RESUMEN
Dengue virus is the most globally prevalent mosquito-transmitted virus. Primary infection with one of four cocirculating serotypes (DENV-1 to -4) causes a febrile illness, but secondary infection with a heterologous serotype can result in severe disease, due in part to antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). In ADE, cross-reactive but nonneutralizing antibodies, or subprotective levels of neutralizing antibodies, promote uptake of antibody-opsonized virus in Fc-γ receptor-positive cells. Thus, elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), but not nonneutralizing antibodies, is desirable for dengue vaccine development. Domain III of the envelope glycoprotein (EDIII) is targeted by bNAbs and thus is an attractive immunogen. However, immunization with EDIII results in sera with limited neutralization breadth. We developed "resurfaced" EDIII immunogens (rsDIIIs) in which the A/G strand epitope that is targeted by bNAb 4E11 is maintained but less desirable epitopes are masked. RsDIIIs bound 4E11, but not serotype-specific or nonneutralizing antibodies. One rsDIII and, unexpectedly, wild-type (WT) DENV-2 EDIII elicited cross-neutralizing antibody responses against DENV-1 to -3 in mice. While these sera were cross-neutralizing, they were not sufficiently potent to protect AG129 immunocompromised mice at a dose of 200 µl (50% focus reduction neutralization titer [FRNT50], â¼1:60 to 1:130) against mouse-adapted DENV-2. Our results provide insight into immunogen design strategies based on EDIII.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus causes approximately 390 million infections per year. Primary infection by one serotype causes a self-limiting febrile illness, but secondary infection by a heterologous serotype can result in severe dengue syndrome, which is characterized by hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. This severe disease is thought to arise because of cross-reactive, non- or poorly neutralizing antibodies from the primary infection that are present in serum at the time of secondary infection. These cross-reactive antibodies enhance the infection rather than controlling it. Therefore, induction of a broadly and potently neutralizing antibody response is desirable for dengue vaccine development. Here, we explore a novel strategy for developing immunogens based on domain III of the E glycoprotein, where undesirable epitopes (nonneutralizing or nonconserved) are masked by mutation. This work provides fundamental insight into the immune response to domain III that can be leveraged for future immunogen design.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/biosíntesis , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Virus del Dengue/genética , Dominios Proteicos/genética , Proteínas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/efectos adversos , Acrecentamiento Dependiente de Anticuerpo , Técnicas de Visualización de Superficie Celular , Reacciones Cruzadas , Dengue/virología , Vacunas contra el Dengue/inmunología , Virus del Dengue/química , Virus del Dengue/inmunología , Epítopos/inmunología , Ratones , Dominios Proteicos/inmunología , Ingeniería de Proteínas/métodos , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Proteínas Virales/química , Proteínas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a multifunctional protein that guides neuronal development through its binding to DNA, recognition of sites of methyl-CpG (mCpG) DNA modification, and interaction with other regulatory proteins. Our study explores the relationship between mCpG and hydroxymethyl-CpG (hmCpG) recognition mediated by its mCpG binding domain (MBD) and binding cooperativity mediated by its C-terminal polypeptide. Previous study of the isolated MBD of MeCP2 documented an unusual mechanism by which ion uptake is required for discrimination of mCpG and hmCpG from CpG. MeCP2 binding cooperativity suppresses discrimination of modified DNA and is highly sensitive to both the total ion concentration and the type of counterions. Higher than physiological total ion concentrations completely suppress MeCP2 binding cooperativity, indicating a dominant electrostatic component to the interaction. Substitution of SO4(2-) for Cl(-) at physiological total ion concentrations also suppresses MeCP2 binding cooperativity, This effect is of particular note as the intracellular Cl(-) concentration changes during neuronal development. A related effect is that the protein-stabilizing solutes, TMAO and glutamate, reduce MeCP2 (but not isolated MBD) binding affinity by 2 orders of magnitude without affecting the apparent binding cooperativity. These observations suggest that polypeptide flexibility facilitates DNA binding by MeCP2. Consistent with this view, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses show that ions have discrete effects on the structure of MeCP2, both MBD and the C-terminal domains. Notably, anion substitution results in changes in the NMR chemical shifts of residues, including some whose mutation causes the autism spectrum disorder Rett syndrome. Binding cooperativity makes MeCP2 an effective competitor with histone H1 for accessible DNA sites. The relationship between MeCP2 binding specificity and cooperativity is discussed in the context of chromatin binding, neuronal function, and neuronal development.
