RESUMEN
NOTCH4 is a member of the NOTCH family of receptors whose expression is intensively induced in macrophages after their activation by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and/or interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this work, we show that this receptor acts as a negative regulator of macrophage activation by diminishing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12, and costimulatory proteins, such as CD80 and CD86. We have observed that NOTCH4 inhibits IFN-γ signaling by interfering with STAT1-dependent transcription. Our results show that NOTCH4 reprograms the macrophage response to IFN-γ by favoring STAT3 versus STAT1 phosphorylation without affecting their expression levels. This lower activation of STAT1 results in diminished transcriptional activity and expression of STAT1-dependent genes, including IRF1, SOCS1 and CXCL10. In macrophages, NOTCH4 inhibits the canonical NOTCH signaling pathway induced by LPS; however, it can reverse the inhibition exerted by IFN-γ on NOTCH signaling, favoring the expression of NOTCH-target genes, such as Hes1. Indeed, HES1 seems to mediate, at least in part, the enhancement of STAT3 activation by NOTCH4. NOTCH4 also affects TLR signaling by interfering with NF-κB transcriptional activity. This effect could be mediated by the diminished activation of STAT1. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which NOTCH, TLR and IFN-γ signal pathways are integrated to modulate macrophage-specific effector functions and reveal NOTCH4 acting as a new regulatory element in the control of macrophage activation that could be used as a target for the treatment of pathologies caused by an excess of inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Activación de Macrófagos/genética , Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Receptor Notch4/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Animales , Donantes de Sangre , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Monocitos/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Receptor Notch4/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , TransfecciónRESUMEN
Macrophage activation by Toll receptors is an essential event in the development of the response against pathogens. NOTCH signaling pathway is involved in the control of macrophage activation and the inflammatory processes. In this work, we have characterized NOTCH signaling in macrophages activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering and determined that DLL1 and DLL4 are the main ligands responsible for NOTCH signaling. We have identified ADAM10 as the main protease implicated in NOTCH processing and activation. We have also observed that furin, which processes NOTCH receptors, is induced by TLR signaling in a NOTCH-dependent manner. NOTCH3 is the only NOTCH receptor expressed in resting macrophages. Its expression increased rapidly in the first hours after TLR4 activation, followed by a gradual decrease, which was coincident with an elevation of the expression of the other NOTCH receptors. All NOTCH1, 2 and 3 contribute to the increased NOTCH signaling detected in activated macrophages. We also observed a crosstalk between NOTCH3 and NOTCH1 during macrophage activation. Finally, our results highlight the relevance of NOTCH3 in the activation of NF-κB, increasing p65 phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase. Our data identify, for the first time, NOTCH3 as a relevant player in the control of inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Inflamación/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Receptor Notch3/fisiología , Animales , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Activación de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/citología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Monocitos/inmunología , FN-kappa B/inmunología , Células RAW 264.7 , Transducción de Señal , Receptores Toll-Like/inmunologíaRESUMEN
We describe the consequences of the mass arrival of victims and donors on our blood bank. Changes in the organization, interventions and activity related to transfusions and donations are presented. In the conclusion, we critically analyze our experience and discuss ideas that could be applied in future similar situations.
Asunto(s)
Bancos de Sangre/organización & administración , Transfusión Sanguínea/estadística & datos numéricos , Incidentes con Víctimas en Masa/estadística & datos numéricos , Bancos de Sangre/estadística & datos numéricos , Donantes de Sangre/provisión & distribución , Hospitales Universitarios/organización & administración , Humanos , EspañaRESUMEN
Describimos las consecuencias sobre nuestro banco de sangre de la llegada masiva de víctimas y donantes. Exponemos los cambios organizativos, actuación y actividad de los aspectos transfusionales y de donación. En la conclusión analizamos críticamente la experiencia y aportamos ideas que se puedan aplicar en situaciones similares futuras (AU)
We describe the consequences of the mass arrival of victims and donors on our blood bank. Changes in the organization, interventions and activity related to transfusions and donations are presented. In the conclusion, we critically analyze our experience and discuss ideas that could be applied in future similar situations (AU)