressaltada para orientar as ações de prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares, que representam a primeira causa de óbito no Brasil e no mundo.

[Time trends in morbid obesity prevalence in the Brazilian adult population from 2006 to 2017]. / Tendência temporal da prevalência de obesidade mórbida na população adulta brasileira entre os anos de 2006 e 2017.

This study was an assessment of time trends in morbid obesity prevalence in the adult population in Brazil's state capitals from 2006 to 2017. A cross-sectional study was performed with data from the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel), analyzed by simple linear regression. The results showed an upward trend in morbid obesity prevalence in Brazil. Women showed higher prevalence rates (1.3% in 2006 and 1.9% in 2017) when compared to men (0.9% and 1.4%). The 25-44-year age bracket showed an upward trend from 0.9% to 2.1% (p < 0.001). There was an increase in morbid obesity in all levels of schooling and all regions of Brazil. The state capitals with upward trends in males were Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Macapá, Manaus, Palmas, Porto Velho, Rio Branco, and Teresina. In females, they were Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, and Teresina. The growth in morbid obesity in Brazil sounds a warning on the urgent need to adopt measures to detain it, such as regulation of ultra-processed foods and health education measures for the entire population.

Para a avaliação da tendência temporal da prevalência de obesidade mórbida na população adulta das capitais brasileiras entre os anos 2006 e 2017, foi realizado estudo transversal com dados da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), analisados por regressão linear simples. Resultados evidenciaram tendência de aumento da prevalência de obesidade mórbida no Brasil. As mulheres apresentaram maiores prevalências (1,3%, em 2006, e 1,9%, em 2017) ao serem comparadas com os homens (0,9% e 1,4%). Na faixa etária entre 25 a 44 anos, a tendência foi de crescimento de 0,9% para 2,1% (p < 0,001). Em todos os níveis de escolaridade e regiões do Brasil, houve aumento da obesidade mórbida. As capitais que apresentaram tendência de aumento no sexo masculino foram: Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Macapá, Manaus, Palmas, Porto Velho, Rio Branco e Teresina. Em relação ao sexo feminino: Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro e Teresina. O crescimento da obesidade mórbida no país constitui um alerta para a urgente necessidade de adotar medidas para detê-la, como a regulação de alimentos ultraprocessados e ações de educação para a saúde para toda a população.

Evaluación de la tendencia temporal de la prevalencia de obesidad mórbida en la población adulta de capitales brasileñas entre los años 2006 y 2017. Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos procedentes de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel), analizados por regresión lineal simple. Los resultados evidenciaron una tendencia de aumento de la obesidad mórbida en Brasil. Las mujeres presentaron mayores prevalencias (1,3% en 2006 y 1,9% en 2017) al compararlas con los hombres (0,9% y 1,4%). En la franja de edad entre 25 a 44 años la tendencia fue de crecimiento de 0,9% a 2,1% (p < 0,001). En todos los niveles de escolaridad y regiones de Brasil hubo un aumento de obesidad mórbida. Las capitales que presentaron una tendencia de aumento en el sexo masculino fueron: Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Macapá, Manaus, Palmas, Porto Velho, Río Branco y Teresina. En relación con el sexo femenino: Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Río de Janeiro y Teresina. El crecimiento de la obesidad mórbida en el país constituye una alerta para la necesidad urgente de adoptar medidas con el fin de detenerla como pueden ser la regulación de alimentos ultraprocesados, así como acciones educativas para la salud de toda la población.

