Constructed wetlands for water quality improvements: Benefit transfer analysis from Ohio.

Water resources provide many benefits that generate value for residents and recreation users alike but run-off from agricultural and impervious surfaces can impair water quality, reducing any generated value. A possible solution to this problem is the construction of treatment wetlands to remove excessive nutrients from water bodies. This study uses environmental and economic data to approximate the costs of constructing and operating free surface water wetlands to remove phosphorus and estimates the amenity and recreational benefits of the resulting improvements in water quality for 24 lakes in Ohio. A ten percent improvement in water quality from a decrease in phosphorus loadings generates positive net benefits for all lakes in the sample with a lifetime cost benefit ratio of 2.92. The study also examines the potential use of constructed wetlands as the sole strategy to achieve a reduction goal for phosphorus loadings and find that the costs of doing so are prohibitive. Constructed wetlands can be a cost-effective component of a comprehensive strategy for small-scale nutrient reduction and water quality improvements for surface water bodies, but other treatment methods would be required to achieve any proposed targeted improvements.

A focused overview of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Part II--Challenges to the practice of psychiatric nursing.

Understanding the etiological issues of the eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia provides psychiatric nurses with an essential knowledge base on which to build treatment decisions and plans for therapeutic interventions. In Part II, diagnostic and treatment issues for clients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia is discussed. The unique role of the psychiatric nurse in this process will be explored. For the purposes of this article, the discussion of eating disorders will focus on the classification as specified in DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) specifically limited to the categories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

A focused overview of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Part I--Etiological issues.

The origin of eating disorders as a major mental illness may be explored by investigating several related concepts. Examination of biological, social, and psychological perspectives facilitates understanding of these disorders; neurobiological origin may be especially enlightening because of its exciting relevancy to new developments in the study and understanding of mental illness in general. This focus on the neurobiology of eating disorders may better explain the relationship between the eating disorders and the mood disorders, particularly major depression. Through the understanding of this relationship, new avenues of treatment possibilities are open, consistent with interventions and pharmacological developments in the treatment of major depression. In Part I, etiological theories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia will be defined and briefly explored. For the purposes of this article, the discussion of eating disorders will focus on the classification as specified in DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) specifically limited to the categories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.