Perceptions of Readiness for Practice After Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship: A Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical subspecialty training aims to meet the needs of practicing surgeons and their communities. This study investigates career preparedness of Complex General Surgical Oncology (CGSO) fellowship graduates, identifies factors associated with practice readiness, and explores potential opportunities to improve the current training model. METHODS: The Society of Surgical Oncology partnered with the National Cancer Institute to conduct a 36-question survey of CGSO fellowship graduates from 2012 to 2022. RESULTS: The overall survey response rate was 38% (221/582) with a slight male predominance (63%). Forty-six percent of respondents completed their fellowship after 2019. Factors influencing fellowship program selection include breadth of cancer case exposure (82%), mentor influence (66%), and research opportunities (38%). Overall, graduates reported preparedness for practice; however, some reported unpreparedness in research (18%) and in specific clinical areas: thoracic (43%), hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) (15%), and hepato-pancreato-biliary (15%) surgery. Regarding technical preparedness, 70% reported being "very prepared". Respondents indicated lack of preparedness in robotic (63%) and laparoscopic (33%) surgery approaches. Suggestions for training improvement included increased autonomy and case volumes, program development, and research infrastructure. Current practice patterns by graduates demonstrated discrepancies between ideal contracts and actual practice breakdowns, particularly related to the practice of general surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study of CGSO fellowship graduates demonstrates potential gaps between trainee expectations and the realities of surgical oncology practice. Although CGSO fellowship appears to prepare surgeons for careers in surgical oncology, there may be opportunities to refine the training model to better align with the needs of practicing surgical oncologists.

SDHB-Associated Pheochromocytomas: What is Their Clinical Behavior?

INTRODUCTION: Germline pathogenic variants in succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) cause paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma syndrome type 4 (PGL-4). SDHB-associated pheochromocytomas (PCC) are thought to be rare and little data exist about their clinical behavior. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients treated (1993-2023) at a tertiary cancer center for SDHB-associated PCC. Clinical and demographic variables were retrieved to characterize disease-free survival, disease progression, and overall survival. RESULTS: In total, 90 SDHB-carriers were identified, 18% had PCC (n = 16). Median age at diagnosis of was 40 (19-76) years, 50% (n = 8) of patients were male, 25% (n = 4) had distant metastasis (DM) at diagnosis, and 13% (n = 2) had synchronous PGL. No patients had bilateral disease, and 94% of patients underwent surgery as initial treatment with a curative intent in 75%. Overall, 64% of patients underwent open resection. Recurrence occurred in 77% of patients (n = 10), 75% in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus 77% open, p = 0.63. Bone was the most common site of DM (100%, n = 13). Metaidobenzyleguanidine (MIBG) imaging was performed in 69% of patients, 91% of which were positive. Median time from surgery until recurrence was 36 months (1-295 months). Radiation therapy was the most common adjuvant treatment (44%) followed by Iobenguane I-131 (31%) and systemic therapy (31%). Median follow-up time was 56 months (1-408 months). Overall, 33% of patients were alive, 19% of patients were disease-free, and 50% of the patients with DM had stable disease at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 18% of germline SDHB mutation-carriers were diagnosed with PCC, all of which were unilateral. SDHB-associated PCC was associated with advanced and recalcitrant disease and was often MIBG positive. More studies are needed to better understand the clinical behavior of PCC in PGL-4.

Parathyroidectomy for Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism is Associated with Improved Bone Mineral Density Regardless of Postoperative Parathyroid Hormone Levels.