Reliability and validity of a questionnaire on vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among adults with chronic mental illness: PESSOAS Project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe reliability/validity of a semi-structured questionnaire designed to assess risk behavior to sexually transmitted diseases among adults with chronic mental illness. METHOD: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in one psychiatric hospital and one mental health outpatient clinic. Clinical, behavioral and demographic data were collected from semi-structured interviews and medical charts. One-hundred and twenty patients were randomly selected from pre-defined lists in both centers while 89 (74%) were interviewed, indicating 26% nonparticipation rate. Protocol, participation rates, consent form and feasibility issues were assessed. The semi-structured interview was evaluated with regard to reliability (intra- and inter-rater) and construct validity by randomly repeating the interviews in a 1:1 ratio up to one-week interval. Reliability was estimated by percent agreement and Kappa statistics (95% confidence interval). Construct validity was assessed by Grade of Membership model. RESULTS: Kappa statistics ranged from 0.40 to 1.00 for most variables. Grade of Membership analysis generated three profiles. Profile one was represented by mostly women with no condom use in stable relationships; profile two revealed mostly men in stable relationship but with multiple risk behaviors; while profile three indicated a higher proportion of licit or illicit substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Reliability and construct validity assessment using Grade of Membership analysis indicated that the semi-structured interview was suitable for capturing risk behavior among patients with chronic mental illness.

Parental supervision and alcohol use among Brazilian adolescents: analysis of data from National School-based Health Survey 2015. / Supervisão dos pais e o consumo de álcool por adolescentes brasileiros: análise dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between parental supervision and sociodemographic factors and alcohol use by Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with data from National School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015, which included 16,608 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, students from Brazilian public and private schools. Variables related to alcohol use, sociodemographic factors and parental supervision were evaluated. In order to analyze the relation between sociodemographic variables, parental supervision and use of alcohol among adolescents, prevalence ratios stratified by sex were used. RESULTS: It was observed that 61.4% of the adolescents had tried alcohol, 27.2% had a drunken episode in their lifetime, 9.3% have had problems with alcohol and 29.3% reported alcohol use in last 30 days. The lack of parental supervision was associated with increased use of alcohol. The proportion of alcohol use was higher for girls, and also among those who were older than 16 years, worked, did not live with one or both parents, and lived in the South, regardless of sex. CONCLUSION: The results showed early alcohol experimentation and occurrence of problems due to its use among Brazilian adolescents. In addition, the lack of monitoring by parents and guardians shows a risk of alcohol use in this age.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação de indicadores de supervisão dos pais e fatores sociodemográficos com o uso de álcool pelos adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A amostra foi composta de 16.608 adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas ao uso de álcool, aos fatores sociodemográficos e aos indicadores de supervisão dos estudantes pelos pais. Foram calculadas razões de prevalência (RPs) para análise das relações existentes entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de supervisão dos pais e o uso de álcool por adolescentes. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se que 61,4% dos adolescentes já haviam experimentado bebida alcoólica, 27,2% já tiveram episódio de embriaguez alguma vez na vida, 9,3% já tiveram problemas devido ao uso de álcool e 29,3% relataram uso nos últimos 30 dias. Menores escores de supervisão dos pais se associaram à maior prevalência de uso de álcool, que também foi elevada entre as meninas, os que tinham idade superior a 16 anos, moravam na Região Sul, trabalhavam e não moravam com os pais. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram, em adolescentes, a experimentação precoce de bebidas alcoólicas e a ocorrência de problemas devido ao uso da substância. Além disso, a falta de supervisão e acompanhamento mais próximo dos filhos pelos pais e responsáveis aumentou o uso de álcool nessa idade.