Asunto(s)
ADN/metabolismo , Proteína 2 de Unión a Metil-CpG/metabolismo , ADN/genética , Epigénesis Genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Cinética , Dominio de Unión a CpG-Metil/genética , Proteína 2 de Unión a Metil-CpG/química , Proteína 2 de Unión a Metil-CpG/genética , Neurogénesis , Unión Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Síndrome de Rett/genética , Síndrome de Rett/metabolismoRESUMEN
RNA aptamers are being developed as inhibitors of macromolecular and cellular function, diagnostic tools, and potential therapeutics. Our understanding of the physical nature of this emerging class of nucleic acid-protein complexes is limited; few atomic resolution structures have been reported for aptamers bound to their protein target. Guided by chemical mapping, we systematically minimized an RNA aptamer (Lys1) selected against hen egg white lysozyme. The resultant 59-nucleotide compact aptamer (Lys1.2minE) retains nanomolar binding affinity and the ability to inhibit lysozyme's catalytic activity. Our 2.0-Å crystal structure of the aptamer-protein complex reveals a helical stem stabilizing two loops to form a protein binding platform that binds lysozyme distal to the catalytic cleft. This structure along with complementary solution analyses illuminate a novel protein-nucleic acid interface; (1) only 410 Å(2) of solvent accessible surface are buried by aptamer binding; (2) an unusually small fraction (â¼18%) of the RNA-protein interaction is electrostatic, consistent with the limited protein phosphate backbone contacts observed in the structure; (3) a single Na(+) stabilizes the loops that constitute the protein-binding platform, and consistent with this observation, Lys1.2minE-lysozyme complex formation takes up rather than displaces cations at low ionic strength; (4) Lys1.2minE inhibits catalysis of large cell wall substrates but not catalysis of small model substrates; and (5) the helical stem of Lys1.2minE can be shortened to four base pairs (Lys1.2minF) without compromising binding affinity, yielding a 45-nucleotide aptamer whose structure may be an adaptable protein binding platform.
Asunto(s)
Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/farmacología , Muramidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Sodio/metabolismo , Animales , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Emparejamiento Base , Secuencia de Bases , Catálisis , Pollos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Micrococcus/enzimología , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Muramidasa/genética , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , Concentración Osmolar , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Sodio/química , Electricidad Estática , Especificidad por Sustrato , Ultracentrifugación , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Marburg virus (MARV) and the ebolaviruses belong to the family Filoviridae (the members of which are filoviruses) that cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Infection requires fusion of the host and viral membranes, a process that occurs in the host cell endosomal compartment and is facilitated by the envelope glycoprotein fusion subunit, GP2. The N-terminal fusion loop (FL) of GP2 is a hydrophobic disulfide-bonded loop that is postulated to insert and disrupt the host endosomal membrane during fusion. Here, we describe the first structural and functional studies of a protein corresponding to the MARV GP2 FL. We found that this protein undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change, as monitored by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, we report that, under low pH conditions, the MARV GP2 FL can induce content leakage from liposomes. The general aspects of this pH-dependent structure and lipid-perturbing behavior are consistent with previous reports on Ebola virus GP2 FL. However, nuclear magnetic resonance studies in lipid bicelles and mutational analysis indicate differences in structure exist between MARV and Ebola virus GP2 FL. These results provide new insight into the mechanism of MARV GP2-mediated cell entry.
