Pesticide analysis by pulsed flow modulation GCxGC-MS with Cold EI-an alternative to GC-MS-MS.

We explored the use of pulsed flow modulation (PFM) two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GCxGC) mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams (SMB) (also named Cold electron ionization (EI)) for achieving universal pesticide analysis in agricultural products. The use of GCxGC serves as an alternative to MS-MS in the needed reduction of matrix interference while enabling full-scan MS operation for universal pesticide analysis with reduced number of false negatives. Matrix interference is further reduced with Cold EI in view of the enhancement of the molecular ions. Pulsed flow modulation is a simple GCxGC modulator that does not consume cryogenic gases while providing tuneable second GCxGC column injection time for enabling the use of quadrupole-based mass spectrometry regardless its limited scanning speed. PFM-GCxGC-MS with Cold EI combines improved separation of GCxGC with Cold EI benefits of tailing-free ultra-fast ion source response time and enhanced molecular ions for the provision of increased sample identification information and reduced matrix interference. Consequently, PFM GCxGC-MS with Cold EI also improved NIST library identification probabilities of the spiked pesticides. PFM GCxGC is further characterized by largely increased second column sample and matrix capacity that as a result performs much better than thermal modulation GCxGC-MS with standard EI in the suppression of matrix interference. In a comparison with standard GC-MS, we measured with PFM GCxGC-MS with Cold EI an average total ion count matrix interference reduction factor of 32 for 12 pesticides in two matrices of baby leaves mixture and lettuce. In addition, Cold EI further increases the range of pesticides amenable for GC-MS analysis and its response is relatively uniform hence with it the need for pesticides specific calibration is reduced. Graphical abstract Pulsed flow modulation GCxGC-MS with Cold EI significantly reduces matrix interference and improves sample identification.

Fast, high-sensitivity, multipesticide analysis of complex mixtures with supersonic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

We developed a new instrumental approach, termed Supersonic GC-MS, which achieves fast, sensitive, confirmatory and quantitative analysis of a broad range of pesticides in complex agricultural matrices. Our Supersonic GC-MS system is a modification of a bench-top Agilent 6890 GC+5972 MSD with a supersonic molecular beam (SMB) interface and fly-through EI ion source. One of the main advantages of Supersonic GC-MS is an enhanced molecular ion (M+) in the resulting mass spectra. For example, the M+ was observed in all 88 pesticides that we studied using the Supersonic GC-MS whereas only 36 of 63 (57%) pesticides that we investigated in standard GC-MS exhibited a M+. We also found that the degree of matrix interference is exponentially reduced with the fragment mass by about 20-fold per 100 amu increasing mass. The enhancement of the M+ combined with the reduction in matrix background noise permit rapid full scan analysis of a potentially unlimited number of pesticides, unlike selected ion monitoring or MS-MS in which specific conditions are required in segments for targeted pesticides. Furthermore, unlike the case with chemical ionization, EI-SMB-MS spectra still give accurate identification of compounds using common mass spectral libraries. In practice,we found thatlibraries favor mass spectra in which the M+ appears, thus Supersonic GC-MS produced better spectra for compound identification than standard GC-MS. To achieve even lower identification limits, the M+ plus a second major ion (still using full scan data) gives higher signal-to-chemical noise ratios than the traditional 3-ion approach. The replacement of two low-mass ions with the M+ (supersonic two-ions method) results in a significant reduction of matrix interference by a factor of up to 90. Another main advantage of Supersonic GC-MS is its exceptional suitability for fast GC-MS with high carrier gas flow-rate. Fast Supersonic GC-MS was able to analyze thermally labile pesticides, such as carbamates, that are difficult or impossible to analyze in standard GC-MS. Large volume injection using a ChromatoProbe was also demonstrated, in the 6 min analysis of pesticides at 20 ng/g in a spice matrix.

Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil.

AIM: Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut oil. METHOD: GC/MS method was developed for the determination of eight cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia) oil. RESULTS: Monocyclopropane acids: methyl 9-cyclopropyl-nonanoate, 6,7-methylene-, 8,9-methylene-, 9,10-methylene-, 11,12-methylene octadecanoates, and dicyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13-dimethylene octadecanoate, tricyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13,15,16-trimethylene octadecanoate, and unsaturated - methyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1-octanoate were detected in walnut oil by GC-MS and their mass spectra studied. Four cyclic fatty acids were identified for the fist time in seed oils. CONCLUSIONS: Eight cyclopropyl fatty acids were detected in the Mediterranean nuts for the first time.

Occurrence of p-nonylphenol isomers in wild species of Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum.

p-Nonylphenol isomers and other aromatic compounds were found in roots and stalks of the plant Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum. These compounds were characterized by high-resolution capillary GC-MS.

Salt induction of fatty acid elongase and membrane lipid modifications in the extreme halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina.

In studies of the outstanding salt tolerance of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina, we isolated a cDNA for a salt-inducible mRNA encoding a protein homologous to plant beta-ketoacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthases (Kcs). These microsomal enzymes catalyze the condensation of malonyl-CoA with acyl-CoA, the first and rate-limiting step in fatty acid elongation. Kcs activity, localized to a D. salina microsomal fraction, increased in cells transferred from 0.5 to 3.5 M NaCl, as did the level of the kcs mRNA. The function of the kcs gene product was directly demonstrated by the condensing activity exhibited by Escherichia coli cells expressing the kcs cDNA. The effect of salinity on kcs expression in D. salina suggested the possibility that salt adaptation entailed modifications in the fatty acid composition of algal membranes. Lipid analyses indicated that microsomes, but not plasma membranes or thylakoids, from cells grown in 3.5 M NaCl contained a considerably higher ratio of C18 (mostly unsaturated) to C16 (mostly saturated) fatty acids compared with cells grown in 0.5 M salt. Thus, the salt-inducible Kcs, jointly with fatty acid desaturases, may play a role in adapting intracellular membrane compartments to function in the high internal glycerol concentrations balancing the external osmotic pressure.