Prevalence of arterial hypertension according to different diagnostic criteria, National Health Survey. / Prevalência da hipertensão arterial segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the population prevalence of arterial hypertension in adults according to different diagnostic criteria. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, analyzing information from the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, consisted of interviews, physical and laboratory measurements (n = 60,202). The prevalence of hypertension was defined according to three diagnostic criteria: self-reported; measured by instrument (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg); measured and/or using medication. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated by the three diagnostic criteria of hypertension. RESULTS: The high blood pressure measurements were: 21.4% (95%CI 20.8 - 22.0) using the criterion self-reported; 22.8% (95%CI 22.1 - 23.4) by measured hypertension; and 32.3% (95%CI 31.7 - 33.0) by measured hypertension and/or reported use of medication. Women presented higher prevalence for the self-reported criterion (24.2%; 95%CI 23.4 - 24.9) and men, for the measured criterion (25.8%; 95%CI 24.8 - 26.8). Hypertension increases with age and is more frequent in urban areas. Using these three criteria, the hypertension was higher in the Southeast and South regions, in relation to the average of the country and the other regions. Using these three criteria, hypertension increased with age, was more frequent in urban areas and in the Southeast and South regions, in relation to the average of the country and the other regions. CONCLUSION: These findings are important to support policies that aim to achieve the World Health Organization's goal of reducing hypertension by 25% over the next decade.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência populacional de hipertensão arterial em adultos, segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, que analisa informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, que consistiu em entrevistas, medidas físicas e laboratoriais da população brasileira (n = 60.202). A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi definida segundo três critérios diagnósticos: hipertensão autorreferida; medida por instrumento (pressão arterial ≥ 140/90 mmHg); medida e/ou em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Foram estimadas as prevalências de hipertensão arterial segundo os três critérios diagnósticos e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: As prevalências de hipertensão arterial encontradas foram: 21,4% (IC95% 20,8 - 22,0) utilizando-se o critério autorreferido, 22,8% (IC95% 22,1 - 23,4) para hipertensão arterial medida e 32,3% (IC95% 31,7 - 33,0) para hipertensão arterial medida e/ou relato de uso de medicação. As mulheres apresentaram prevalências de hipertensão mais elevadas no critério autorreferido (24,2%; IC95% 23,4 - 24,9). Entre os homens, a prevalência foi maior no critério hipertensão arterial medida (25,8%; IC95% 24,8 - 26,7). Utilizando os três critérios, a hipertensão arterial aumentou com a idade, foi mais frequente na região urbana e maior nas regiões sudeste e sul, em relação à média do país e às demais regiões. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados são importantes para apoiar políticas que visem atingir a meta da Organização Mundial de Saúde de redução da hipertensão em 25% na próxima década.

Patterns of abuse of elderly people in Brazil: analysis of notifications / Padrões de abuso de idosos no Brasil: uma análise de notificações / Patrones de maltrato a las personas mayores en Brasil: análisis de las notificaciones

This study aimed to describe the characteristics of elderly people abuse notifications by gender and to assess notification patterns according to gender. We analyzed data from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) in 2017. We carried out a descriptive analysis of victim characteristics, violence, and the probable perpetrator according to gender. Pearson's χ2 test was used to assess the significance between groups. Then, we verified the main relationships between the studied characteristics and the victim's gender by simple correspondence analysis (SCA). Thus, 17,311 cases/suspicions of elderly people abuse were notified, corresponding to 7.2% of the total number of violence notifications. Of these victims, 50.4% were white, 42.3% were married, and 17.2% had a disability/disorder; 76.9% occurred at home, 62.8% included physical violence, and 49.5% were cases of repeated violence. Most perpetrators were men (62%), and violence by two or more perpetrators was observed in 62.8% of the cases. SCA evidenced inequalities in older adults' gender, which proved to be higher among women. Physical violence was the most common among younger and old individuals, whereas neglect/abandonment tended to occur more frequently among the oldest individuals, and was most often committed by daughters. In sum, this study demonstrated evidence of gender-based violence, especially among older adults. Disability proved to be an essential characteristic for neglect/abandonment in older adults. In this context, policies are needed to reduce gender inequalities and implement a care network for older adults who are victims of violence.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características das notificações de abuso de idosos por sexo e avaliar os padrões de notificação de acordo com o sexo. Foram analisados dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação de 2017. A análise descritiva das características da vítima, da violência e do provável agressor foi feita de acordo com o sexo. O teste do χ2 de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a significância entre os grupos. Em seguida, as principais relações entre as características estudadas e o sexo da vítima foram verificadas por meio da análise de correspondência simples (ACS). Assim, 17.311 casos ou suspeitas de abuso de idosos foram notificados, correspondendo a 7,2% do total de notificações de violência. Dessas vítimas, 50,4% são brancas, 42,3% casadas e 17,2% têm uma deficiência ou um transtorno. Dos casos, 76,9% ocorreram em casa, sendo 62,8% por violência física e 49,5% por violência recorrente. A maioria dos perpetradores é do sexo masculino (62%), e observamos violência por dois ou mais perpetradores em 62,8%. A ACS evidenciou desigualdades no sexo dos idosos, em que o número de mulheres era maior. A violência física mais comum entre adultos, mais jovens e mais velhos, é a negligência ou o abandono dos mais frágeis e mais idosos, mais frequentemente praticada pela filha. Em suma, o estudo evidenciou a violência de gênero, especialmente entre os idosos, e a debilidade como característica essencial para a negligência ou abandono dessa população. Nesse contexto, são necessárias políticas para reduzir as desigualdades, especialmente as de gênero, e implementar uma rede de cuidado aos idosos vítimas de violência.