Asunto(s)
Marburgvirus/química , Marburgvirus/metabolismo , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/química , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/metabolismo , Animales , Escherichia coli/virología , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Lípidos/química , Liposomas/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/virología , Conformación Proteica , Internalización del VirusRESUMEN
Fusion of host and viral membranes is a critical step during infection by membrane-bound viruses. The HIV-1 glycoproteins gp120 (surface subunit) and gp41 (fusion subunit) represent the prototypic system for studying this process; in the prevailing model, the gp41 ectodomain forms a trimeric six-helix bundle that constitutes a critical intermediate and provides the energetic driving force for overcoming barriers associated with membrane fusion. However, most structural studies of gp41 variants have been performed either on ectodomain constructs lacking one or more of the membrane-associated segments (the fusion peptide, FP, the membrane-proximal external region, MPER, and the transmembrane domain, TM) or on variants consisting of these isolated segments alone without the ectodomain. Several recent reports have suggested that the HIV-1 ectodomain, as well as larger construct containing the membrane-bound segments, dissociates from a trimer to a monomer in detergent micelles. Here we compare the properties of a series of gp41 variants to delineate the roles of the ectodomain, FP, and MPER and TM, all in membrane-mimicking environments. We find that these proteins are prone to formation of a monomer in detergent micelles. In one case, we observed exclusive monomer formation at pH 4 but conditional trimerization at pH 7 even at low micromolar (â¼5 µM) protein concentrations. Liposome release assays demonstrate that these gp41-related proteins have the capacity to induce content leakage but that this activity is also strongly modulated by pH with much higher activity at pH 4. Circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and binding assays with antibodies specific to the MPER provide insight into the structural and functional roles of the FP, MPER, and TM and their effect on structure within the larger context of the fusion subunit.
Asunto(s)
Proteína gp41 de Envoltorio del VIH/química , VIH-1/química , Multimerización de Proteína , Membrana Celular/química , Membrana Celular/genética , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Proteína gp41 de Envoltorio del VIH/genética , Proteína gp41 de Envoltorio del VIH/metabolismo , VIH-1/genética , VIH-1/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Micelas , Estructura Cuaternaria de Proteína , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Lipid-based micelles provide an attractive option for therapeutic and diagnostic applications because of their small size (<20 nm) and ability to self-assemble and improve the solubility of both hydrophobic drugs and dyes. Their use, however, has been challenged by the fact that these particles are inherently unstable in serum becaue of interactions with protein components, which drives the micelle equilibrium to the monomeric state. We have engineered serum stabilized micelles using short quadruplex forming oligonucleotide extensions as the lipid headgroup. Quadruplex formation on the surface of the particles, confirmed by (1)H NMR, results in slight distortion of the otherwise spherical micelles and renders them resistant to disassembly by serum proteins for >24 h. Using antisense oligonucleotides we demonstrated that disruption of the quadruplex leads to micelle destabilization and cargo release. The ability to use oligonucleotide interactions to control lipid particle stability represents a new approach in the design of programmed nanoscale devices.
Asunto(s)
Lípidos/química , Micelas , Oligonucleótidos/química , Microscopía Electrónica de TransmisiónRESUMEN
Ebola virus and Sudan virus are members of the family Filoviridae of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses ("filoviruses") that cause severe hemorrhagic fever with fatality rates as high as 90%. Infection by filoviruses requires membrane fusion between the host and the virus; this process is facilitated by the two subunits of the envelope glycoprotein, GP1 (the surface subunit) and GP2 (the transmembrane subunit). The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is a Trp-rich segment that immediately precedes the transmembrane domain of GP2. In the analogous glycoprotein for HIV-1 (gp41), the MPER is critical for membrane fusion and is the target of several neutralizing antibodies. However, the role of the MPER in filovirus GP2 and its importance in membrane fusion have not been established. Here, we characterize the conformational properties of peptides representing the GP MPER segments of Ebola virus and Sudan virus in the presence of micelle-forming surfactants and lipids, at pH 7 and 4.6. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and tryptophan fluorescence indicate that the GP2 MPER peptides bind to micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecylphosphocholine (DPC). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the Sudan virus MPER peptide revealed that residues 644-651 interact directly with DPC, and that this interaction enhances the helical conformation of the peptide. The Sudan virus MPER peptide was found to moderately inhibit cell entry by a GP-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus but did not induce leakage of a fluorescent molecule from a large unilammellar vesicle comprised of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine or cause hemolysis. Taken together, this analysis suggests the filovirus GP2 MPER binds and inserts shallowly into lipid membranes.
