RESUMEN
Studies of the partition of trivalent gadolinium between aqueous and silicate phases have been made at temperatures from 800 degrees to 900 degrees C and at pressures from 500 to 1000 bars. Constant values for the distribution coefficients for forsterite, enstatite, and diopside were obtained over a concentration range from 0.6 part per billion to 4 parts per thousand in the solid phases. Ratios of silicate crystal-aqueous phase distribution coefficients to silicate melt-aqueous phase distribution coefficients are close to the values for silicate crystal-silicate melt distribution coefficients estimated from natural systems. The free ion activity of trivalent gadolinium in the silicate melts appears to be less than one-hundredth of its value for aqueous phases of the same concentration.
RESUMEN
A linear correlation between concentrations of Sm and ratios of Sm to Eu for nine lunar samples suggests that those samples could correspond to liquids from equilibrium partial melting of a common source. On the basis of partition coefficients in terrestrial systems, the fraction of melting would not have exceeded about 15 percent and the immediate source could have been composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, and opaque minerals plus at least 25 percent feldspar, with at most a few percent calcic clinopyroxene and less than 1 percent apatite. The large Eu depletions could also have been produced by fractional crystallization if the ratio of Eu(2+) to Eu(3+) in lunar magmas significantly exceeds the values for terrestrial magmas.
RESUMEN
The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain =25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mössbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.
Asunto(s)
Marte , Minerales , Silicatos , Medio Ambiente Extraterrestre , Sedimentos Geológicos , Compuestos de Hierro , Compuestos de Magnesio , Óxidos , Espectroscopía de Mossbauer , Análisis Espectral , AguaRESUMEN
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.
Asunto(s)
Marte , Atmósfera , Evolución Planetaria , Medio Ambiente Extraterrestre , Compuestos Férricos , Sedimentos Geológicos , Minerales , Silicatos , Nave Espacial , Agua , VientoRESUMEN
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. Many rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried by lavas that have undergone subsequent impact disruption.