Use of botulinum toxin type A in symptomatic accessory soleus muscle: first five cases.

Symptomatic accessory soleus muscle (ASM) can cause exercise-induced leg pain due to local nerve/vascular compression, muscle spasm, or local compartment syndrome. As intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can reduce muscle tone and mass, we investigated whether local BTX-A injections relieve the pain associated with symptomatic ASM. We describe five patients presenting peri/retromalleolar exertional pain and a contractile muscle mass in the painful region. Com-pression neuropathy was ruled out by electromyo-graphic analysis of the lower limb muscles. Doppler ultrasonography was normal, excluding a local vascular compression. ASM was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. After a treadmill stress test, abnormal intramuscular pressure values in the ASM, confirmed the diagnosis of compartment syndrome only in one patient. All five patients received BTX-A injections in two points of the ASM. The treatment efficacy was evaluated based on the disappearance of exercise-induced pain and the resumption of normal physical and sports activities. After BTX-A injection, exertional pain disappeared and all five patients resumed their normal level of physical and sports performances. Neither side effects nor motor deficits were observed. BTX-A is well tolerated in patients with ASM and could be used as a new conservative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of symptomatic ASM before surgery.

[Difficulties experienced at work by patients with multiple sclerosis]. / Difficultés ressenties au travail par les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques.

AIM: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that affects young adults at a time when they launch into the workforce. The disease often has a great impact on working life. The objective of this survey was to identify the problems faced by people with multiple sclerosis in the context of their work. METHODS: To describe the difficulties experienced at work by patients with multiple sclerosis, we carried out in 2010 a regional survey including neurology and functional rehabilitation centers. RESULTS: Two hundred and seven MS patients of working age responded to the survey. The employment rate was 67.6%. Among difficulties expressed by patients, physical and mental fatigue appeared as the issues affecting work. For 41% of respondents, preventive measures at work could help maintain or resume employment. CONCLUSION: Problems of fatigability put forward by MS patients are elements that can predict a loss of employment.

Microbiopsies versus Bergström needle for skeletal muscle sampling: impact on maximal mitochondrial respiration rate.

INTRODUCTION: Microbiopsies are increasingly used as an alternative to the standard Bergström technique for skeletal muscle sampling. The potential impact of these two different procedures on mitochondrial respiration rate is unknown. The objective of this work was to compare microbiopsies versus Bergström procedure on mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. METHODS: 52 vastus lateralis muscle samples were obtained from 13 anesthetized pigs, either with a Bergström [6 gauges (G)] needle or with microbiopsy needles (12, 14, 18G). Maximal mitochondrial respiration (V GM-ADP) was assessed using an oxygraphic method on permeabilized fibers. RESULTS: The weight of the muscle samples and V GM-ADP decreased with the increasing gauge of the needles. A positive nonlinear relationship was observed between the weight of the muscle sample and the level of maximal mitochondrial respiration (r = 0.99, p < 0.05) and between needle size and maximal mitochondrial respiration (r = 0.99, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Microbiopsies give lower muscle sample weight and maximal rate of mitochondrial respiration compared to the standard Bergström needle.Therefore, the higher the gauge (i.e. the smaller the size) of the microbiopsy needle, the lower is the maximal rate of respiration. Microbiopsies of skeletal muscle underestimate the maximal mitochondrial respiration rate, and this finding needs to be highlighted for adequate interpretation and comparison with literature data.

Feasibility of a shorter Goal Attainment Scaling method for a pediatric spasticity clinic - The 3-milestones GAS.

BACKGROUND: Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is a method for writing personalized evaluation scales to quantify progress toward defined goals. It is useful in rehabilitation but is hampered by the experience required to adequately "predict" the possible outcomes relating to a particular goal before treatment and the time needed to describe all 5 levels of the scale. Here we aimed to investigate the feasibility of using GAS in a clinical setting of a pediatric spasticity clinic with a shorter method, the "3-milestones" GAS (goal setting with 3 levels and goal rating with the classical 5 levels). Secondary aims were to (1) analyze the types of goals children's therapists set for botulinum toxin treatment and (2) compare the score distribution (and therefore the ability to predict outcome) by goal type. METHODS: Therapists were trained in GAS writing and prepared GAS scales in the regional spasticity-management clinic they attended with their patients and families. The study included all GAS scales written during a 2-year period. GAS score distribution across the 5 GAS levels was examined to assess whether the therapist could reliably predict outcome and whether the 3-milestones GAS yielded similar distributions as the original GAS method. RESULTS: In total, 541 GAS scales were written and showed the expected score distribution. Most scales (55%) referred to movement quality goals and fewer (29%) to family goals and activity domains. CONCLUSION: The 3-milestones GAS method was feasible within the time constraints of the spasticity clinic and could be used by local therapists in cooperation with the hospital team.