Asunto(s)
Ebolavirus/metabolismo , Péptidos/química , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Ebolavirus/genética , Humanos , Micelas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Péptidos/metabolismo , Fosforilcolina/análogos & derivados , Fosforilcolina/química , Fosforilcolina/metabolismo , Conformación Proteica , Tensoactivos/química , Tensoactivos/metabolismo , Triptófano/genética , Triptófano/metabolismo , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/metabolismoRESUMEN
We previously proposed a model of Class IA PI3K regulation in which p85 inhibition of p110alpha requires (i) an inhibitory contact between the p85 nSH2 domain and the p110alpha helical domain, and (ii) a contact between the p85 nSH2 and iSH2 domains that orients the nSH2 so as to inhibit p110alpha. We proposed that oncogenic truncations of p85 fail to inhibit p110 due to a loss of the iSH2-nSH2 contact. However, we now find that within the context of a minimal regulatory fragment of p85 (the nSH2-iSH2 fragment, termed p85ni), the nSH2 domain rotates much more freely (tau(c) approximately 12.7 ns) than it could if it were interacting rigidly with the iSH2 domain. These data are not compatible with our previous model. We therefore tested an alternative model in which oncogenic p85 truncations destabilize an interface between the p110alpha C2 domain (residue N345) and the p85 iSH2 domain (residues D560 and N564). p85ni-D560K/N564K shows reduced inhibition of p110alpha, similar to the truncated p85ni-572(STOP). Conversely, wild-type p85ni poorly inhibits p110alphaN345K. Strikingly, the p110alphaN345K mutant is inhibited to the same extent by the wild-type or truncated p85ni, suggesting that mutation of p110alpha-N345 is not additive with the p85ni-572(STOP) mutation. Similarly, the D560K/N564K mutation is not additive with the p85ni-572(STOP) mutant for downstream signaling or cellular transformation. Thus, our data suggests that mutations at the C2-iSH2 domain contact and truncations of the iSH2 domain, which are found in human tumors, both act by disrupting the C2-iSH2 domain interface.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Western Blotting , Línea Celular , Células HeLa , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Modelos Biológicos , Mutación/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/genética , Transducción de Señal/genéticaRESUMEN
The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, ERK2, fully activated by phosphorylation and without a His(6) tag, shows little tendency to dimerize with or without either calcium or magnesium ions when analyzed by light scattering or analytical ultracentrifugation. Light scattering shows that ~90% of ERK2 is monomeric. Sedimentation equilibrium data (obtained at 4.8-11.2 µM ERK2) with or without magnesium (10 mM) are well described by an ideal one-component model with a fitted molar mass of 40180 ± 240 Da (without Mg(2+) ions) or 41290 ± 330 Da (with Mg(2+) ions). These values, close to the sequence-derived mass of 41711 Da, indicate that no significant dimerization of ERK2 occurs in solution. Analysis of sedimentation velocity data for a 15 µM solution of ERK2 with an enhanced van Holde-Weischet method determined the sedimentation coefficient (s) to be ~3.22 S for activated ERK2 with or without 10 mM MgCl(2). The frictional coefficient ratio (f/f(0)) of 1.28 calculated from the sedimentation velocity and equilibrium data is close to that expected for an ~42 kDa globular protein. The translational diffusion coefficient of ~8.3 × 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) calculated from the experimentally determined molar mass and sedimentation coefficient agrees with the value determined by dynamic light scattering in the absence and presence of calcium or magnesium ions and a value determined by NMR spectrometry. ERK2 has been proposed to homodimerize and bind only to cytoplasmic but not nuclear proteins [Casar, B., et al. (2008) Mol. Cell 31, 708-721]. Our light scattering data show, however, that ERK2 forms a strong 1:1 complex of ~57 kDa with the cytoplasmic scaffold protein PEA-15. Thus, ERK2 binds PEA-15 as a monomer. Our data provide strong evidence that ERK2 is monomeric under physiological conditions. Analysis of the same ERK2 construct with the nonphysiological His(6) tag shows substantial dimerization under the same ionic conditions.
Asunto(s)
Cationes Bivalentes/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis , Activación Enzimática , Humanos , Luz , Dispersión de Radiación , UltracentrifugaciónRESUMEN
This Perspective, arising from a workshop held in July 2008 in Buffalo NY, provides an overview of the role NMR has played in the United States Protein Structure Initiative (PSI), and a vision of how NMR will contribute to the forthcoming PSI-Biology program. NMR has contributed in key ways to structure production by the PSI, and new methods have been developed which are impacting the broader protein NMR community.
