RESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the impact of eccentric-vision training on population receptive field (pRF) estimates to provide insights into brain plasticity processes driven by practice. Fifteen participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements before and after behavioral training on a visual crowding task, where the relative orientation of the opening (gap position: up/down, left/right) in a Landolt C optotype had to be discriminated in the presence of flanking ring stimuli. Drifting checkerboard bar stimuli were used for pRF size estimation in multiple regions of interest (ROIs): dorsal-V1 (dV1), dorsal-V2 (dV2), ventral-V1 (vV1), and ventral-V2 (vV2), including the visual cortex region corresponding to the trained retinal location. pRF estimates in V1 and V2 were obtained along eccentricities from 0.5° to 9°. Statistical analyses revealed a significant decrease of the crowding anisotropy index (p = 0.009) after training, indicating improvement on crowding task performance following training. Notably, pRF sizes at and near the trained location decreased significantly (p = 0.005). Dorsal and ventral V2 exhibited significant pRF size reductions, especially at eccentricities where the training stimuli were presented (p < 0.001). In contrast, no significant changes in pRF estimates were found in either vV1 (p = 0.181) or dV1 (p = 0.055) voxels. These findings suggest that practice on a crowding task can lead to a reduction of pRF sizes in trained visual cortex, particularly in V2, highlighting the plasticity and adaptability of the adult visual system induced by prolonged training.
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Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Plasticidad Neuronal , Corteza Visual , Campos Visuales , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Corteza Visual/fisiología , Adulto , Campos Visuales/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Adulto Joven , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa/métodosRESUMEN
A pioneering study by Volkmann (1858) revealed that training on a tactile discrimination task improved task performance, indicative of tactile learning, and that such tactile learning transferred from trained to untrained body parts. However, the neural mechanisms underlying tactile learning and transfer of tactile learning have remained unclear. We trained groups of human subjects (female and male) in daily sessions on a tactile discrimination task either by stimulating the palm of the right hand or the sole of the right foot. Task performance before training was similar between the palm and sole. Posttraining transfer of tactile learning was greater from the trained right sole to the untrained right palm than from the trained right palm to the untrained right sole. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate pattern classification analysis revealed that the somatotopic representation of the right palm in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI) was coactivated during tactile stimulation of the right sole. More pronounced coactivation in the cortical representation of the right palm was associated with lower tactile performance for tactile stimulation of the right sole and more pronounced subsequent transfer of tactile learning from the trained right sole to the untrained right palm. In contrast, coactivation of the cortical sole representation during tactile stimulation of the palm was less pronounced and no association with tactile performance and subsequent transfer of tactile learning was found. These results indicate that tactile learning may transfer to untrained body parts that are coactivated to support tactile learning with the trained body part.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Perceptual skills such as the discrimination of tactile cues can improve by means of training, indicative of perceptual learning and sensory plasticity. However, it has remained unclear whether and if so, how such perceptual learning can occur if the training task is very difficult. Here, we show for tactile perceptual learning that the representation of the palm of the hand in primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is coactivated to support learning of a difficult tactile discrimination task with tactile stimulation of the sole of the foot. Such cortical coactivation of an untrained body part to support tactile learning with a trained body part might be critically involved in the subsequent transfer of tactile learning between the trained and untrained body parts.
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Corteza Somatosensorial , Percepción del Tacto , Femenino , Mano/fisiología , Cuerpo Humano , Humanos , Masculino , Corteza Somatosensorial/fisiología , Tacto , Percepción del Tacto/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Self-motion perception involves an interaction between vestibular and visual brain regions. In the lateral brain, it includes the parietoinsular vestibular cortex and the posterior insular cortex. In the medial cortex, the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area is known to process visual-vestibular cues. Here, we show that the vestibular-visual network of the medial cortex extends beyond area CSv. We examined brain activations of 36 healthy right-handed participants by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during stimulation with caloric vestibular, thermal, or visual motion cues. Consistent with previous research, we found that area CSv responded to both vestibular and visual cues but not to thermal cues. Moreover, the V6 complex and the precuneus motion (PcM) area responded primarily to (laminar-translational) visual motion cues. However, we also observed a region inferior to CSv within the pericallosal sulcus (vicinity of anterior retrosplenial) that primarily responded to vestibular cues. This vestibular pericallosal sulcus (vPCS) region did not respond to either visual or thermal cues. It was also distinct from a more posterior motion-sensitive region in the retrosplenial complex (mRSC) that responded to (radial) visual motion but not to vestibular and thermal cues. Together, our results suggest that the vestibular-visual network in the medial cortex not only includes areas CSv, PcM, and the V6 complex but also two additional brain regions adjacent to the callosum. These two brain regions exhibit similarities in terms of their locations and responses to vestibular and visual cues with self-motion-related brain regions recently described in nonhuman primates.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Self-motion perception involves several vestibular and visual cortical regions. Within the medial cortex, the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area, the precuneus motion (PcM) area, and the V6 complex respond selectively to self-motion cues. Here, we show that vestibular information is also processed in the pericallosal sulcus (vPCS), whereas (radial) visual motion information is associated with activation in the retrosplenial cortex (mRSC).
