Direct femtosecond laser-induced formation of CdS quantum dots inside silicate glass.

We report the one-step precipitation of CdS quantum dots in the volume of CdS-doped silicate glass under the focused femtosecond laser beam without additional heat treatment of glass. Femtosecond direct laser writing leads to the annular distribution of the precipitated CdS quantum dots in laser-written domain optical properties of which could be tuned by laser beam parameters. Increasing the laser pulse number to 103 significantly enhances luminescence intensity in the domains, while further increasing up to 106 pulses leads to luminescence quenching. A possible scenario for the formation and distribution of quantum dots is proposed.

Time-Resolved Measurement of Interatomic Coulombic Decay Induced by Two-Photon Double Excitation of Ne_{2}.

The hitherto unexplored two-photon doubly excited states [Ne^{*}(2p^{-1}3s)]_{2} were experimentally identified using the seeded, fully coherent, intense extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser FERMI. These states undergo ultrafast interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD), which predominantly produces singly ionized dimers. In order to obtain the rate of ICD, the resulting yield of Ne_{2}^{+} ions was recorded as a function of delay between the extreme ultraviolet pump and UV probe laser pulses. The extracted lifetimes of the long-lived doubly excited states, 390(-130/+450) fs, and of the short-lived ones, less than 150 fs, are in good agreement with ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.

Diffusion-driven and size-dependent phase changes of gallium oxide nanocrystals in a glassy host.

Phase transformations at the nanoscale represent a challenging field of research, mainly in the case of nanocrystals (NCs) in a solid host, with size-effects and interactions with the matrix. Here we report the study of the structural evolution of γ-Ga2O3 NCs in alkali-germanosilicate glass - a technologically relevant system for its light emission and UV-to-visible conversion - showing an evolution drastically different from the expected transformation of γ-Ga2O3 into ß-Ga2O3. Differential scanning calorimetry registers an irreversible endothermic process at ∼1300 K, well above the exothermic peak of γ-Ga2O3 nano-crystallization (∼960 K) and below the melting temperature (∼1620 K). Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction data clarify that glass-embedded γ-Ga2O3 NCs transform into LiGa5O8via diffusion-driven kinetics of Li incorporation into NCs. At the endothermic peak, ß-Ga2O3 forms from LiGa5O8 dissociation, following a nucleation-limited kinetics promoted by size-dependent order-disorder change between LiGa5O8 polymorphs. As a result of the changes, modifications of UV-excited NC light emission are registered, with potential interest for applications.

Broadband infrared light-emitting patterns in optical glass by laser-induced nanostructuring of NiO-doped alkali-gallium germanosilicates.

In this Letter, we show functionalization of NiO-doped 7.5Li(2)O·2.5Na(2)O·20Ga(2)O(3)·35SiO(2)·35GeO(2) glass by space-selective nanocrystallization via exposure to the focused beam of a pulsed copper vapor laser (510.6 and 578.2 nm) at temperature close to the glass transition point (570°C). Irradiated areas drastically change their color, caused by electronic transitions of Ni(2+) dopant ions, without any alteration of the optical quality. Importantly, irradiated regions acquire broadband infrared luminescence (centered at about 1400 nm and possessing 400 nm effective bandwidth) typical of Ni(2+) ions in crystalline environment, and by positive change of refractive index (more than 10(-3)). Spectroscopic and diffractometric data of the irradiated regions indeed resemble those previously observed in thermally nanocrystallized glass, with Ni(2+) ions embedded in γ-Ga(2)O(3) nanocrystals. The results demonstrate the possibility of laser writing nanocrystallized multifunction patterns in germanosilicate glasses for the fabrication of active integrated devices.

Nickel-assisted growth and selective doping of spinel-like gallium oxide nanocrystals in germano-silicate glasses for infrared broadband light emission.

The target of taking advantage of the near-infrared light-emission properties of nickel ions in crystals for the design of novel broadband optical amplifiers requires the identification of suitable nanostructured glasses able to embed Ni-doped nanocrystals and to preserve the workability of a glass. Here we show that Ni doping of Li(2)O-Na(2)O-Ga(2)O(3)-GeO(2)-SiO(2) glass (with composition 7.5:2.5:20:35:35 and melting temperature 1480 °C, sensibly lower than in Ge-free silicates) enables the selective embedding of nickel ions in thermally grown nanocrystals of spinel-like gallium oxide. The analysis of transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction data as a function of Ni-content (from 0.01 to 1 mol%) indicates that Ni ions promote the nanophase crystallization without affecting nanoparticle size (~6 nm) and concentration (~4 × 10(18) cm(-3)). Importantly, as shown by optical absorption spectra, all nickel ions enter into the nanophase, with a number of ions per nanocrystal that depends on the nanocrystal concentration and ranges from 1 to 10(2). Photoluminescence data indicate that fast non-radiative decay processes become relevant only at mean ion-ion distances shorter than 1.4 nm, which enables the incorporation of a few Ni ions per nanoparticle without too large a worsening of the light-emission efficiency. Indeed, at 0.1 mol% nickel, the room temperature quantum yield is 9%, with an effective bandwidth of 320 nm.

Few-femtosecond passage of conical intersections in the benzene cation.