El objetivo del presente estudio es describir las características de las notificaciones de malos tratos a personas mayores por sexo y evaluar los patrones de notificación en función del sexo. Se analizaron los datos del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) de 2017. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las características de la víctima, la violencia y el probable agresor según el sexo. Se utilizó la prueba χ2 de Pearson para evaluar la significación entre grupos. A continuación, se verificaron las principales relaciones entre las características estudiadas y el sexo de la víctima mediante análisis de correspondencias simples (ACS). Así, se notificaron 17.311 casos/sospechas de malos tratos a personas mayores, lo que corresponde al 7,2% del número total de notificaciones de violencia. De estas víctimas, el 50,4% son de raza blanca, el 42,3% están casadas y el 17,2% tienen una discapacidad/trastorno. El 76,9% ocurrieron en el hogar, el 62,8% se debieron a violencia física y el 49,5% fueron violencia reincidente. La mayoría de los agresores son hombres (62%), y la violencia ejercida por dos o más agresores se observó en el 62,8%. El ACS evidenció desigualdades en el sexo de los adultos mayores, observándose una mayor incidencia entre las mujeres. La violencia física más común entre los adultos más jóvenes y mayores, es la negligencia/abandono entre los adultos más frágiles y mayores, cometida con mayor frecuencia por la hija. En resumen, el estudio evidenció la violencia basada en el sexo, especialmente entre adultos mayores, y la fragilidad como característica esencial para la ocurrencia de negligencia/abandono en adultos mayores. En este contexto, son necesarias políticas que reduzcan las desigualdades, especialmente las de sexo, e implementen una red de atención a los adultos mayores víctimas de violencia.

Repercussões da pandemia de covid-19 na saúde mental, no estado de ânimo e nas atividades escolares de adolescentes brasileiros / Repercusiones de la pandemia de covid-19 en la salud mental, el estado de ánimo y las actividades escolares de los adolescentes brasileños / Repercussions of the covid-19 pandemic on brazilian adolescents' mental health, mood and school activities

