Hypertrophic preconditioning attenuates post-myocardial infarction injury through deacetylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2.

Ischemic preconditioning induced by brief periods of coronary occlusion and reperfusion protects the heart from a subsequent prolonged ischemic insult. In this study we investigated whether a short-term nonischemic stimulation of hypertrophy renders the heart resistant to subsequent ischemic injury. Male mice were subjected to transient transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 3 days followed aortic debanding on D4 (T3D4), as well as ligation of the left coronary artery to induce myocardial infarction (MI). The TAC preconditioning mice showed markedly improved contractile function and significantly reduced myocardial fibrotic area and apoptosis following MI. We revealed that TAC preconditioning significantly reduced MI-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased NADPH/NADP ratio and GSH/GSSG ratio, as well as decreased mitochondrial ROS production. Furthermore, TAC preconditioning significantly increased the expression and activity of SIRT3 protein following MI. Cardiac-specific overexpression of SIRT3 gene through in vivo AAV-SIRT3 transfection partially mimicked the protective effects of TAC preconditioning, whereas genetic ablation of SIRT3 in mice blocked the protective effects of TAC preconditioning. Moreover, expression of an IDH2 mutant mimicking deacetylation (IDH2 K413R) in cardiomyocytes promoted myocardial IDH2 activation, quenched mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alleviated post-MI injury, whereas expression of an acetylation mimic (IDH2 K413Q) in cardiomyocytes inactivated IDH2, exacerbated mitochondrial ROS overload, and aggravated post-MI injury. In conclusion, this study identifies TAC preconditioning as a novel strategy for induction of an endogenous self-defensive and cardioprotective mechanism against cardiac injury. Therapeutic strategies targeting IDH2 are promising treatment approaches for cardiac ischemic injury.

Bismuth chelate as a contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography.

BACKGROUNDS: Due to the unexpected side effects of the iodinated contrast agents, novel contrast agents for X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging are urgently needed. Nanoparticles made by heavy metal elements are often employed, such as gold and bismuth. These nanoparticles have the advantages of long in vivo circulation time and tumor targeted ability. However, due to the long residence time in vivo, these nanoparticles may bring unexpected toxicity and, the preparation methods of these nanoparticles are complicated and time-consuming. METHODS: In this investigation, a small molecular bismuth chelate using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA) as the chelating agent was proposed to be an ideal CT contrast agent. RESULTS: The preparation method is easy and cost-effective. Moreover, the bismuth agent show better CT imaging for kidney than iohexol in the aspect of improved CT values. Up to 500 µM, the bismuth agent show negligible toxicity to L02 cells and negligible hemolysis. And, the bismuth agent did not induce detectable morphology changes to the main organs of the mice after intravenously repeated administration at a high dose of 250 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetics of the bismuth agent follows the first-order elimination kinetics and, it has a short half-life time of 0.602 h. The rapid clearance from the body promised its excellent biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS: This bismuth agent may serve as a potential candidate for developing novel contrast agent for CT imaging in clinical applications.

[Investigation and analysis of influence of geographical environment factors on spatial distribution of flavonoid of Epimedium koreanum].

The study is aimed to clarify the spatial distribution of Epimedium koreanum( Ek) high-quality production areas. Through visiting and field investigation,collecting the distribution information of Ek samples,and based on the four kinds of flavonoids in Ek,the high-quality production areas and distribution of Ek distribution of the main environmental factors were drawn using GIS technology,the maximum entropy model( MaxEnt),geographical detector statistical analysis method,and the statistical significance of regression equation were obtained. Considering the content of 4 main flavonoids in Ek,the results of this study showed that the main environmental factors,such as precipitation,annual precipitation variation coefficient,annual average temperature and clay content exhibited the greatest influence on the growth suitability of Ek. Ek materials quality concentrated distribution in southeastern Jilin province Changbai mountain hinterland and northeastern Liaoning province. Ek with high content of epimedine A and epimedine C are mainly distributed in the southeastern Jilin province and northeastern Liaoning province,Ek with high epimedine B is distributed in eastern Liaoning province; high icariin Ek was found in most area of northeastern Liaoning province,a small amount distributed in the southeast of Jilin province. This study predicted the climate suitability distribution of Ek,and provided reference for the rational planning and establishment of the standardized cultivation base of Ek.

Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition attenuates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in hypertrophic heart.