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Mapeo Encefálico , Percepción de Movimiento , Humanos , Estimulación Luminosa/métodos , Encéfalo/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Giro del Cíngulo , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodosRESUMEN
Attending to a stimulus enhances the neuronal responses to it, while responses to nonattended stimuli are not enhanced and may even be suppressed. Although the neural mechanisms of response enhancement for attended stimuli have been intensely studied, the neural mechanisms underlying attentional suppression remain largely unknown. It is uncertain whether attention acts to suppress the processing in sensory cortical areas that would otherwise process the nonattended stimulus or the subcortical input to these cortical areas. Moreover, the neurochemical mechanisms inducing a reduction or suppression of neuronal responses to nonattended stimuli are as yet unknown. Here, we investigated how attention directed toward visual processing cross-modally acts to suppress vestibular responses in the human brain. By using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a group of female and male subjects, we find that attention to visual motion downregulates in a load-dependent manner the concentration of excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate and its precursor glutamine, referred to together as Glx) within the parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC), a core cortical area of the vestibular system, while leaving the concentration of inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA) in PIVC unchanged. This makes PIVC less responsive to excitatory thalamic vestibular input, as corroborated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Together, our results suggest that attention acts to suppress the processing of nonattended sensory cues cortically by neurochemically rendering the core cortical area of the nonattended sensory modality less responsive to excitatory thalamic input.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we address a fundamental problem that has eluded attention research for decades, namely, how the brain ignores irrelevant stimuli. To date, three classes of solutions to this problem have been proposed: (1) enhancement of GABAergic interneuron activity in cortex, (2) downregulation of glutamatergic cell activity in cortex; and (3) downregulation of neural activity in thalamic projection areas, which would then provide the cortex with less input. Here, we use magnetic resonance spectroscopy in humans and find support for the second hypothesis, implying that attention to one sensory modality involves the suppression of irrelevant stimuli of another sensory modality by downregulating glutamate in the cortex.
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Atención/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Estimulación Luminosa , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Numerical estimation of arrays of objects is faster and more accurate when items can be clustered into groups, a phenomenon termed "groupitizing." Grouping can facilitate segregation into subitizable "chunks," each easily estimated, then summed. The current study investigates whether spatial grouping of arrays drives specific neural responses during numerical estimation, reflecting strategies such as exact calculation and fact retrieval. Fourteen adults were scanned with fMRI while estimating either the numerosity or shape of arrays of items, either randomly distributed or spatially grouped. Numerosity estimation of both classes of stimuli elicited common activation of a right lateralized frontoparietal network. Grouped stimuli additionally recruited regions in the left hemisphere and bilaterally in the angular gyrus. Multivariate pattern analysis showed that classifiers trained with the pattern of neural activations read out from parietal regions, but not from the primary visual areas, can decode different numerosities both within and across spatial arrangements. The behavioral numerical acuity correlated with the decoding performance of the parietal but not with occipital regions. Overall, this experiment suggests that the estimation of grouped stimuli relies on the approximate number system for numerosity estimation, but additionally recruits regions involved in calculation.