Asunto(s)
Genómica/métodos , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Proteínas/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Genómica/tendencias , Conformación ProteicaRESUMEN
Fusion of host and viral membranes is a crucial step during infection by enveloped viruses. In the structurally-defined "class Iâ³ viral glycoproteins, the formation of a highly stable α-helical bundle by the ectodomain of the fusion subunit (e.g., GP2 for Marburg virus, MARV) is postulated to provide the energetic driving force to overcome barriers associated with membrane fusion. Upon cell binding, the fusion subunit is proposed to form an extended intermediate that bridges both the viral and host membranes, and collapse of this extended intermediate brings the two membranes into proximity. While there is much high-resolution structural data available for prefusion and post-fusion structures of viral glycoproteins, little information is available about intermediate conformations especially in the context of the fusion loop/peptide (FL or FP) and membrane-proximal external region (MPER)/transmembrane (TM) segments. We present structural and functional studies on segments of MARV GP2 that encompass the FL and MPER/TM in detergent micelles and lipid bicelles. A protein that contains most elements of GP2 ("MGP2-full") is α-helical in membrane-mimicking environments and has pH-dependent membrane lytic activity. MGP2-full is monomeric under such conditions, contrasting with the trimeric species that has been described previously for MARV GP2 ectodomain in aqueous buffer. Variants of MARV GP2 containing the N- and C-terminal halves ("MGP2-FNL" and "MGP2-CMT", respectively) have similar properties. This work provides novel insight into conformational and membrane-perturbing properties of the MARV fusion subunit and how they may relate to viral membrane fusion.
RESUMEN
Considerable progress has been made recently on solution NMR studies of multi-transmembrane helix membrane protein systems of increasing size. Careful correlation of structure with function has validated the physiological relevance of these studies in detergent micelles. However, larger micelle and bicelle systems are sometimes required to stabilize the active forms of dynamic membrane proteins, such as the bacterial small multidrug resistance transporters. Even in these systems with aggregate molecular weights well over 100 kDa, solution NMR structural studies are feasible-but challenging.
Asunto(s)
Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Micelas , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismoRESUMEN
The conformation of the ATP synthase c-subunit and the pKa of its essential E54 residue were characterized in alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4. The c-subunit folds as a helix-loop-helix, with inter-helical contacts demonstrated by paramagnetic relaxation effects. The E54 pKa of 7.7 is significantly higher than in non-alkaliphiles, which likely prevents proton loss from the c-rotor at high pH. The E54 pKa was unchanged in a mutant, cP51A, that has a severe ATP synthesis defect at high pH only. cP51 must have some structural role that accounts for the mutant defect, such as different subunit-subunit interactions at high pH.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus/enzimología , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Ácido Glutámico/química , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Mitocondriales/química , Conformación Proteica , Subunidades de Proteína/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Mitocondriales/genética , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Pliegue de Proteína , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , Subunidades de Proteína/metabolismo , ProtonesRESUMEN
The type I phosphoribosyltransferase OMP synthase (EC 2.4.2.10) is involved in de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides forming the UMP precursor orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP). The homodimeric enzyme has a Rossman α/ß core topped by a base-enclosing "hood" domain and a flexible domain-swapped catalytic loop. High-resolution X-ray structures of the homologous Salmonella typhimurium and yeast enzymes show that a general compacting of the core as well as movement of the hood and a major disorder-to-order transition of the loop occur upon binding of ligands MgPRPP and orotate. Here we present backbone NMR assignments for the unliganded yeast enzyme (49 kDa) and its complex with product OMP. We were able to assign 212-213 of the 225 non-proline backbone (15)N and amide proton resonances. Significant difference in chemical shifts of the amide cross peaks occur in regions of the structure that undergo movement upon ligand occupancy in the S. typhimurium enzyme.
Asunto(s)
Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Orotato Fosforribosiltransferasa/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Biocatálisis , Isótopos de Carbono , Hidrógeno , Ligandos , Isótopos de Nitrógeno , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Uridina Monofosfato/análogos & derivados , Uridina Monofosfato/química , Uridina Monofosfato/metabolismoRESUMEN
The plasmid-encoded small multidrug resistance pump from S. aureus transports a variety of quaternary ammonium and other hydrophobic compounds, enhancing the bacterial host's resistance to common hospital disinfectants. The protein folds as a homo-dimer of four transmembrane helices each, and appears to be fully functional only in lipid bilayers. Here we report the backbone resonance assignments and implied secondary structure for (2)H(13)C(15)N Smr reconstituted into lipid bicelles. Significant changes were observed between the chemical shifts of the protein in lipid bicelles compared to those in detergent micelles.