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy aggravated myocardial infarction and is causally related to autophagy dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. Rapamycin is an inhibitor of serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) involved in the regulation of autophagy as well as oxidative/nitrative stress. Here, we demonstrated that rapamycin ameliorates myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury by rescuing the defective cytoprotective mechanisms in hypertrophic heart. Our results showed that chronic rapamycin treatment markedly reduced the phosphorylated mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 expression, but not Akt in both normal and aortic-banded mice. Moreover, chronic rapamycin treatment significantly mitigated TAC-induced autophagy dysfunction demonstrated by prompted Beclin-1 activation, elevated LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and increased autophagosome abundance. Most importantly, we found that MI/R-induced myocardial injury was markedly reduced by rapamycin treatment manifested by the inhibition of myocardial apoptosis, the reduction of myocardial infarct size and the improvement of cardiac function in hypertrophic heart. Mechanically, rapamycin reduced the MI/R-induced iNOS/gp91phox protein expression and decreased the generation of NO and superoxide, as well as the cytotoxic peroxynitrite. Moreover, rapamycin significantly mitigated MI/R-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial impairment demonstrated by reduced Caspase-12 activity, inhibited CHOP activation, decreased cytoplasmic Cyto-C release and preserved intact mitochondria. In addition, inhibition of mTOR also enhanced the phosphorylated ERK and eNOS, and inactivated GSK3ß, a pivotal downstream target of Akt and ERK signallings. Taken together, these results suggest that mTOR signalling protects against MI/R injury through autophagy induction and ERK-mediated antioxidative and anti-nitrative stress in mice with hypertrophic myocardium.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress/autophagy pathway is involved in diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive decline in mice.

Diabetes mellitus is a significant global public health problem depicting a rising prevalence worldwide. As a serious complication of diabetes, diabetes-associated cognitive decline is attracting increasing attention. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully determined. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy have been reported to modulate neuronal survival and death and be associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model and primary cultured mouse hippocampal neurons were employed to investigate the possible role of ER stress and autophagy in diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairments, and further explore the potential molecular mechanisms. ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP were both enhanced in diabetic mice, as was phosphorylation of PERK, IRE1α, and JNK. In addition, the results indicated an elevated level of autophagy in diabetic mice, as demonstrated by up-regulated expressions of autophagy markers LC3-II, beclin 1 and down-regulated level of p62, and increased formation of autophagic vacuoles and LC3-II aggregates. Meanwhile, we found that these effects could be abolished by ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate or JNK inhibitor SP600125 in vitro. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis of diabetic mice was attenuated by pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyrate, while aggravated by application of inhibitor of autophagy bafilomycin A1 in vitro. These results suggest that ER stress pathway may be involved in diabetes-mediated neurotoxicity and promote the following cognitive impairments. More important, autophagy was induced by diabetes possibly through ER stress-mediated JNK pathway, which may protect neurons against ER stress-associated cell damages.

Hypertrophied myocardium is vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion injury and refractory to rapamycin-induced protection due to increased oxidative/nitrative stress.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is causally related to increased morbidity and mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) via still unknown mechanisms. Although rapamycin exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury in normal animals, whether rapamycin-elicited cardioprotection is altered in the presence of LVH has yet to be determined. Pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophied mice and sham-operated controls were exposed to AMI by coronary artery ligation, and treated with vehicle or rapamycin 10 min before reperfusion. Rapamycin produced marked cardioprotection in normal control mice, whereas pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophied mice manifested enhanced myocardial injury, and was refractory to rapamycin-elicited cardioprotection evidenced by augmented infarct size, aggravated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and worsening cardiac function. Rapamycin alleviated MI/R injury via ERK-dependent antioxidative pathways in normal mice, whereas cardiac hypertrophied mice manifested markedly exacerbated oxidative/nitrative stress after MI/R evidenced by the increased iNOS/gp91phox expression, superoxide production, total NO metabolites, and nitrotyrosine content. Moreover, scavenging superoxide or peroxynitrite by selective gp91phox assembly inhibitor gp91ds-tat or ONOO- scavenger EUK134 markedly ameliorated MI/R injury, as shown by reduced myocardial oxidative/nitrative stress, alleviated myocardial infarction, hindered cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and improved cardiac function in aortic-banded mice. However, no additional cardioprotective effects were achieved when we combined rapamycin and gp91ds-tat or EUK134 in ischemic/reperfused hearts with or without LVH. These results suggest that cardiac hypertrophy attenuated rapamycin-induced cardioprotection by increasing oxidative/nitrative stress and scavenging superoxide/peroxynitrite protects the hypertrophied heart from MI/R.