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Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Juicio/fisiología , Conceptos Matemáticos , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos/fisiología , Percepción Espacial/fisiología , Adulto , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Center-surround modulation in visual processing reflects a normalization process of contrast gain control in the responsive neurons. Prior adaptation to a clockwise (CW) tilted grating, for example, leads to the percept of counterclockwise tilt in a vertical grating, referred to as the tilt-aftereffect (TAE). We previously reported that the magnitude of the TAE is modulated by adding a same-orientation annular surround to an adapter, suggesting inhibitory lateral modulation. To further examine the property of this lateral modulation effect on the perception of a central target, we here used center-surround sinusoidal patterns as adapters and varied the adapter surround and center orientations independently. The target had the same spatial extent as the adapter center with no physical overlap with the adapter surround. Participants were asked to judge the target orientation as tilted either CW or counterclockwise from vertical after adaptation. Results showed that, when the surround orientation was held constant, the TAE magnitude was determined by the adapter center, peaking between 10° and 20° of tilt. More important, the adapter surround orientation modulated the adaptation effect such that the TAE magnitude first decreased and then increased as the surround orientation became increasingly more different from that of the center, suggesting that the surround modulation effect was indeed orientation specific. Our data can be accounted for by a divisive inhibition model, in which (1) the adaptation effect is represented by increasing the normalizing constant and (2) the surround modulation is captured by two multiplicative sensitivity parameters determined by the adapter surround orientation.
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Adaptación Fisiológica , Percepción Visual , Humanos , Inhibición Psicológica , Neuronas/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa , Percepción Visual/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Previous studies in human subjects reported that the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC), a core area of the vestibular cortex, is inhibited when visual processing is prioritized. However, it has remained unclear which networks in the brain modulate this inhibition of PIVC. Based on previous results showing that the inhibition of PIVC is strongly influenced by visual attention, we here examined whether attention networks in the parietooccipital cortex modulate the inhibition of PIVC. Using diffusion-weighted and resting-state fMRI in a group of female and male subjects, we found structural and functional connections between PIVC and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a major brain region of the cortical attention network. We then temporarily inhibited PPC by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and hypothesized that the modulatory influence of PPC over PIVC would be reduced; and, as a result, PIVC would be less inhibited. Subjects performed a visual attentional tracking task immediately after rTMS, and the inhibition of PIVC during attentive tracking was measured with fMRI. The results showed that the inhibition of PIVC during attentive tracking was less pronounced compared with sham rTMS. We also examined the effects of inhibitory rTMS over the occipital cortex and found that the visual-vestibular posterior insular cortex area was less activated during attentive tracking compared with sham rTMS or rTMS over PPC. Together, these results suggest that attention networks in the parietooccipital cortex modulate activity in core areas of the vestibular cortex during attentive visual processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although multisensory integration is generally considered beneficial, it can become detrimental when cues from different senses are in conflict. The occurrence of such multisensory conflicts can be minimized by inhibiting core cortical areas of the subordinate sensory system (e.g., vestibular), thus reducing potential conflict with ongoing processing of the prevailing sensory (e.g., visual) cues. However, it has remained unclear which networks in the brain modulate the magnitude of inhibition of the subordinate sensory system. Here, by investigating the inhibition of the vestibular sensory system when visual processing is prioritized, we show that attention networks in the parietooccipital cortex modulate the magnitude of inhibition of the vestibular cortex.
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Atención/fisiología , Encéfalo/anatomía & histología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Cerebral/anatomía & histología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/anatomía & histología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Lóbulo Occipital/anatomía & histología , Lóbulo Occipital/fisiología , Lóbulo Parietal/anatomía & histología , Lóbulo Parietal/fisiología , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We previously reported medicinal chemistry efforts that identified MK-5204, an orally efficacious ß-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor derived from the natural product enfumafungin. Further extensive optimization of the C2 triazole substituent identified 4-pyridyl as the preferred replacement for the carboxamide of MK-5204, leading to improvements in antifungal activity in the presence of serum, and increased oral exposure. Reoptimizing the aminoether at C3 in the presence of this newly discovered C2 substituent, confirmed that the (R) t-butyl, methyl aminoether of MK-5204 provided the best balance of these two key parameters, culminating in the discovery of ibrexafungerp, which is currently in phase III clinical trials. Ibrexafungerp displayed significantly improved oral efficacy in murine infection models, making it a superior candidate for clinical development as an oral treatment for Candida and Aspergillus infections.