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as repercussões do distanciamento social no estado de ânimo, na saúde mental e nas atividades escolares de adolescentes brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19, comparando os resultados obtidos por uma pesquisa nacional quantitativa e por uma investigação qualitativa. Métodos: estudo de métodos mistos. Utilizou-se a triangulação de dados para cotejar os resultados obtidos nas duas investigações: o eixo quantitativo foi desenvolvido com a aplicação de um questionário virtual em âmbito nacional, do qual participaram 9.740 adolescentes; no eixo qualitativo, conduzido por investigadores da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, foram realizados grupos focais com 27 adolescentes. Foram avaliadas questões relacionadas à qualidade do sono, a atividades escolares, sentimentos e emoções vivenciados nesse período. Resultados: entre 25%-50% dos adolescentes referiram sintomas como solidão, nervosismo, mau humor, irritabilidade e tristeza durante o período de distanciamento social. Alterações na qualidade de sono foram percebidas por 23,9%, além de dificuldades relacionadas ao ensino a distância. O componente qualitativo desvelou, de forma mais aprofundada, os aspectos relacionados à saúde mental e ao estado de ânimo dos adolescentes. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos em ambas investigações demonstraram piora na saúde mental e no estado de ânimo dos adolescentes durante o período de distanciamento social. A saúde mental foi uma das mais afetadas, com piora do desempenho escolar, sofrimento emocional e problemas de sono. Compreender esses diferentes aspectos da experiência pode ajudar a traçar estratégias que minimizem suas repercussões e garantam o desenvolvimento integral e saudável dos adolescentes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las repercusiones del distanciamiento social en el estado de ánimo, la salud mental y las actividades escolares de los adolescentes brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19, comparando los resultados obtenidos por una encuesta cuantitativa nacional y una investigación cualitativa. Métodos: estudio de métodos mixtos, se utilizó la triangulación de datos para comparar los resultados obtenidos en ambas investigaciones: eje cuantitativo, desarrollado con la aplicación de un cuestionario virtual a nivel nacional, en el que participaron 9.740 adolescentes; en el eje cualitativo, realizado por investigadores de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, se realizaron grupos focales con 27 adolescentes. Se evaluaron cuestiones relacionadas con la calidad del sueño, las actividades escolares, los sentimientos y las emociones experimentadas en este periodo. Resultados: entre el 25% y el 50% de los adolescentes manifestaron síntomas como soledad, nerviosismo, mal humor, irritabilidad y tristeza durante el periodo de distanciamiento social. El 23,9% percibió cambios en la calidad del sueño, además de dificultades relacionadas con el aprendizaje a distancia. El componente cualitativo reveló de forma más profunda los aspectos relacionados con la salud mental y el estado de ánimo de los adolescentes. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos en ambas investigaciones demostraron que la salud mental y el estado de ánimo de los adolescentes empeoraron durante el periodo de distanciamiento social. La salud mental fue una de las más afectadas, con un peor rendimiento escolar, malestar emocional y problemas de sueño. Comprender estos diferentes aspectos de la experiencia puede ayudar a diseñar estrategias que minimicen dichas repercusiones y garanticen el desarrollo pleno y saludable de los adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the repercussions of social distancing on Brazilian adolescents mood, mental health and school activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing the results obtained by a national quantitative survey and by a qualitative research study. Methods: a mixed-methods study. Data triangulation was used to compare the results obtained in both surveys: the quantitative axis was developed with nationwide application of a virtual questionnaire in which 9,740 adolescents participated; in the qualitative axis, conducted by researchers from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, focus groups were carried out with 27 adolescents. Questions related to sleep quality were evaluated, as well as to school activities, feelings and emotions experienced during this period. Results: between 25% and 50% of the adolescents mentioned symptoms such as loneliness, nervousness, bad mood, irritability and sadness during the social distancing period. 23.9% perceived changes in sleep quality, in addition to difficulties related to remote teaching. The qualitative component revealed, in more depth, the aspects related to the adolescents' mental health and mood. Conclusion: the results obtained in both research studies showed deterioration in the adolescents' mental health and mood during the social distancing period. Mental health was one of the most affected areas, with deterioration in school performance, emotional distress and sleep problems. Understanding these different aspects of the experience may help devise strategies that minimize its repercussions and ensure adolescents' comprehensive and healthy development.

Factors associated with violence against children in sentinel urgent and emergency care centers in Brazilian capitals. / Fatores associados a violências contra crianças em Serviços Sentinela de Urgência nas capitais brasileiras.

This study explored the association between demographic characteristics (age and sex) and other variables related to violence committed against children (form of violence perpetrator, place of occurrence, and nature of injury) using a sample of 404 children taken from the 2014 Violence and Accident Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes, VIVA) survey. Correspondence analysis was used to identify variables associated with the outcome violence against children. Victims were predominantly male. The most common form of violence was neglect/abandonment, followed by physical violence and sexual violence. The most common perpetrators were parents (ages zero to one and two to five years), followed by friends (ages six to nine years). The most common place of occurrence was the home. Notable levels of violence were observed at school, particularly among children aged between six and nine years. Neglect was most common in the age group zero to one year and two to five years, while physical violence was most common between children aged between six and nine years.