Next Generation Sequencing-Based Molecular Marker Development: A Case Study in Betula Alnoides.

Betula alnoides is a fast-growing valuable indigenous tree species with multiple uses in the tropical and warm subtropical regions in South-East Asia and southern China. It has been proved to be tetraploid in most parts of its distribution in China. In the present study, next generation sequencing (NGS) technology was applied to develop numerous SSR markers for B. alnoides, and 64,376 contig sequences of 106,452 clean reads containing 164,357 candidate SSR loci were obtained. Among the derived SSR repeats, mono-nucleotide was the main type (77.05%), followed by di- (10.18%), tetra- (6.12%), tri- (3.56%), penta- (2.14%) and hexa-nucleotide (0.95%). The short nucleotide sequence repeats accounted for 90.79%. Among the 291 repeat motifs, AG/CT (46.33%) and AT/AT (44.15%) were the most common di-nucleotide repeats, while AAT/ATT (48.98%) was the most common tri-nucleotide repeats. A total of 2549 primer sets were designed from the identified putative SSR regions of which 900 were randomly selected for evaluation of amplification successfulness and detection of polymorphism if amplified successfully. Three hundred and ten polymorphic markers were obtained through testing with 24 individuals from B. alnoides natural forest in Jingxi County, Guangxi, China. The number of alleles (NA) of each marker ranged from 2 to 19 with a mean of 5.14. The observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities varied from 0.04 to 1.00 and 0.04 to 0.92 with their means being 0.64 and 0.57, respectively. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (I) ranged from 0.10 to 2.68 with a mean of 1.12. Cross-species transferability was further examined for 96 pairs of SSR primers randomly selected, and it was found that 48.96⁻84.38% of the primer pairs could successfully amplify each of six related Betula species. The obtained SSR markers can be used to study population genetics and molecular marker assisted breeding, particularly genome-wide association study of these species in the future.

Catheter Ablation of Recurrent Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Is Gap-Closure Combining Ganglionated Plexi Ablation More Effective?

BACKGROUND: For repeat treatment with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) recurrence, gap-closure at pulmonary vein ostia alone is not enough. Many recent studies indicated that ganglionated plexi (GPs) denervation could reduce the recurrence of AF. However, it is unclear whether the clinical outcomes of additional GP ablation plus pulmonary veins (PVs ) reisolation during a repeat procedure were associated with less recurrence in PAF patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a repeat procedure of GP ablation (GPA) combining repeated procedure of pulmonary vein isolation (re-PVI), i.e., gap-closure, can offer additional benefit for patients with PAF recurrence. METHOD: A total of 123 consecutive patients with PAF recurrence who underwent success repeat procedures were retrospectively analyzed in our center (2014-2015). Note that 64 patients (group 1, GPA group) were performed with GPA plus re-PVI, while 59 patients (group 2, re-PVI group) had re-PVI (gap-closure) alone. Organized atrial tachycardias (OATs) documented or induced at the end of the procedure were all mapped and ablated. Patients were scheduled for a 12-month follow-up. Clinical presentation and outcome data for the two groups were assessed. RESULT: At the 12-month follow-up 58 of 64 patients (90.6%) in group 1 and 46 of 59 patients (78%) in group 2 remained in sinus rhythm (SR) off antiarrhythmia drugs (AADs) (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: GPA conferred incremental benefit when performed in addition to re-PVI in patients with PAF recurrence; the GPA group yielded higher success rates than the re-PVI group.

Alginate Oligosaccharide Prevents Acute Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Apoptosis.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly potent chemotherapeutic agent, but its usage is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity involves increased oxidative stress and activated endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis. Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a non-immunogenic, non-toxic and biodegradable polymer, with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress properties. The present study examined whether AOS pretreatment could protect against acute DOX cardiotoxicity, and the underlying mechanisms focused on oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis. We found that AOS pretreatment markedly increased the survival rate of mice insulted with DOX, improved DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction and attenuated DOX-induced myocardial apoptosis. AOS pretreatment mitigated DOX-induced cardiac oxidative stress, as shown by the decreased expressions of gp91 (phox) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Moreover, AOS pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of Caspase-12, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) (markers for endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis) and Bax (a downstream molecule of CHOP), while up-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Taken together, these findings identify AOS as a potent compound that prevents acute DOX cardiotoxicity, at least in part, by suppression of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis.