Observing the crucial first few femtoseconds of photochemical reactions requires tools typically not available in the femtochemistry toolkit. Such dynamics are now within reach with the instruments provided by attosecond science. Here, we apply experimental and theoretical methods to assess the ultrafast nonadiabatic vibronic processes in a prototypical complex system-the excited benzene cation. We use few-femtosecond duration extreme ultraviolet and visible/near-infrared laser pulses to prepare and probe excited cationic states and observe two relaxation timescales of 11 ± 3 fs and 110 ± 20 fs. These are interpreted in terms of population transfer via two sequential conical intersections. The experimental results are quantitatively compared with state-of-the-art multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree calculations showing convincing agreement in the timescales. By characterising one of the fastest internal conversion processes studied to date, we enter an extreme regime of ultrafast molecular dynamics, paving the way to tracking and controlling purely electronic dynamics in complex molecules.

Interatomic Coulombic decay cascades in multiply excited neon clusters.

In high-intensity laser light, matter can be ionized by direct multiphoton absorption even at photon energies below the ionization threshold. However on tuning the laser to the lowest resonant transition, the system becomes multiply excited, and more efficient, indirect ionization pathways become operative. These mechanisms are known as interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD), where one of the species de-excites to its ground state, transferring its energy to ionize another excited species. Here we show that on tuning to a higher resonant transition, a previously unknown type of interatomic Coulombic decay, intra-Rydberg ICD occurs. In it, de-excitation of an atom to a close-lying Rydberg state leads to electron emission from another neighbouring Rydberg atom. Moreover, systems multiply excited to higher Rydberg states will decay by a cascade of such processes, producing even more ions. The intra-Rydberg ICD and cascades are expected to be ubiquitous in weakly-bound systems exposed to high-intensity resonant radiation.

[Selection and study of potent lactose-fermenting yeasts]. / Otbor i kharakteristika drozhzhei, aktivno sbrazhivaiushchikh laktozu.

Whey-fermenting Kluyveromyces cultures were revealed among 105 yeast strains assimilating lactose. Eighteen most potent strains isolated from milk products fermented galactose, sucrose, and raffinose, in addition to lactose. Many yeast strains fermented inulin. Most strains were resistant to cycloheximide and grew in medium containing glucose, NaCl, and ethanol at concentrations of up to 50, 11-12, and 10-12%, respectively (4 degrees C). Three strains had mycocinogenic activity. After fermentation of whey with selected yeast strains at 30 degrees C for 2-3 days, ethanol concentration was 4-5%.

[Antifungal cellobiose lipid secreted by the epiphytic yeast Pseudozyma graminicola].

The yeast Pseudozyma graminicola isolated from plants inhibited growth of almost all ascomycetes and basidiomycetes tested (over 270 species of ca. 100 genera) including pathogenic species. This yeast secreted a fungicidal agent, which was identified as a glycolipid composed of cellobiose residue with two O-substituents (acetyl and 3-hydroxycaproic acid) and 2,15,16-trihydroxypalmitic acid. The release of ATP from the glycolipid-treated cells indicated that this glycolipid impaired the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane. Basidiomycetes were more sensitive to the cellobiose lipid than ascomycetes.

[A new basidiomycetous yeast species, Cryptococcus mycelialis, related to Holtermannia Saccardo et Traverso]. / Novyi vid bazidiomitsetnykh drozhzhei Cryptococcus mycelialis, rodstvennyi Holtermannia Saccardo et Traverso.

A new species of the genus Cryptococcus, Cr. mycelialis (the type strain VKM Y-2863), is described based on the taxonomic study of four strains isolated from the soil and plant samples collected on the South Georgia and East Falkland islands. This species differs from the known Cryptococcus species in its ability to form a true monokaryotic mycelium with pseudoclamp connections and haustoria. The species can be distinguished from the phylogenetically related and phenotypically similar species Holtermannia corniformis and Cr. nyarrowii by some assimilatory reactions, maximum growth temperature, and sensitivity to mycocins.

[Selenium tolerance of yeasts]. / Selenoustoichivost' drozhzhei.

Selenium tolerance of yeasts widely varies: the growth of some yeasts can be inhibited by a selenium concentration as low as 10(-4) M, whereas others can grow in the presence of 10(-1) M selenium. Homogeneous yeast taxa are characterized by a certain level of selenium tolerance, and heterogeneous taxa show a variable level of tolerance to selenium. In general, ascomycetous yeasts are more tolerant to selenium than basidiomycetous yeasts. Among the ascomycetous yeasts, the genera Dekkera and Schizosaccharomyces exhibited the lowest and the species Candida maltosa, Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Yarrowia lipolytica the highest tolerance to selenium. Among the basidiomycetous yeasts, the genera Bullera, Cryptococcus, and Holtermannia showed the lowest and the species Cryptococcus curvatus, Cr. humicola, and Trichosporon spp. the highest tolerance to selenium. The selenium tolerance of yeasts depends on the composition of the growth medium, in particular, on the presence of sulfate, sulfur-containing amino acids, and glutamine in the medium.

[The fungicidal activity of an extracellular glycolipid from Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili sugiyama et al]. / Fungitsidnaia aktivnost' vnekletochnogo glikolipida Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili sugiyama et al.

The yeast Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili (Ustilaginomycetes) produces an extracellular glycolipid, which possesses the maximum antifungal activity at the pH of the medium equal to 4.0-4.5. Among the approximately 300 tested species of yeastlike and mycelial fungi, more than 80% (including species pathogenic for plants, animals, and humans) were found to be susceptible to this glycolipid.