Noncommunicable diseases and the use of health services: analysis of the National Health Survey in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether sex, education level, and health insurance affect the use of health services among the adult Brazilian population with chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD). METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional survey were analyzed, the National Health Survey (PNS). Frequency of use of services in the population that referred at least one NCD were compared with the frequency from a population that did not report NCD, according to sex, education level, health insurance, and NCD number (1, 2, 3, 4, or more). The prevalence and prevalence ratios were calculated crude and adjusted for sex, age, region, and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The presence of a noncommunicable disease was associated with increase in hospitalizations in the last 12 months, in 1.7 times (95%CI 1.53-1.9). Failing to perform usual activities in the last two weeks for health reasons was 3.1 times higher in NCD carriers (95%CI 2.78-3.46); while the prevalence of medical consultation in the last 12 months was 1.26 times higher (95%CI 1.24-1.28). NCD carriers make more use of health services, as well as women, people with higher number of comorbidities, with health insurance, and higher education level. CONCLUSIONS: NCD carriers make more use of health services, as well as women, people with higher number of comorbidities, with health insurance, and higher education level.

OBJETIVO: Analisar se sexo, escolaridade e posse de plano de saúde influenciam a utilização de serviços de saúde entre a população adulta brasileira portadora de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de inquérito transversal, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Foram comparadas as frequências de uso de serviços na população que referiu pelo menos uma DCNT, com aquelas que não relatam DCNT, segundo sexo, escolaridade, posse de plano de saúde e número de DCNT (1, 2, 3, 4 ou mais). Foram calculadas as prevalências e razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas por sexo, idade e região e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados de inquérito transversal, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Foram comparadas as frequências de uso de serviços na população que referiu pelo menos uma DCNT, com aquelas que não relatam DCNT, segundo sexo, escolaridade, posse de plano de saúde e número de DCNT (1, 2, 3, 4 ou mais). Foram calculadas as prevalências e razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas por sexo, idade e região e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. CONCLUSÕES: Portadores de DCNT têm maior utilização de serviços de saúde, assim como as mulheres, pessoas com maior número de comorbidades, com planos de saúde e elevada escolaridade.

Social representations about aids in people over 50, infected by HIV.

This study analyzes representations about AIDS in nine persons older than 50, infected by HIV. The analysis revealed representations: 'AIDS is a constant death threat'. These were categorized and named by means of the interviewers' statements: 'No doctor thinks, at first, that we can have aids; AIDS isn't cancer; to be old and have AIDS is to be discriminated twice. The results show the importance of integral care delivery by health services to decrease the psychosocial suffering of these people.

Representations about sexuality of people diagnosed late with HIV infection / Representaciones sobre la sexualidad de personas diagnosticadas tardíamente con infección por VIH / Representações sobre sexualidade de pessoas diagnosticadas tardiamente com a infecção pelo HIV