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Antifúngicos/farmacología , Aspergillus/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Glicósidos/química , Triterpenos/química , beta-Glucanos/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Animales , Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Antifúngicos/farmacocinética , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glicósidos/farmacocinética , Glicósidos/farmacología , Glicósidos/uso terapéutico , Semivida , Ratones , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triterpenos/farmacocinética , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Visual crowding refers to the impairment of recognizing peripherally presented objects flanked by distractors. Crowding effects, exhibiting a certain spatial extent between target and flankers, can be reduced by perceptual learning. In this experiment, we investigated the learning-induced reduction of crowding in normally sighted participants and tested if learning on one optotype (Landolt-C) transfers to another (Tumbling-E) or vice versa. Twenty-three normally sighted participants (18-42 years) trained on a crowding task in the right-upper quadrant (target at 6.5 degrees eccentricity) over four sessions. Half of the participants had the four-alternative forced-choice task to discriminate the orientation of a Landolt-C, the other half of participants had the task to discriminate the orientation of a Tumbling-E, each flanked by distractors. In the fifth session, all participants switched to the other untrained optotype, respectively. Learning success was measured as reduction of the spatial extent of crowding. We found an overall significant and comparable learning-induced reduction of crowding in both conditions (Landolt-C and Tumbling-E). However, only in the group who trained on the Landolt-C task did learning effects transfer to the other optotype. The specific target-flanker-constellations may modulate the transfer effects found here. Perceptual learning of a crowding task with optotypes could be a promising tool in rehabilitation programs to help improve peripheral vision (e.g. in patients with central vision loss), but the dependence of possible transfer effects on the optotype and distractors used requires further clarification.
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Aprendizaje , Percepción Visual , Anisotropía , Aglomeración , Humanos , Visión OcularRESUMEN
There is growing evidence that vestibular information is not only involved in reflexive eye movements and the control of posture but it also plays an important role in higher order cognitive processes. Previous behavioral research has shown that concomitant vestibular stimuli influence performance in tasks that involve imagined self-rotations. These results suggest that imagined and perceived body rotations share common mechanisms. However, the nature and specificity of these effects remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying this vestibulocognitive interaction. Participants (n = 20) solved an imagined self-rotation task during caloric vestibular stimulation. We found robust main effects of caloric vestibular stimulation in the core region of the vestibular network, including the rolandic operculum and insula bilaterally, and of the cognitive task in parietal and frontal regions. Interestingly, we found an interaction of stimulation and task in the left inferior parietal lobe, suggesting that this region represents the modulation of imagined body rotations by vestibular input. This result provides evidence that the inferior parietal lobe plays a crucial role in the neural integration of mental and physical body rotation.
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Imagen Corporal , Encéfalo/fisiología , Imaginación/fisiología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiología , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Tiempo de Reacción , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Aging and central vision loss are associated with cortical atrophies, but little is known about the relationship between cortical thinning and the underlying cellular structure. We compared the macro- and micro-structure of the cortical gray and superficial white matter of 38 patients with juvenile (JMD) or age-related (AMD) macular degeneration and 38 healthy humans (19-84 years) by multimodal MRI including diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). A factor analysis showed that cortical thickness, tissue-dependent measures, and DTI-based measures were sensitive to distinct components of brain structure. Age-related cortical thinning and increased diffusion were observed across most of the cortex, but increased T1-weighted intensities (frontal), reduced T2-weighted intensities (occipital), and reduced anisotropy (medial) were limited to confined cortical regions. Vision loss was associated with cortical thinning and enhanced diffusion in the gray matter (less in the white matter) of the occipital central visual field representation. Moreover, AMD (but not JMD) patients showed enhanced diffusion in lateral occipito-temporal cortex and cortical thinning in the posterior cingulum. These findings demonstrate that changes in brain structure are best quantified by multimodal imaging. They further suggest that age-related brain atrophies (cortical thinning) reflect diverse micro-structural etiologies. Moreover, juvenile and age-related macular degeneration are associated with distinct patterns of micro-structural alterations.
