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CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old Chinese man presented with a 5-month history of chronic dry cough, weight loss, and progressive dyspnea. There was no associated hemoptysis, hoarseness, epistaxis, or fever on systemic review. He was a nonsmoker and had no family history of malignancy. He was treated for pulmonary TB 40 years ago. A chest radiograph (Fig 1) showed mass-like consolidation in the right midzone with loss of the right hilar border, a small right pleural effusion, and bi-apical scarring. On physical examination, he was afebrile and normotensive, and he had pulse oxygen saturation of 97%. Examination of the chest was remarkable only for reduced breath sounds over the right chest. He did not have digital clubbing, distended neck veins, or cervical lymphadenopathy.
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/complicaciones , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Anciano , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/terapia , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/virología , Tos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/virología , Masculino , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Estadificación de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) is a highly heterogenous disease. We describe the clinical characteristics of NCFB patients and evaluate the performance of Bronchiectasis Severity Index (BSI) in predicting mortality. METHODS: Patients attending the bronchiectasis clinic between August 2015 and April 2020 with radiologically proven bronchiectasis on computed tomography were recruited. Clinical characteristics, spirometry, radiology, microbiology and clinical course over a median period of 2.4 years is presented. RESULTS: A total of 168 patients were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. They were predominantly women (67.8%), Chinese (87.5%) and never-smokers (76.9%). Median age of diagnosis was 64 years (interquartile range 56-71) and the most common aetiology was "idiopathic" bronchiectasis (44.6%). Thirty-nine percent had normal spirometries. Compared to female patients, there were more smokers among the male patients (53.8% versus 8.5%, P<0.001) and a significantly larger proportion with post-tuberculous bronchiectasis (37.0% vs 15.8%, P=0.002). Fifty-five percent of our cohort had a history of haemoptysis. Lower body mass index, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ever-smoker status, modified Reiff score, radiological severity and history of exacerbations were risk factors for mortality. Survival was significantly shorter in patients with severe bronchiectasis (BSI>9) compared to those with mild or moderate disease (BSI<9). The hazard ratio for severe disease (BSI>9) compared to mild disease (BSI 0-4) was 14.8 (confidence interval 1.929-114.235, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: The NCFB cohort in Singapore has unique characteristics with sex differences. Over half the patients had a history of haemoptysis. The BSI score is a useful predictor of mortality in our population.
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Bronquiectasia , Neumología , Anciano , Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico por imagen , Bronquiectasia/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Fibrosis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Singapur/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: High-risk CXR features in COVID-19 are not clearly defined. We aimed to identify CXR features that correlate with severe COVID-19. METHODS: All confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted within the study period were screened. Those with suboptimal baseline CXR were excluded. CXRs were reviewed by three independent radiologists and opacities recorded according to zones and laterality. The primary endpoint was defined as hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen, and CXR features were assessed for association with this endpoint to identify high-risk features. These features were then used to define criteria for a high-risk CXR, and clinical features and outcomes of patients with and without baseline high-risk CXR were compared using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 109 patients were included. In the initial analysis of 40 patients (36.7%) with abnormal baseline CXR, presence of bilateral opacities, multifocal opacities, or any upper or middle zone opacity were associated with supplemental oxygen requirement. Of the entire cohort, 29 patients (26.6%) had a baseline CXR with at least one of these features. Having a high-risk baseline CXR was significantly associated with requiring supplemental oxygen in univariate (odds ratio 14.0, 95% confidence interval 3.90-55.60) and multivariate (adjusted odds ratio 8.38, 95% CI 2.43-28.97, P = 0.001) analyses. CONCLUSION: We identified several high-risk CXR features that are significantly associated with severe illness. The association of upper or middle zone opacities with severe illness has not been previously emphasized. Recognition of these specific high-risk CXR features is important to prioritize limited healthcare resources for sicker patients.
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COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , COVID-19/patología , COVID-19/virología , Estudios de Cohortes , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Radiografía Torácica/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Tórax/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak that started in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019 has now extended across the globe with >100,000 cases and 3,000 deaths reported in 93 countries as of 7 March 2020. We report a case of COVID-19 infection in a 64-year-old man who developed rapidly worsening respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that required intubation. As the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 ranges widely from mild illness to ARDS with a high risk of mortality, there is a need for more research to identify early markers of disease severity. Current evidence suggests that patients with advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities or dyspnoea should be closely monitored, especially at 1-2 weeks after symptom onset. It remains to be seen if laboratory findings such as lymphopenia or elevated lactate dehydrogenase may serve as early surrogates for critical illness or markers of disease recovery. Management of ARDS in COVID-19 remains supportive while we await results of drug trials. More studies are needed to understand the incidence and outcomes of ARDS and critical illness from COVID-19, which will be important for critical care management and resource planning.