BACKGROUND: Biochemical cure in normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (nPHPT) is defined as parathyroid hormone (PTH) level normalization 6 months after parathyroidectomy. However, recent studies show that a significant number of nPHPT patients have persistent PTH elevation postoperatively. We sought to correlate changes in PTH levels with skeletal outcomes after parathyroidectomy in nPHPT patients. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent parathyroidectomy at a tertiary referral center for sporadic PHPT between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. Pre- and postoperative (6 months, 18 months, and last follow-up) laboratory and bone mineral densities (BMD) were recorded. Primary outcome was 18-month postoperative BMD change in the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) in normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT (hPHPT) patients. RESULTS: Of 661 patients included, 68 had nPHPT. nPHPT patients frequently had multigland disease (31% vs. 18%, p = 0.014), more bilateral cervical explorations (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.042), and fewer achieved biochemical cure (76% vs. 95%, p < 0.001) than hPHPT patients. Twenty-eight nPHPT patients had BMD data for comparison. Overall, nPHPT patients had improvement in the LS (1.84%, p = 0.002) and TH (1.64%, p = 0.014). When stratified by postoperative PTH levels, nPHPT patients with persistent PTH elevation had more BMD improvement at the TH than those who normalized PTH (3.73% vs. - 0.83%, p = 0.017). There was no difference in improvement at the LS or FN (p = NS). CONCLUSION: Parathyroidectomy is associated with improved BMD in nPHPT patients with bone disease. Although one in four nPHPT patients had elevated postoperative PTH levels persisting throughout the study, BMD improvement was still seen regardless of postoperative PTH level normalization.

Phosphoprotein-based biomarkers as predictors for cancer therapy.

Disparities in cancer patient responses have prompted widespread searches to identify differences in sensitive vs. nonsensitive populations and form the basis of personalized medicine. This customized approach is dependent upon the development of pathway-specific therapeutics in conjunction with biomarkers that predict patient responses. Here, we show that Cdk5 drives growth in subgroups of patients with multiple types of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Phosphoproteomics and high throughput screening identified phosphorylation sites downstream of Cdk5. These phosphorylation events serve as biomarkers and effectively pinpoint Cdk5-driven tumors. Toward achieving targeted therapy, we demonstrate that mouse models of neuroendocrine cancer are responsive to selective Cdk5 inhibitors and biomimetic nanoparticles are effective vehicles for enhanced tumor targeting and reduction of drug toxicity. Finally, we show that biomarkers of Cdk5-dependent tumors effectively predict response to anti-Cdk5 therapy in patient-derived xenografts. Thus, a phosphoprotein-based diagnostic assay combined with Cdk5-targeted therapy is a rational treatment approach for neuroendocrine malignancies.

Differences in Clinicopathologic Behavior of Oncocytic Adrenocortical Neoplasms and Conventional Adrenocortical Carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Oncocytic adrenocortical neoplasms (OANs) are rare endocrine tumors that present as a spectrum from benign to malignant. The outcomes after surgical resection of the oncocytic variant of adrenocortical carcinoma remain poorly understood. We sought to characterize the clinicopathologic features of OAN and compare oncocytic adrenocortical carcinoma (OAC) with conventional adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult patients who underwent adrenalectomy for OAN or ACC between January 1990 and September 2020 were identified. Demographics, clinicopathologic factors, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, and cancer-related outcomes were reviewed. A matched cohort analysis of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed between patients with OACs and those with ACCs. RESULTS: Forty-one patients with OAN and 214 patients with ACC were included. The OAN cohort median age was 45.2 years [interquartile ratio (IQR) 38.5-54.0 years], and 61.0% were female. OANs were benign (n = 11), of uncertain malignant potential (UMP, n = 9), or OAC (n = 21). Disease recurrence occurred in 12 (57.1%) patients with OAC compared with 1 (11.1%) and 0 patients with UMP or benign OAN, respectively (p < 0.001). Seven (33.3%) patients with OAC died during follow-up compared with 0 patients with UMP or benign OAN (p = 0.020). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis found no difference in DFS between ACC and OAC groups before (p = 0.218) and after 2:1 matching (p = 0.417). Overall survival was shorter for patients who had ACC compared with those who had OAC (p = 0.031), but the difference was not evident with matched analysis (p = 0.200). CONCLUSIONS: OAN presents as a spectrum from benign indolent tumors to aggressive carcinomas. OACs demonstrate similar clinicopathologic behavior and recurrence-free and overall survival when matched to conventional ACCs.