Asunto(s)
Antiportadores/química , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Staphylococcus aureus/química , Isótopos de Carbono , Hidrógeno , Isótopos de Nitrógeno , Estructura Secundaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
Pulse sequences for spin-1/2-spin-1 pair heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), heteronuclear double quantum correlation (HDQC), and coupled-HSQC, and coupled-HDQC NMR spectroscopies are outlined, and experimental realization for a (13)C-(2)H pair is demonstrated in solution state. In both the coupled versions, conditions for generation of in-phase and antiphase multiplets in either dimension are arrived at. The patterns and the intensity ratios are explained. The double quantum (2Q) experiments confirm doubling of both the shift frequency and the splitting due to coupling (to spin 1/2) of the 2Q coherence emanating from spin 1. The frequency doubling is equivalent to the corresponding single quantum (1Q) coherence at double the magnetic field strength. The coupling doubling, however, is independent of the magnetic field strength and a signature feature of the 2Q coherence. The ramification of the relative relaxation rates of 1Q and 2Q coherences is discussed.
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Campos Electromagnéticos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Soluciones/química , Marcadores de Spin , Benceno/química , Isótopos de Carbono/química , Dioxanos/química , Conformación Molecular , Teoría Cuántica , Rotación , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
G-matrix FT projection NMR spectroscopy was employed for resonance assignment of the 79-residue subunit c of the Escherichia coli F(1)F(0) ATP synthase embedded in micelles formed by lyso palmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (LPPG). Five GFT NMR experiments, that is, (3,2)D HNNCO, L-(4,3)D HNNC (alphabeta) C (alpha), L-(4,3)D HNN(CO)C (alphabeta) C (alpha), (4,2)D HACA(CO)NHN and (4,3)D HCCH, were acquired along with simultaneous 3D (15)N, (13)C(aliphatic), (13)C(aromatic)-resolved [(1)H,(1)H]-NOESY with a total measurement time of approximately 43 h. Data analysis resulted in sequence specific assignments for all routinely measured backbone and (13)C(beta) shifts, and for 97% of the side chain shifts. Moreover, the use of two G(2)FT NMR experiments, that is, (5,3)D HN{N,CO}{C (alphabeta) C (alpha)} and (5,3)D {C (alphabeta) C (alpha)}{CON}HN, was explored to break the very high chemical shift degeneracy typically encountered for membrane proteins. It is shown that the 4D and 5D spectral information obtained rapidly from GFT and G(2)FT NMR experiments enables one to efficiently obtain (nearly) complete resonance assignments of membrane proteins.
Asunto(s)
ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Bacterianas/química , Glucolípidos/farmacología , Fosfatos de Inositol/farmacología , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Micelas , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Procesamiento Automatizado de Datos , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Conformación Proteica , Subunidades de Proteína/químicaRESUMEN
The acid-induced unfolding of human platelet profilin (HPP) can be minimally modeled as a three-state process. Equilibrium unfolding studies have been performed on human platelet profilin1 (HPP) and monitored by far-UV circular dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, ANS binding, and NMR spectroscopy. Far-UV CD measurements obtained by acid titration demonstrate that HPP unfolds via a three-state mechanism (N --> I --> U), with a highly populated intermediate between pH 4 and 5. Approximately 80% of native helical secondary structural content remains at pH 4, as indicated by monitoring the CD signal at 222 nm. The stability (DeltaGH2O) of the native conformation at pH 7.0 (obtained by monitoring the change in tryptophan signal as a function of urea concentration) is 5.56 +/- 0.51 kcal mol-1; however, the DeltaGH2O for the intermediate species at pH 4 is 2.01 +/- 0.47 kcal mol-1. The calculated m-values for the pH 7.0 and pH 4.0 species were 1.64 +/- 0.15 and 1.34 +/- 0.17 kcal mol-1 M-1, respectively, which is an indication that the native and intermediate species are similarly compact. Additionally, translational diffusion measurements obtained by NMR spectroscopy and ANS binding studies are consistent with a globular and compact conformation at both pH 7.0 and 4.0. The pKa values for the two histidine (His) residues located on helix 4 of HPP were determined to be 5.6 and 5.7 pH units. These pKa values coincide with the midpoint of the far-UV CD acid titration curve and suggest that the protonation of one or both His residues may play a role in the formation of the unfolding intermediate. Stable intermediate species populate the 2D 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectra between pH 4 and 5. A number of backbone and side-chain resonances show significant perturbations relative to the native spectrum; however, considerable nativelike tertiary contacts remain. Interestingly, the residues on HPP that are significantly altered at low pH coincide with segments of the G-actin binding surface and poly-l-proline binding interface. The earlier reports that a decrease in pH below 6.0 induces structural alterations in profilin, favoring dissociation of the profilin-actin complex, corresponds with the structural alterations observed in the partially unfolded species. Our findings suggest that a novel mechanism for pH induced disruption of the profilin-G-actin complex involve a nativelike unfolding intermediate of profilin.