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Envejecimiento/patología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Degeneración Macular/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración Macular/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Imagen de Difusión Tensora/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen Multimodal/métodos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Our previously reported efforts to produce an orally active ß-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor through the semi-synthetic modification of enfumafungin focused on replacing the C2 acetoxy moiety with an aminotetrazole and the C3 glycoside with a N,N-dimethylaminoether moiety. This work details further optimization of the C2 heterocyclic substituent, which identified 3-carboxamide-1,2,4-triazole as a replacement for the aminotetrazole with comparable antifungal activity. Alkylation of either the carboxamidetriazole at C2 or the aminoether at C3 failed to significantly improve oral efficacy. However, replacement of the isopropyl alpha amino substituent with a t-butyl, improved oral exposure while maintaining antifungal activity. These two structural modifications produced MK-5204, which demonstrated broad spectrum activity against Candida species and robust oral efficacy in a murine model of disseminated Candidiasis without the N-dealkylation liability observed for the previous lead.
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Antifúngicos/química , Triazoles/química , beta-Glucanos/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Animales , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucosiltransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glucosiltransferasas/metabolismo , Glicósidos/química , Semivida , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazoles/metabolismo , Triazoles/farmacología , Triazoles/uso terapéutico , Triterpenos/química , beta-Glucanos/químicaRESUMEN
The perception of a target stimulus may be altered by its context. Perceptual filling-in is thought to be one example of lateral modulation, in which the percept of a central blank area is replaced by that of the surround. We investigated the mechanisms in eccentric vision underlying filling-in by selectively adapting the center (pedestal adapter), surround (annulus adapter), or both (disk adapter) in a sinusoidal grating and observed how the adaptation influences the orientation percept of a subsequently presented Gabor target, located at the same position as the adapter center. In a binary choice task, observers were to judge the orientation (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the target after adaptation. The tilt aftereffect (TAE), corresponding to an illusory tilt of a physically vertical Gabor target, depended both on the adapter orientation and the adapter type. The TAE, peaked between 10 degrees and 20 degrees adapter orientation, was strongest in the pedestal, followed by the disk, and weakest in the annulus adapter conditions. The difference between the disk and pedestal conditions implies lateral inhibition from the surround. Lacking physical overlap with the target, the annulus adapter nonetheless induced a small but significant TAE in the central area. The effect of filling-in on the TAE was estimated by comparing the results from trials with and without subjectively reported filling-in during adaptation to the annulus adapter. The TAE was greater when filling-in occurred during adaptation, suggesting a stronger lateral modulation effect on trials where filling-in was induced. The data were fit by a variant of a divisive inhibition model, in which the adaptation effect is captured by the increase of an additive constant in the denominator of the response function, whereas the surround modulation in the adapter is modeled by an excitatory sensitivity in the numerator.
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Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Orientación Espacial/fisiología , Humanos , Inhibición Psicológica , Estimulación Luminosa/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: MRI fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) studies reported hyperintensity in the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PURPOSE: To evaluate the lesion segmentation toolbox (LST) for the objective quantification of FLAIR lesions in ALS patients. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. POPULATION: Twenty-eight ALS patients (eight females, mean age: 50 range: 24-73, mean ALSFRS-R sum score: 36) were compared with 31 age-matched healthy controls (12 females, mean age: 45, range: 25-67). ALS patients were treated with riluzole and additional G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) on a named patient basis. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 1.5 T, FLAIR, T1 -weighted MRI. ASSESSMENT: The lesion prediction algorithm (LPA) of the LST enabled the extraction of individual binary lesion maps, total lesion volume (TLV), and number (TLN). Location and overlap of FLAIR lesions across patients were investigated by registration to FLAIR average space and an atlas. ALS-specific functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS-R), disease progression, and survival since diagnosis served as clinical correlates. STATISTICAL TESTS: Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated-measures ANOVA, t-test, Bravais-Pearson correlation, Chi-square test of independence, Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox-regression analysis. RESULTS: Both ALS patients and healthy controls exhibited FLAIR alterations. TLN significantly depended on age (F(1,54) = 24.659, P < 0.001) and sex (F(1,54) = 5.720, P = 0.020). ALS patients showed higher TLN than healthy controls depending on sex (F(1, 54) = 5.076, P = 0.028). FLAIR lesions were small and most pronounced in male ALS patients. FLAIR alterations were predominantly detected in the superior and posterior corona radiata, anterior capsula interna, and posterior thalamic radiation. Patients with pyramidal tract (PT) lesions exhibited significantly inferior survival than patients without PT lesions (P = 0.013). Covariate age exhibited strong prognostic value for survival (P = 0.015). DATA CONCLUSION: LST enables the objective quantification of FLAIR alterations and is a potential prognostic biomarker for ALS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:552-559.