[Secondary screening for osteoporosis in patients admitted for hip fracture to a rehabilitation center. Results of a survey]. / Dépistage de l'ostéoporose après fracture de hanche en milieu de rééducation. Résultats d'une enquête.

GOALS: To determine prevalence, risk factors and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with hip fracture observed in a rehabilitation ward. BACKGROUND: Hip fractures are associated with up to 20% excess mortality in the first year after fracture and cause functional disability in most survivors. Despite available risk indices and physician information, osteoporosis is still underdiagnosed and undertreated. METHOD: We obtained history, clinical and biological data, and bone density (BD) data in 41 patients admitted with hip fracture to a rehabilitation care centre. RESULTS: Only 3 patients had known osteoporosis. Although 50% had at least 1 clinical risk factor, all patients showed osteopenic BD scores and 68% had osteoporotic scores; only one was correctly treated. DISCUSSION: As with international studies, our study shows that osteoporosis is underdiagnosed. Risk assessment tools allow for routine screening and preventive measures incorporated into standard care practice. The prevention of osteoporotic fracture can be promoted in rehabilitation centres.

[Polyneuropathy and neuromyopathy in intensive care. 4 new cases]. / Polyneuropathie et neuromyopathie de réanimation. Quatre nouveaux cas.

Neuromuscular complications acquired in the intensive care unit form a new clinical entity. Three neuromuscular deficits are described: so-called critical illness polyneuropathy where neuromyopathic changes are associated with corticosteroid and/or neuromuscular blocking agents, and catabolic myopathy. We report four new cases: three of them concerning polyneuropathy and one neuromyopathic change.

[Rhizarthrosis and orthotic treatment. Review of literature]. / Rhizarthrose et orthèse.Revue de la littérature.

OBJECTIVES: Trapeziometacarpal arthritis or rhizarthrosis is extremely frequent. Numerous treatments are available including drugs, physiotherapy, use of orthotic devices, surgery, etc. Few of these methods have been really evaluated. We propose a critical review of the literature on orthotic treatment in rhizarthrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of the results of hand splint used in rhizarthrosis from eight studies published over the last ten years. RESULTS: Resting hand splints offer lasting and significant pain relief with a satisfactory compliance. They should be applied early in treatment and evaluated with regular follow-up. The drop-out rate is about 10%. Working hand splints, either alone or associated with a resting splint are also efficient. These is no modification in either the force or the ranges of motion. The functional benefit is satisfactory if the follow-up allows some tolerance and thus an optimal compliance. CONCLUSION: The major interest of the use of splinting is analgesia. The pain releif obtained with splint is similar when used alone or with a working hand splint. Working hand splint can improve hand function during vocational and avocational activities.

[Complications following vertebral manipulation-a survey of a French region physicians]. / Evaluation de la fréquence des accidents liés aux manipulations vertébrales à partir d'une enquête rétrospective réalisée dans quatre départements français.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have emphasized the incidence and the general underestimation in literature of spinal manipulation (SM) linked accident. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency and the incidence of strokes, myelopathies, radiculopathies or osteoarticular accidents in a major French area. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We made a survey among 240 neurologists, neurosurgeons, rhumatologists and physicians concerning the number of accidents observed during the preceding two years. RESULTS: We obtained a response from 133 physicians and 93 cases of complication were reported. Most of these complications were radiculopathies (69%). Approximatively 50% occurred at the cervical level, less than 24 hours after SM with or without sligth aftereffects in 68%. The incidence of vertebro-basilar accidents was 30 times higher than in published series. CONCLUSION: Spinal manipulations should remain under very strict medical control. Physicians who practice SM should be able to choose the manual treatment and perform it themselves in order to minimize risks of complications, especially at the cervical level.

[Exertional compartment syndrome]. / Le syndrome de loge d'effort.