Prognostic value of centromere protein-A expression in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Altered expression of centromere protein-A (CENP-A) is observed in various types of human cancers. However, the clinical significance and pathological role of CENP-A in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains unclear. The main objective of this investigation was to clarify the relationships between CENP-A expression and the clinicopathological features of patients with EOC. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were performed to examine CENP-A expression in 20 pairs of fresh-frozen EOC tissues and corresponding noncancerous tissues. Using immunohistochemistry, we performed a retrospective study of the CENP-A expression levels on 120 archival EOC paraffin-embedded samples. Prognostic outcomes correlated with CENP-A were examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. Our results showed that the expression levels of CENP-A mRNA and protein in EOC tissues were both significantly higher than those in noncancerous tissues. By immunohistochemistry, the data revealed that high CENP-A expression was significantly correlated with pathological grade (P = 0.02) and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P = 0.006). Consistent with these results, we found that high expression of CENP-A was significantly correlated with poor survival in EOC patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, Cox regression analyses showed that CENP-A expression was an independent predictor of overall survival. Our data suggest that CENP-A could play an important role in EOC and might serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential target for gene therapy in the treatment of EOC.

The sources and metabolic dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum DNA in serum of the host.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has turned out to be one of the most potential tools for diagnosis of schistosomiasis. However, the source and metabolic dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum DNA in the blood of hosts is not clear. In this study, rabbit models with monosexual and mixed sexual cercariae infection were established to interpret the source of the parasite DNA in serum of the hosts. Following administration of praziquantel at 7 weeks postinfection, the metabolic mechanism of S. japonicum DNA in serum of the hosts was studied. The findings showed that, for the monosexual cercariae infection, the parasite DNA was detectable in serum of the host from day 3 to week 3 postinfection, while for the mixed sexual cercariae infection, the detection results were continually positive during the 7 weeks after infection. After treatment with praziquantel, detection of S. japonicum DNA in rabbit sera became positive at the second day posttreatment, and the positive period lasted 3 weeks in the monosexual cercariae infection group. However, with the mixed sexual cercariae infection group, the PCR results remained positive for 16 weeks after treatment. We conclude that the S. japonicum DNA in host serum primarily comes from the residual body of dead schistosomula and/or tegument shedding of worm growing in the first 4 weeks postinfection, while during the spawning stage of the female schistosome, the parasite DNA mainly comes from the disintegration of inactive eggs. The duration from treatment to total elimination of worm origin DNA in serum is not exceeding 3 weeks. However, the DNA release from inactive eggs can last for more than 16 weeks. Further studies are needed to address the sources and metabolic dynamics of S. japonicum DNA in human serum.

Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and early-onset coronary artery disease: a retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity has been proposed as a promising predictor of atherosclerosis-related complications and a prognostic marker for cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential correlation between serum levels of GGT and early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD). METHODS: A retrospective, hospital-based case-control study was conducted, which included 860 patients with EOCAD and gender- and age-matched controls. Serum levels of GGT were measured using the reference measurement procedure on an automatic biochemistry analyser. RESULTS: The serum GGT levels of patients with EOCAD (34.90 ± 31.44 U/L) were significantly higher than those of the control group (21.57 ± 16.44 U/L, p < .001). Elevated serum levels of GGT were found to be an independent risk factor for EOCAD, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.021 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.014-1.029). Additionally, for every quartile increase in serum GGT levels, the risk of developing EOCAD increased by 1.6-fold. Moreover, serum GGT levels were significantly associated with disease severity, with lower GGT levels observed in patients without significant vascular disease (31.74 ± 24.06 U/L) compared to those with two-vessel disease (33.06 ± 25.00 U/L, p = .002) and three-vessel disease (37.75 ± 36.76 U/L, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that elevated serum GGT levels are associated with the development of EOCAD, and GGT may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to explore the potential relationship between serum GGT levels and the dynamic development of EOCAD.