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the representations about sexuality of people diagnosed late with HIV infection and its implications in the delayed search for diagnosis. Methods: this is a qualitative study, whose theoretical and methodological framework was Social Representation Theory. The research was carried out with 18 people diagnosed late with HIV infection through an open interview. For data analysis, Structural Narration Analysis was used, with support from MAXQDA 12®. Results: representations about sexuality contributed to delayed diagnosis, such as trust in a fixed partnership, sexual intercourse is natural, sexuality as a taboo, search for pleasure in sexual intercourse, regardless of risks, denial of risk for HIV infection. Final considerations: representations about sexuality participate in a web of stereotypes and riskier ways of living, which contribute to delayed diagnosis. Sexual health education remains necessary and essential throughout people's lives.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las representaciones sobre la sexualidad de personas diagnosticadas tardíamente de infección por VIH y sus implicaciones en la búsqueda tardía del diagnóstico. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, cuyo marco teórico y metodológico fue la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. La investigación se llevó a cabo, con 18 personas diagnosticadas tardíamente de infección por VIH, a través de una entrevista abierta. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó Structural Narration Analysis, con soporte del software MAXQDA 12®. Resultados: las representaciones sobre la sexualidad contribuyeron al diagnóstico tardío, como la confianza en una pareja fija, la relación sexual es natural, la sexualidad como tabú, la búsqueda del placer en la relación sexual, independientemente de los riesgos, la negación del riesgo de infección por VIH. Consideraciones finales: las representaciones sobre la sexualidad participan en una red de estereotipos y formas de vida más arriesgadas, que contribuyen al descubrimiento tardío de la infección. La educación en salud sexual sigue siendo necesaria y esencial a lo largo de la vida de las personas.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as representações sobre sexualidade de pessoas diagnosticadas tardiamente com a infecção pelo HIV e suas implicações na busca atrasada por diagnóstico. Métodos: estudo de natureza qualitativa, cujo referencial teórico-metodológico foi a Teoria das Representações Sociais. Realizou-se a pesquisa, com 18 pessoas diagnosticadas tardiamente com a infecção pelo HIV, por meio de entrevista aberta. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a Análise Estrutural de Narração, com apoio do software MAXQDA 12®. Resultados: representações sobre sexualidade contribuíram para o diagnóstico tardio, tais como, confiança em parceria fixa, relação sexual é natural, sexualidade como tabu, busca pelo prazer na relação sexual, independente dos riscos, negação do risco para infecção pelo HIV. Considerações finais: representações sobre sexualidade participam de uma teia de estereótipos e de modos de viver mais arriscados, que contribuem para a descoberta tardia da infecção. A educação em saúde sexual permanece necessária e fundamental ao longo da vida das pessoas.

The COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the lifestyles of Brazilian adolescents / A pandemia de COVID-19 e mudanças nos estilos de vida dos adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze changes in the lifestyles of Brazilian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents who participated in the survey "ConVid Adolescentes - Pesquisa de Comportamentos". The indicators related to lifestyles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated: consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, physical activity and sedentary behavior, smoking and consumption of alcohol. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the total population and according to sex and age group. Results: A total of 9,470 adolescents participated in the study. During the period of social distancing, there was an increase in the prevalence of vegetables consumption (from 27.34 to 30.5%), frozen foods (from 13.26 to 17.3%), chocolates and sweets (from 48.58 to 52.51%), and time in front of screens (from 44.57 to 70.15%). On the other hand, there was a decrease in the practice of physical activity (from 28.70 to 15.74%) and in the consumption of alcohol (from 17.72 to 12.77%). Differences were observed according to sex and age group. Conclusion: The results show changes in the lifestyle of adolescents and an increase in health risk behaviors.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as mudanças nos estilos de vida dos adolescentes brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes que participaram do inquérito ConVid Adolescentes — Pesquisa de Comportamentos. Foram avaliados os indicadores relacionados aos estilos de vida antes e durante a pandemia: consumo de alimentos saudáveis e alimentos não saudáveis, prática de atividade física e comportamento sedentário, tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. As prevalências e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados para população total e segundo sexo e faixa etária. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 9.470 adolescentes. Durante o período de distanciamento social, foi observado aumento nas prevalências de consumo de hortaliças (de 27,34 para 30,5%), pratos congelados (de 13,26 para 17,3%), chocolates e doces (de 48,58 para 52,51%), e do tempo em frente às telas (de 44,57 para 70,15%). Por outro lado, houve diminuição da prática de atividade física (de 28,7 para 15,74%) e do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (de 17,72 para 12,77%). Diferenças segundo sexo e faixa etária foram observadas. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam mudanças nos estilos de vida dos adolescentes e aumento de comportamentos de risco à saúde.