Development of an Online Curriculum for Surgeons on the Use of Pelvic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rectal Cancer and Results of a Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: High-resolution pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a critical tool in the management of patients with rectal cancer. An on-line curriculum was developed for surgical trainees on the interpretation of pelvic MRI in rectal cancer for clinical staging and surgical planning. METHODS: The online curriculum was developed using the six-step approach to curriculum development for medical education. The curriculum incorporated case-based learning, annotated videos, and narrated presentations on key aspects of pelvic MRI in rectal cancer. A pilot study was conducted to assess curriculum effectiveness among Complex General Surgical Oncology (CGSO) fellows using pre- and post-intervention assessments. RESULTS: Of 15 eligible fellows, nine completed the pilot study (60%). The fellows' median confidence score after completing the online curriculum (40, IQR: 33-46) was significantly higher than their baseline median confidence score (23, IQR: 14-30), P = 0.0039. The total practical assessment score significantly increased from a pre-median score of 9 (IQR: 8-11) to a post-median score of 14 (IQR: 13-14), P = 0.0078. A subgroup analysis revealed a significant change in the knowledge assessment with a median score of 7 compared to a baseline median score of 4, Z = 2.64, P = 0.0078. However, the skills assessment showed no significant change. CONCLUSIONS: The case-based online curriculum had a positive impact on CGSO fellows' knowledge and confidence in the utilization of pelvic MRI for patients with rectal cancer. This unique on-line curriculum demonstrates a mechanism to enhance shared educational collaboration across CGSO fellowships and other surgical training programs.

Pearls and Pitfalls of the Virtual Interview: Perspectives From Both Sides of the Camera.

As the SARS-COV-2 pandemic created the need for social distancing and the implementation of nonessential travel bans, residency and fellowship programs have moved toward a web-based virtual process for applicant interviews. As part of the Society of Asian Academic Surgeons 5th Annual Meeting, an expert panel was convened to provide guidance for prospective applicants who are new to the process. This article provides perspectives from applicants who have successfully navigated the surgical subspecialty fellowship process, as well as program leadership who have held virtual interviews.

Patient Perspectives on the Extent of Surgery and Radioactive Iodine Treatment for Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To understand patient perspective regarding recommended changes in the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines. Specifically, in regard to active surveillance (AS) of some small differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), performance of less extensive surgery for low-risk DTC, and more selective administration of radioactive iodine (RAI). METHODS: An online survey was disseminated to thyroid cancer patient advocacy organizations and members of the ATA to distribute to the patients. Data were collected on demographic and treatment information, and patient experience with DTC. Patients were asked "what if" scenarios on core topics, including AS, extent of surgery, and indications for RAI. RESULTS: Survey responses were analyzed from 1546 patients with DTC: 1478 (96%) had a total thyroidectomy, and 1167 (76%) underwent RAI. If there was no change in the overall cancer outcome, 606 (39%) of respondents would have considered lobectomy over total thyroidectomy, 536 (35%) would have opted for AS, and 638 (41%) would have chosen to forego RAI. Moreover, (774/1217) 64% of respondents wanted more time with their clinicians when making decisions about the extent of surgery. A total of 621/1167 of patients experienced significant side effects with RAI, and 351/1167 of patients felt that the risks of treatment were not well explained. 1237/1546 (80%) of patients felt that AS would not be overly burdensome, and quality of life was the main reason cited for choosing AS. CONCLUSION: Patient perspective regarding choice in the management of low-risk DTC varies widely, and a large proportion of DTC patients would change aspects of their care if oncologic outcomes were equivalent.

Executive Summary of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Definitive Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease in Adults.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective and appropriate thyroidectomy. BACKGROUND: Surgical management of thyroid disease has evolved considerably over several decades leading to variability in rendered care. Over 100,000 thyroid operations are performed annually in the United States. METHODS: The medical literature from January 1, 1985 to November 9, 2018 was reviewed by a panel of 19 experts in thyroid disorders representing multiple disciplines. The authors used the best available evidence to construct surgical management recommendations. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and management recommendations were discussed to consensus. Members of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of the content. RESULTS: These clinical guidelines analyze the indications for thyroidectomy as well as its definitions, technique, morbidity, and outcomes. Specific topics include Pathogenesis and Epidemiology, Initial Evaluation, Imaging, Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Diagnosis, Molecular Testing, Indications, Extent and Outcomes of Surgery, Preoperative Care, Initial Thyroidectomy, Perioperative Tissue Diagnosis, Nodal Dissection, Concurrent Parathyroidectomy, Hyperthyroid Conditions, Goiter, Adjuncts and Approaches Laryngology Familial Thyroid Cancer, Postoperative Care and Complications, Cancer Management, and Reoperation. CONCLUSION: Evidence-based guidelines were created to assist clinicians in the optimal surgical management of thyroid disease.