Quantitative Assessment of Serum Amino Acids and Association with Early-Onset Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Amino acids play essential roles in protein construction and metabolism. Our study aims to provide a profile of amino acid changes in the serum of patients with early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD) and identify potential disease biomarkers. METHODS: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-multistage/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MRM-MS/MS) was used to determine the amino acid profile of patients with EOCAD in sample pools. In the validation stage, the serum levels of candidate amino acids of interest are determined for each sample. RESULTS: A total of 128 EOCAD patients and 64 healthy controls were included in the study. Eight serum amino acids associated with disease state were identified. Compared with the control group, serum levels of seven amino acids (L-Arginine, L-Methionine, L-Tyrosine, L-Serine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Phenylalanine, and L-Glutamic acid) increased and one (4-Hydroxyproline) decreased in the patient group. Results from the validation stage demonstrate that serum levels of 4-Hydroxyproline were significantly lower in myocardial infarction (MI) patients (9.889 ± 3.635 µg/mL) than those in the controls (16.433 ± 4.562 µmol/L, p < 0.001). Elevated serum 4-Hydroxyproline levels were shown to be an independent protective factor for MI (OR = 0.863, 95% CI: 0.822-0.901). The significant negative correlation was seen between serum 4-Hydroxyproline levels and cardiac troponin I (r = -0.667) in MI patients. CONCLUSION: We have provided a serum amino acid profile for EOCAD patients and screened eight disease state-related amino acids, and we have also shown that 4-Hydroxyproline is a promising target for further biomarker studies in early-onset MI.

Serum fatty acids profile and association with early-onset coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids (FAs) play crucial roles in modulating and preventing diseases in humans, including early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD). In this study, we aimed to provide a profile of FAs in the serum of EOCAD patients and identify potential EOCAD-associated FAs. METHODS: In the first stage, we analyzed the FAs profiles in pooled samples of patients with EOCAD using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the second stage, the serum levels of the candidate FAs were validated in EOCAD patients. RESULTS: A total of 128 EOCAD patients and 64 controls were included in the study. Forty-nine serum FAs were quantified in pooled samples; three ω-3 FAs were identified to be associated with EOCAD. Moreover, results from the validation stage indicated that serum levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly lower in EOCAD patients (55.43 ± 33.86 µg/ml) and myocardial infarction (MI) patients (47.49 ± 28.44 µg/ml) than those in the controls (70.65 ± 43.56 µg/ml). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated serum DHA level was an independent protective factor for EOCAD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.8917, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.879-0.957] and MI (OR = 0.835, 95% CI: 0.799-0.862). Decreased serum levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were observed in the early-onset MI group. CONCLUSION: The study provided the serum FAs profile of EOCAD and confirmed that the decrease in serum levels of DHA, DPA, and EPA was associated with EOCAD. These findings might contribute to understanding the cardiovascular effects of FAs, particularly the protective effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs.

Screening and Identification of Pregnancy Zone Protein and Leucine-Rich Alpha-2-Glycoprotein as Potential Serum Biomarkers for Early-Onset Myocardial Infarction using Protein Profile Analysis.

PURPOSE: The present study aims to discover novel serum biomarkers of early-onset myocardial infarction (MI) using proteomic analysis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In the first stage, the iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS technique is utilized to investigate protein profiles of patients with early-onset MI. In the second stage, these candidate proteins are validated using ELISA. RESULTS: A total of 538 proteins are quantified, with pregnancy zone protein (PZP), leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein (LRG) and Apolipoprotein C-I (Apo C-I) being upregulated and Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) and Apolipoprotein A-IV (Apo A-IV) downregulated in early-onset MI patients. Results from the validation stage demonstrate that the serum concentrations of PZP and LRG are significantly increased in the early-onset MI group. The correlation between the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the two candidate biomarkers is positive. Area under the curve values used to diagnose early-onset MI for LRG and PZP are 0.939 and 0.874, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Five differential serum proteins are identified in early-onset MI using proteomic analysis. Lipoprotein-related biomarkers further demonstrate the close relationship between lipid metabolism and the disease. Inflammation-associated LRG and PZP may be novel biomarkers of the disease. In addition, changes in these proteins may partly reveal the possible mechanisms in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of early-onset MI.

Twenty microsatellite markers for the endangered Vatica mangachapoi (Dipterocarpaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed for Vatica mangachapoi (Dipterocarpaceae), an endangered species indigenous to Southeast Asia and southern China. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty microsatellite markers, including 12 polymorphic markers, were identified from V. mangachapoi using high-throughput sequencing. Polymorphism at each marker was evaluated using 87 individuals from three natural populations. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from six to 15, and the observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.000 to 0.926 and from 0.177 to 0.864, respectively. These markers were transferred successfully to the endangered species V. guangxiensis. CONCLUSIONS: These markers may be used to investigate the genetic diversity and gene flow of V. mangachapoi and V. guangxiensis.

Alginate oligosaccharide alleviates myocardial reperfusion injury by inhibiting nitrative and oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis.

Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) has recently demonstrated the ability to protect against acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders by inhibiting oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis, which are both involved in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, we investigated whether pretreatment with AOS protects against myocardial I/R injury in mice and explored potential cardioprotective mechanisms. AOS pretreatment significantly decreased the infarct size, reduced the cardiac troponin-I concentration, and ameliorated the cardiac dysfunction. Accompanied with the reduced cardiac injury, AOS pretreatment clearly decreased I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis. With regard to mechanism, AOS pretreatment markedly attenuated nitrative/oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreases in 3-nitrotyrosine content and superoxide generation, and downregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase2, and 4-hydroxynonenal. Moreover, AOS pretreatment decreased myocardial apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathway, which is reflected by the downregulation of C/EBP homologous protein, glucose-regulated protein 78, caspase-12, and Bcl-2-associated X protein, and by the upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AOS renders the heart resistant to I/R injury, at least in part, by inhibiting nitrative/oxidative stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis.

Hypercholesterolemia Abrogates Remote Ischemic Preconditioning-Induced Cardioprotection: Role of Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase Signals.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is one of the most powerful intrinsic cardioprotective strategies discovered so far and experimental data indicate that comorbidity may interfere with the protection by RIPC. Therefore, we investigate whether RIPC-induced cardioprotection was intact in hypercholesterolemic rat hearts exposed to ischemia reperfusion in vivo. Normal or hypercholesterolemic rat hearts were exposed to 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion, with or without RIPC, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, MEK-ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, GSK3ß inhibitor SB216763. Infarct size, apoptosis, MG53, PI3K-p85, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2, p-GSK3ß, and cleaved Caspase-3 were determined. RIPC reduced infarct size, limited cardiomyocyte apoptosis following IR that was blocked by wortmannin but not PD98059. RIPC triggered unique cardioprotective signaling including MG53, phosphorylation of Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) in concert with reduced proapoptotic active caspase-3. In contrast, RIPC failed to reduce myocardial necrosis and apoptosis as well as to increase the phosphorylated Akt and GSK3ß in hypercholestorolemic myocardium. Importantly, we found that inhibition of GSK with SB216763 reduced myocardial infarct size in healthy and hypercholesterolemic hearts, but no additional cardioprotective effect was achieved when combined with RIPC. Our results suggest that acute GSK3ß inhibition may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemic patients during acute myocardial infarction, whereas RIPC is less effective due to signaling events that adversely affect GSK3ß.

Gate-controlled reversible rectifying behaviour in tunnel contacted atomically-thin MoS2 transistor.

Atomically thin two-dimensional semiconducting materials integrated into van der Waals heterostructures have enabled architectures that hold great promise for next generation nanoelectronics. However, challenges still remain to enable their applications as compliant materials for integration in logic devices. Here, we devise a reverted stacking technique to intercalate a wrinkle-free boron nitride tunnel layer between MoS2 channel and source drain electrodes. Vertical tunnelling of electrons therefore makes it possible to suppress the Schottky barriers and Fermi level pinning, leading to homogeneous gate-control of the channel chemical potential across the bandgap edges. The observed features of ambipolar pn to np diode, which can be reversibly gate tuned, paves the way for future logic applications and high performance switches based on atomically thin semiconducting channel.Van der Waals heterostructures of atomically thin materials hold promise for nanoelectronics. Here, the authors demonstrate a reverted stacking fabrication method for heterostructures and devise a vertical tunnel-contacted MoS2 transistor, enabling gate tunable rectification and reversible pn to np diode behaviour.

Second-generation versus first-generation drug-eluting stents in saphenous vein graftdisease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Second-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) have become increasingly popular devices for patients with saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease. Second-generation DESs were designed to have more safety and efficacy than first-generation DES, but clinical outcomes in SVG disease remain conflicting. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified when comparing second- versus first-generation DESs in SVG disease. The main endpoint was all-cause death. The time of follow-up was at least 30days. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis. These endpoints were assessed at 30days, 12months and 24months. Four RCTs with 1077 SVG patients undergoing the implantation of DES were collected in the current meta-analysis. As a result, second-generation DES-treated patients had the significantly lower MACE rates at 12months (P=0.03; OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49,0.97). No differences in two groups were seen in all-cause death, MI, TVR, stent thrombosis and TLR. CONCLUSIONS: Our limited evidence indicated that, second-generation DES in SVG patients, compared with first-generation DES, offered similar levels of safety, but were more effective than the former one.