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Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuerpo Calloso/diagnóstico por imagen , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tractos Piramidales/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Algoritmos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sustancia Blanca/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Here, we report on the long-term stability of changes in behavior and brain activity following perceptual learning of conjunctions of simple motion features. Participants were trained for 3 weeks on a visual search task involving the detection of a dot moving in a "v"-shaped target trajectory among inverted "v"-shaped distractor trajectories. The first and last training sessions were carried out during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Learning stability was again examined behaviorally and using fMRI 3 years after the end of training. Results show that acquired behavioral improvements were remarkably stable over time and that these changes were specific to trained target and distractor trajectories. A similar pattern was observed on the neuronal level, when the representation of target and distractor stimuli was examined in early retinotopic visual cortex (V1-V3): training enhanced activity for the target relative to the surrounding distractors in the search array and this enhancement persisted after 3 years. However, exchanging target and distractor trajectories abolished both neuronal and behavioral effects, suggesting that training-induced changes in stimulus representation are specific to trained stimulus identities.
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Atención/fisiología , Mapeo Encefálico , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Movimiento (Física) , Corteza Visual/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adulto , Movimientos Oculares , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Estudios Longitudinales , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Oxígeno/sangre , Corteza Visual/diagnóstico por imagen , Vías Visuales/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Sensory input to the human visual system often becomes accessible to cognition and overt report during processing. We investigated neural precursors of conscious vision using EEG recordings and the popular breaking continuous flash suppression (bCFS) paradigm. In this technique, a mask consisting of high-contrast dynamic patterns is presented to one eye, predominating over a target stimulus presented to the other eye. The time needed for the target stimulus to overcome the suppression is thought to reflect the transition from unconscious to conscious perception. In bCFS trials with slow responses, indicative of potent suppression, a time-frequency analysis showed reduced occipital gamma power (33-38â¯Hz) contralaterally to the visual hemifield where the target was presented 0.27 to 0.21â¯s prior to the behavioral response. This neural activity was concurrent with a local phase reset and enhanced long-range phase synchronization in the theta band (7â¯Hz). Such a pattern did not arise in a control condition in which suppression was not induced. Thus, the theta phase reset and synchronization in bCFS trials precede a break from suppression, likely initiating a re-routing of information such that the neural representation of the target is updated more efficiently than that of the competing mask. Overall, these findings mark the emergence of a binocularly integrated percept that can be consciously selected for a behavioral response.
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Estado de Conciencia/fisiología , Sincronización de Fase en Electroencefalografía/fisiología , Ritmo Gamma/fisiología , Lóbulo Occipital/fisiología , Enmascaramiento Perceptual/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Visión Binocular/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds to both vestibular and visual stimuli. Recent results suggest that the region that has been referred to as PIVC in previous studies consists of multiple areas with different anatomical correlates and different functional specializations. Specifically, a vestibular but not visual area is located in the parietal operculum, close to the posterior insula, and likely corresponds to the nonhuman primate PIVC, while a visual-vestibular area is located in the retroinsular cortex and is referred to, for historical reasons, as the posterior insular cortex area (PIC). In this article, we review the anatomy, connectivity, and function of PIVC and PIC and propose that the core of the human vestibular cortex consists of at least two separate areas, which we refer to together as PIVC+. We also review the organization in the nonhuman primate brain and show that there are parallels to the proposed organization in humans.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Lóbulo Parietal/fisiología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiología , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Cerebral/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Vías Nerviosas/anatomía & histología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Lóbulo Parietal/anatomía & histología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