The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Definitive Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease in Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective, and appropriate thyroidectomy. BACKGROUND: Surgical management of thyroid disease has evolved considerably over several decades leading to variability in rendered care. Over 100,000 thyroid operations are performed annually in the US. METHODS: The medical literature from 1/1/1985 to 11/9/2018 was reviewed by a panel of 19 experts in thyroid disorders representing multiple disciplines. The authors used the best available evidence to construct surgical management recommendations. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and management recommendations were discussed to consensus. Members of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of the content. RESULTS: These clinical guidelines analyze the indications for thyroidectomy as well as its definitions, technique, morbidity, and outcomes. Specific topics include Pathogenesis and Epidemiology, Initial Evaluation, Imaging, Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Diagnosis, Molecular Testing, Indications, Extent and Outcomes of Surgery, Preoperative Care, Initial Thyroidectomy, Perioperative Tissue Diagnosis, Nodal Dissection, Concurrent Parathyroidectomy, Hyperthyroid Conditions, Goiter, Adjuncts and Approaches to Thyroidectomy, Laryngology, Familial Thyroid Cancer, Postoperative Care and Complications, Cancer Management, and Reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based guidelines were created to assist clinicians in the optimal surgical management of thyroid disease.

Perceptions of opioid use and prescribing habits in oncologic surgery: A survey of the society of surgical oncology membership.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess current perceptions surrounding opioid prescribing in surgical oncology to inform perioperative quality improvement initiatives. METHODS: After the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) approval, a survey was distributed to its membership. Five sample procedures were used to assess provider perceptions and prescribing habits. Data were summarized and compared by self-reported demographics. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-five participants completed the survey: 149 (85%) faculty, 24 (14%) trainees, and 2 (1%) advanced practice providers. Most participants (76%) practiced in academic programs and 21% practiced in non-US locations. Few differences were identified based on clinical role, academic rank, or practice years. Compared with non-US providers, US providers expected higher pain scores at discharge, recommended greater opioid prescriptions, and estimated more days of opioid use for almost every procedure. More non-US providers believed discharge opioids should not be distributed to patients who are opioid-free in their last 24 inpatient hours (80% vs 50%, P = .001). All providers ranked education as "very important" for reducing opioid prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with their international counterparts, US surgical oncology providers expected greater opioid needs and recommended higher prescription numbers. Educating providers on multimodal opioid-sparing bundles, accelerated weaning protocols, and standardized discharge prescribing habits could have a positive impact the US opioid epidemic.

Comparative Performance of the 7th and 8th Editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual for Adrenocortical Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging manual for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) redefines T stage to include large vessel invasion (T4, previously undescribed) and restricts stage IV to those with distant metastases. We evaluated the prognostic power of the 8th edition. METHODS: Patients with ACC treated between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015, were identified. Overall survival (OS) was compared using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Of 290 patients evaluated, the change in T stage nomenclature impacted 13 (4.5%) who were previously categorized as T3; 61 had large vessel involvement but were already T4 based on invasion of adjacent organs. The restriction of stage IV to patients with distant metastases downstaged 41 (14.1%; T4N0M0 or T3-4N1M0) to stage III. In the 7th edition, the hazard ratio (HR) for death was similar between patients with stage II and III disease, with 5-year OS 66.7%, 54.4%, 57.2%, and 14.0% (stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively). In the 8th edition, stages I and II remain unchanged, with 5-year OS for stage III and IV 44.1% and 9.2%, respectively. The c-index for the 7th and 8th editions was similar (83.4 and 82.7, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: While 8th edition changes impact a relatively small proportion of ACC patients, they represent progress toward a common staging system that accurately reflects prognosis. In the 8th edition, the inclusion of patients with T4 tumors or nodal disease as stage III rather than IV results in improved stratification between stages II and III.