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/fisiología , Profilinas/sangre , Profilinas/química , Equilibrio Ácido-Base , Aminoácidos/análisis , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Modelos Moleculares , Profilinas/aislamiento & purificación , Conformación ProteicaRESUMEN
Critical events in the life cycle of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the binding of cytoplasmic capsids to cellular organelles and subsequent envelopment. Work from several laboratories suggests that these events occur as a result of a network of partially redundant interactions among the capsid surface, tegument components, and cytoplasmic tails of virally encoded glycoproteins. Consistent with this model, we previously showed that tegument protein VP16 can specifically interact with the cytoplasmic tail of envelope protein gH in vitro and in vivo when fused to glutathione S-transferase and to green fluorescent protein, respectively. In both instances, this association was strikingly temperature dependent: binding occurred only at 37 degrees C and not at lower temperatures. Here we demonstrate that virally expressed full-length gH and VP16 can be coimmunoprecipitated from HSV-infected cells and that this association is also critically dependent upon the physiological temperature. To investigate the basis of this temperature requirement, we performed one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on peptides with the sequence of the gH tail. We found that the gH tail is disorganized at temperatures permissive for binding but becomes structured at lower temperatures. Furthermore, a mutated tail unable to adopt this rigid conformation binds VP16 even at 4 degrees C. We hypothesize that the gH tail is unstructured under physiological conditions in order to maximize the number of potential tegument partners with which it may associate. Being initially disordered, the gH tail may adopt one of several induced conformations as it associates with VP16 or alternative components of the tegument, maximizing redundancy during particle assembly.
Asunto(s)
Citoplasma/metabolismo , Proteína Vmw65 de Virus del Herpes Simple/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiología , Unión Proteica , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/metabolismo , Animales , Células COS , Chlorocebus aethiops , Herpesvirus Humano 1/metabolismo , Modelos Químicos , Temperatura , Células Vero , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/química , Ensamble de VirusRESUMEN
p85/p110 phosphoinositide 3-kinases regulate multiple cell functions and are frequently mutated in human cancer. The p85 regulatory subunit stabilizes and inhibits the p110 catalytic subunit. The minimal fragment of p85 capable of regulating p110 is the N-terminal SH2 domain linked to the coiled-coil iSH2 domain (referred to as p85ni). We have previously proposed that the conformationally rigid iSH2 domain tethers p110 to p85, facilitating regulatory interactions between p110 and the p85 nSH2 domain. In an oncogenic mutant of murine p85, truncation at residue 571 leads to constitutively increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, which has been proposed to result from either loss of an inhibitory Ser-608 autophosphorylation site or altered interactions with cellular regulatory factors. We have examined this mutant (referred to as p65) in vitro and find that p65 binds but does not inhibit p110, leading to constitutive p110 activity. This activated phenotype is observed with recombinant proteins in the absence of cellular factors. Importantly, this effect is also produced by truncating p85ni at residue 571. Thus, the phenotype is not because of loss of the Ser-608 inhibitory autophosphorylation site, which is not present in p85ni. To determine the structural basis for the phenotype of p65, we used a broadly applicable spin label/NMR approach to define the positioning of the nSH2 domain relative to the iSH2 domain. We found that one face of the nSH2 domain packs against the 581-593 region of the iSH2 domain. The loss of this interaction in the truncated p65 would remove the orienting constraints on the nSH2 domain, leading to a loss of p110 regulation by the nSH2. Based on these findings, we propose a general model for oncogenic mutants of p85 and p110 in which disruption of nSH2-p110 regulatory contacts leads to constitutive p110 activity.