The midposterior fundus of the Sylvian fissure in the human brain is central to the cortical processing of vestibular cues. At least two vestibular areas are located at this site: the parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and the posterior insular cortex (PIC). It is now well established that activity in sensory systems is subject to cross-modal attention effects. Attending to a stimulus in one sensory modality enhances activity in the corresponding cortical sensory system, but simultaneously suppresses activity in other sensory systems. Here, we wanted to probe whether such cross-modal attention effects also target the vestibular system. To this end, we used a visual multiple-object tracking task. By parametrically varying the number of tracked targets, we could measure the effect of attentional load on the PIVC and the PIC while holding the perceptual load constant. Participants performed the tracking task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results show that, compared with passive viewing of object motion, activity during object tracking was suppressed in the PIVC and enhanced in the PIC. Greater attentional load, induced by increasing the number of tracked targets, was associated with a corresponding increase in the suppression of activity in the PIVC. Activity in the anterior part of the PIC decreased with increasing load, whereas load effects were absent in the posterior PIC. Results of a control experiment show that attention-induced suppression in the PIVC is stronger than any suppression evoked by the visual stimulus per se. Overall, our results suggest that attention has a cross-modal modulatory effect on the vestibular cortex during visual object tracking. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study we investigate cross-modal attention effects in the human vestibular cortex. We applied the visual multiple-object tracking task because it is known to evoke attentional load effects on neural activity in visual motion-processing and attention-processing areas. Here we demonstrate a load-dependent effect of attention on the activation in the vestibular cortex, despite constant visual motion stimulation. We find that activity in the parietoinsular vestibular cortex is more strongly suppressed the greater the attentional load on the visual tracking task. These findings suggest cross-modal attentional modulation in the vestibular cortex.
Asunto(s)
Atención/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Cognición/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Lóbulo Parietal/fisiología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiología , Campos Visuales/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study compared tractography approaches for identifying cerebellar-thalamic fiber bundles relevant to planning target sites for deep brain stimulation (DBS). In particular, probabilistic and deterministic tracking of the dentate-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT) and differences between the spatial courses of the DRTT and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) tract were compared. Six patients with movement disorders were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including two sets of diffusion-weighted images (12 and 64 directions). Probabilistic and deterministic tractography was applied on each diffusion-weighted dataset to delineate the DRTT. Results were compared with regard to their sensitivity in revealing the DRTT and additional fiber tracts and processing time. Two sets of regions-of-interests (ROIs) guided deterministic tractography of the DRTT or the CTC, respectively. Tract distances to an atlas-based reference target were compared. Probabilistic fiber tracking with 64 orientations detected the DRTT in all twelve hemispheres. Deterministic tracking detected the DRTT in nine (12 directions) and in only two (64 directions) hemispheres. Probabilistic tracking was more sensitive in detecting additional fibers (e.g. ansa lenticularis and medial forebrain bundle) than deterministic tracking. Probabilistic tracking lasted substantially longer than deterministic. Deterministic tracking was more sensitive in detecting the CTC than the DRTT. CTC tracts were located adjacent but consistently more posterior to DRTT tracts. These results suggest that probabilistic tracking is more sensitive and robust in detecting the DRTT but harder to implement than deterministic approaches. Although sensitivity of deterministic tracking is higher for the CTC than the DRTT, targets for DBS based on these tracts likely differ.
Asunto(s)
Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Estimulación Encefálica Profunda , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Fibras Nerviosas/fisiología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagen , Tálamo/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética/normas , Humanos , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador/métodos , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador/normas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Vías Nerviosas/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de Parkinson/terapiaRESUMEN
Action understanding requires a many-to-one mapping of perceived input onto abstract representations that generalize across concrete features. It is debated whether such abstract action concepts are encoded in ventral premotor cortex (PMv; motor hypothesis) or, alternatively, are represented in lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC; cognitive hypothesis). We used fMRI-based multivoxel pattern analysis to decode observed actions at concrete and abstract, object-independent levels of representation. Participants observed videos of 2 actions involving 2 different objects, using either an explicit or implicit task with respect to conceptual action processing. We decoded concrete action representations by training and testing a classifier to discriminate between actions within each object category. To identify abstract action representations, we trained the classifier to discriminate actions in one object and tested the classifier on actions performed on the other object, and vice versa. Region-of-interest and searchlight analyses revealed decoding in LOTC at both concrete and abstract levels during both tasks, whereas decoding in PMv was restricted to the concrete level during the explicit task. In right inferior parietal cortex, decoding was significant for the abstract level during the explicit task. Our findings are incompatible with the motor hypothesis, but support the cognitive hypothesis of action understanding.