Risks of Hypoparathyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy in Children: A 21-Year Experience in a High-Volume Cancer Center.

BACKGROUND: Hypoparathyroidism occurs relatively frequently after thyroid surgery in children. However, few studies have reported risk factors. We aimed to identify risk factors for hypoparathyroidism that occurred after total thyroidectomy for proven or suspected malignancy in children. METHODS: Children (aged ≤ 18 years) who underwent total thyroidectomy for neoplasm or RET germline mutation at our institution between 1997 and 2018 were included. We retrospectively reviewed demographics, surgical indications, perioperative and follow-up laboratory results, pathologic results, and duration of calcium/calcitriol supplementation. Risk factors for hypoparathyroidism were identified by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of 184 consecutive patients, 111 had undergone surgery for neoplasm; these diseases were primarily malignancies (106, 95.5%), predominantly papillary carcinoma (103, 92.8%). The remaining 73 patients had undergone early thyroidectomy for RET germline mutation. Among all patients, 67 (36.4%) had hypoparathyroidism: 61 transient and 6 permanent. In a multivariate analysis, central neck dissection (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval 2.0-9.1) and gross extrathyroidal extension (odds ratio 4.9, 95% confidence interval 2.0-12.1) predicted overall hypoparathyroidism; however, no significant factors were associated with permanent hypoparathyroidism. Most patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism (5 of 6) had undergone therapeutic central neck dissection. When central neck dissection was performed, younger children had a higher risk of overall hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric total thyroidectomies, central neck dissection and gross extrathyroidal extension were major predictors for overall hypoparathyroidism. Surgeons performing thyroidectomy in such patients should be aware of the relatively high risk, preserve parathyroid tissue to the extent possible, and be conscientious regarding postoperative calcium monitoring and replacement.

Diagnostic performance of adrenal CT in the differentiation of adenoma and pheochromocytoma.

BACKGROUND: Differentiation of adenoma and pheochromocytoma on computed tomography (CT) may be problematic. PURPOSE: To investigate if adenoma and pheochromocytoma can be differentiated with adrenal CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 147 pathologically proven adrenal masses (119 adenomas, 28 pheochromocytomas) that had undergone adrenal CT were retrospectively evaluated. Lesion attenuation on unenhanced phase (UEP), portal phase (PP), 15-min delayed phase (DP), absolute/relative percentage enhancement wash-out (APEW/RPEW), and qualitative features were recorded. Student's t-test for parametric data, Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data, and Fisher's exact test for categorical data were used. Diagnostic performance of CT attenuation was assessed by area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS: APEW of adenomas was not significantly different from pheochromocytomas; 68.4% and 59% (P = 0.284). Adenomas had significantly higher RPEW; 57.3% vs. 37.4% (P = 0.004). Of pheochromocytomas, 50% met APEW >60% or RPEW >40% criteria, and therefore were misclassified as adenoma on wash-out CT. Of those, 80% (4/5) were < 3 cm. UEP, PP, and DP attenuations of pheochromocytomas were significantly higher than adenomas; however, they were overlapping. AUC for UEP, PP, and DP was 0.906, 0.784, and 0.926, respectively. Larger pheochromocytomas were more likely to contain necrosis compared to smaller pheochromocytomas and adenomas; 41.6% vs. 12.5% vs. 3%. Homogeneous enhancement was seen in 25% of pheochromocytomas and 49% of adenomas (P = 0.018). No significant difference was found in terms of lesion borders and presence of fat/calcification (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A considerable percentage of pheochromocytomas, especially smaller ones, demonstrate adenoma-like wash-out on CT. Heterogeneous enhancement, higher attenuation, and necrosis are more suggestive of pheochromocytoma.

Websites, Websites Everywhere: How Thyroid Cancer Patients Use the Internet.