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Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Cuidados Críticos , Neumonía Viral , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/virología , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Crítica , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chest radiography (CXR) is performed more widely and readily than CT for the management of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but there remains little data on its clinical utility. This study aims to assess the diagnostic performance of CXR, with emphasis on its predictive value, for severe COVID-19 disease. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, 358 chest radiographs were performed on 109 COVID-19 patients (median age 44.4 years, 58 males and 30 with comorbidities) admitted between 22 January 2020 and 15 March 2020. Each CXR was reviewed and scored by three radiologists in consensus using a 72-point COVID-19 Radiographic Score (CRS). Disease severity was determined by the need for supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Patients who needed supplemental oxygen (n=19, 17.4%) were significantly older (P<0.001) and significantly more of them had co-morbidities (P=0.011). They also had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (P<0.001), higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P<0.001), lower lymphocyte count (P<0.001) and lower hemoglobin (Hb) (P=0.001). Their initial (CRSinitial) and maximal CRS (CRSmax) were higher (P<0.001). Adjusting for age and baseline hemoglobin, the AUROC of CRSmax (0.983) was as high as CRPmax (0.987) and higher than the AUROC for lymphocyte countmin (0.897), and LDHmax (0.900). The AUROC for CRSinitial was slightly lower (0.930). CRSinitial ≥5 had a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 92% in predicting the need for oxygen, and 73% sensitivity and 88% specificity in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation. CRS between the 6th and 10th day from the onset of symptoms (CRSD6-10) ≥5 had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 95% in predicting the need for oxygen, and 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Adjusting for key confounders of age and baseline Hb, CRSmax performed comparable to or better than laboratory markers in the diagnosis of severe disease. CXR performed between the 6th and 10th days from symptom onset was a better predictor of severe disease than CXR performed earlier at presentation. A benign clinical course was seen in CXR that were normal or had very mild abnormalities.
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The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis. We conducted daily transcriptomic profiling of three COVID-19 cases and found that the early immune response in COVID-19 patients is highly dynamic. Patient throat swabs were tested daily for SARS-CoV-2, with the virus persisting for 3 to 4 weeks in all three patients. Cytokine analyses of whole blood revealed increased cytokine expression in the single most severe case. However, most inflammatory gene expression peaked after respiratory function nadir, except expression in the IL1 pathway. Parallel analyses of CD4 and CD8 expression suggested that the pro-inflammatory response may be intertwined with T cell activation that could exacerbate disease or prolong the infection. Collectively, these findings hint at the possibility that IL1 and related pro-inflammatory pathways may be prognostic and serve as therapeutic targets for COVID-19. This work may also guide future studies to illuminate COVID-19 pathogenesis and develop host-directed therapies.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/genética , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Variación Biológica Individual , COVID-19 , Análisis por Conglomerados , Infecciones por Coronavirus/sangre , Infecciones por Coronavirus/patología , Citocinas/sangre , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/sangre , Neumonía Viral/patología , Transcriptoma , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
The association between immunoglobulin IgG4 and autoimmune pancreatitis was first shown in 2001. Since then many previously established fibrosclerotic diseases demonstrating synchronous or metachronous multiorgan involvement have been included within the ambit of IgG4-related disease. Diagnostic criteria have been proposed involving 1) serum IgG4 level elevated beyond 135 mg/dL, 2) IgG4+ to IgG+ plasma cell ratio > 40% and >10 IgG4+ cells per high power field of biopsy sample and 3) a constellation of imaging features which involve a variety of organ systems. We present a pictorial essay demonstrating the spectrum of imaging findings for IgG4-related disease, including dacryosialadenitis, variety of renal lesions, tumefactive thickening of the extraocular muscles and orbital nerve, sclerosing cholangitis, and type I pancreatitis. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, screening for multiorgan involvement, and follow-up of the disease.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes/diagnóstico por imagen , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Riñón/inmunología , Pulmón/inmunología , Páncreas/inmunología , Pancreatitis/inmunología , Enfermedades Vasculares/inmunología , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/patología , Colangitis Esclerosante/complicaciones , Colangitis Esclerosante/diagnóstico por imagen , Colangitis Esclerosante/patología , Dacriocistitis/complicaciones , Dacriocistitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Dacriocistitis/patología , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Humanos , Riñón/diagnóstico por imagen , Riñón/patología , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/patología , Órbita/diagnóstico por imagen , Órbita/inervación , Órbita/patología , Páncreas/diagnóstico por imagen , Páncreas/patología , Pancreatitis/complicaciones , Pancreatitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Pancreatitis/patología , Sialadenitis/complicaciones , Sialadenitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Sialadenitis/patología , Enfermedades Vasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Vasculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Vasculares/patologíaRESUMEN
An intramesosigmoid hernia is 1 of the 3 rare types of sigmoid-related hernias that could be complicated by intestinal obstruction. Our patient presented with a clinical picture of intestinal obstruction. CT scan showed features of strangulated small-bowel obstruction secondary to a sigmoid-related hernia. This was confirmed intraoperatively to be an intramesosigmoid hernia. We share the radiological findings with intraoperative surgical correlation and discuss the imaging features described in the literature.