Thyroid cancer incidence rates and Internet use are both increasing. Thyroid cancer is common in young patients, who are likely to use the Internet. This study aims to characterize thyroid cancer patient Internet use and search patterns, usability of online resources, and effects on clinical care. From May to December 2017, inclusive, patients with thyroid cancer attending two tertiary cancer centers were invited to complete a survey about Internet use. Thirty-nine of 72 questionnaires were returned (54%). Ninety-seven percent of participants used the Internet, and 87% had looked for thyroid cancer information. The majority (94%) searched on Google. Patients most often looked for information about treatment (94%) and symptom management (76%). Many patients evaluated content quality by comparing several resources (71%), discussing with a physician (56%) or using a credible academic or government site (53%). Online information was somewhat hard to understand for 32%, but 91% found it useful. Over half (60%) of treatment decisions were affected by web resources, and information helped 50% of patients make decisions with their physicians. Respondents highlighted a lack of resources on survivorship and uncommon tumors such as medullary or anaplastic cancer. Physicians should recognize that patients overwhelmingly access online information, which often impacts patients' decision-making. Clinicians can guide thyroid cancer patients through abundant web-based information and assist in interpreting this information. Educators can use this information to guide resource development, tailoring content and design to thyroid cancer patients' needs.

Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship Applicants: Trends over Time and the Impact of Board Certification Eligibility.

BACKGROUND: Complex general surgical oncology (CGSO) fellowships recently obtained Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accreditation and board certification eligibility. We aimed to characterize the applicant pool and identify factors predictive of matching into our program. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of CGSO fellowship applications to a major cancer center from 2008 to 2018. Data were analyzed for trends over time, including a comparison of pre- versus post-American Board of Surgery (ABS) certification eligibility. RESULTS: A total of 846 applications were reviewed. Most applicants (86.2%) trained in a US residency program; 58.4% performed ≥ 1 research year during residency; 29.6% had a dual degree. Fewer applicants (34.5%) were female, a trend which did not change over time. Post-ABS, applicants were more likely to complete ≥ 1 year between residency and fellowship (20.9% versus 13.2%, p = 0.003), to be in practice at the time of application (12.2% versus 6.6%, p = 0.005), and to reapply (5.5% versus 1.0%, p < 0.001). Post-ABS applicants listed more peer-reviewed publications (8 [interquartile range (IQR) 4, 15] versus 5 [IQR 2, 10]; p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with matching into our program included: US allopathic medical school graduation [odds ratio (OR) 4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-11.7], Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Medical Society distinction (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6-4.7), dual degree (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.4), and performance of a clinical/research rotation at our institution (OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.2-10.7). CONCLUSIONS: After establishment of CGSO board certification eligibility, applicants were more likely to apply while in practice and to reapply. A number of factors, including having a dual degree and rotating at our institution, were associated with matriculation.

Risk of Distant Metastasis in Parathyroid Carcinoma and Its Effect on Survival: A Retrospective Review from a High-Volume Center.

BACKGROUND: Development of distant metastases (DM) is associated with markedly decreased survival in parathyroid carcinoma (PC). We sought to identify factors associated with development of DM and to quantify the effect that development of DM had on overall survival (OS). METHODS: Patients with surgically resected local/regional PC treated or surveilled at a tertiary-referral cancer hospital from 1980 to 2017 were included. We assessed the association between biochemical and clinicopathologic factors (preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, sex, race, age, preoperative serum calcium levels, serum calcium levels at 6 months postop, tumor size, and extent of resection) with the development of DM. We also assessed the effect of development of DM on OS. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with PC were assessed; 17 (22.7%) developed DM at a median follow-up of 77 months. The cumulative incidence of DM in the cohort was 20, 30, and 38% at 5, 10, and 20 years respectively. Tumor size > 3.2 cm based on recursive partitioning analysis was the only significant predictor for development of DM (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-11.91; p = 0.04). Median OS for the entire cohort was 17 years compared with 40 months for the cohort who developed DM. The HR for death after distant metastasis was 9.6 (95% CI 4.2-22.3; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Development of distant metastasis during surveillance is associated with decreased OS, including late recurrences. Primary tumor size should be considered in future interval surveillance and development of treatment algorithms.