OBJECTIVES: To review the literature on chronic exertional compartment syndrome. METHODS: We searched the Medline database with use of the keys words compartment syndrome, exertional, chronic, pressure, and fasciotomy. RESULTS: Exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by pain on exertion, which recedes at rest, and by excessive increase in compartment intramuscular pressure. Intramuscular pressure measurement is the reference diagnostic tool, but it has not been standardized or evaluated. Pressure observed during the first 5 min after exertion stops is more often used in diagnosis. The first studies of noninvasive investigations (magnetic resonance imaging, thallium single-photon emission tomographic imaging, near infrared spectroscopy) revealed their inadequate diagnostic value. The pathophysiological features of exertional compartment syndrome remain unclear: increased muscle bulk, fascia thickness and stiffness, stimulation of fascial sensory stretch-receptors, poor venous return, micromuscular injuries, and small clinical myopathic abnormalities. Treatment includes decreased sport activity or fasciotomy with partial fasciectomy. Several authors have used endoscopically assisted fasciotomy, which retrospective studies have shown to be successful. Long-term outcome studies could investigate the persistence of exertional minor pain and recurrence of the compartment syndrome with this treatment. CONCLUSION: Further studies are required to understand the physiopathology, standardize the intramuscular pressure test and evaluate the pressure threshold values, evaluate noninvasive investigations and specify the long-term outcome of fasciotomy.

[Spinal manipulation in the treatment of common low back pain]. / Manipulations vertébrales dans le traitement des lombalgies communes.

Although the best designed studies have shown promising results, the efficacy of spinal manipulations has not as yet been proved. The mode of action may involve mechanical changes in the disk and facet joints, but neurological mechanisms probably play the key role. Complications of cervical spinal manipulations are rare. To protect patients, French legislation requires that spinal manipulations should only be performed by licensed physicians, who are capable of establishing the accurate diagnosis before undertaking manipulations.

The value of nerve blocks in the diagnoses and treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a series of 14 cases.

OBJECTIVES: Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) can progress to joint stiffness, which may be related to pain and/or capsule-ligament contracture. In this context, it is difficult to distinguish the respective causative roles of pain and contractures. Nerve blocks (NBs) can be used to determine the aetiology of joint stiffness. Subsequent treatment will depend on whether contractures are present or not. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of the nerve blocks in the management of joint stiffness caused by CRPS-1. DESIGN OF THE STUDY: A retrospective case series. METHODS: Implementation of NBs in subjects with joint stiffness caused by CRPS-1. Primary efficacy criterion: an increase in the range of joint movement. Secondary criteria: pain level, treatment decision, duration of therapeutic NBs, return to work. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with joint stiffness underwent 17 NBs. Ten NBs (59%) were associated with the normalization of the range of joint movement (i.e. the absence of contractures and the presence of an isolated pain component), prompting the implementation of physical therapy during NBs ("therapeutic NBs") in 90% of these cases. Three NBs (18%) were associated with a partial increase in the range of joint movement (i.e. a background of joint stiffness due to a combination of pain and contracture), prompting the implementation of a therapeutic NB in all of these cases. Four NBs (23%) were not associated with any increase in the range of joint movement (i.e. pure contractures), prompting consultation with a surgeon in all of these cases. Forty-three percent of the patients have since returned to work. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve block is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic option in the management of joint stiffness caused by CRPS-1.

Breathing patterns during eccentric exercise.

Eccentric (ECC) work is interesting for rehabilitation purposes because it is more efficient than concentric (CON). This study assessed respiratory patterns and electromyographic activity (EMG) during ECC and CON cycling, both at similar power outputs and VO2 in eight healthy male subjects. Measurements include ventilation (VE), tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (Fb), arterial blood gases, and vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps brachii (BB) EMG. At the same mechanical power, VO2 and VE were fivefold lower in ECC as was VL EMG while BB EMG, Vd/Vt, PaO2 and PaCO2, were not different between modalities. At the same VO2, there was no difference in VE but Vt was lower and Fb higher in ECC. VL EMG was not different between modalities while BB EMG was higher in ECC. The latter observation suggests that ECC cycling may result in arm bracing and restricted chest expansion. Since hyperpnea is a known trigger of exaggerated dynamic hyperinflation, the prescription of ECC cycling for patient rehabilitation requires further assessment.

Use of Postural Reconstruction® physiotherapy to treat an adolescent with asymmetric bilateral genu varum and idiopathic scoliosis.

OBJECTIVE: To document the effect of Postural Reconstruction® physiotherapy on two postural disorders commonly observed in adolescents: genu varum and idiopathic scoliosis. PATIENT AND METHODS: A case report on a 16-year-old boy suffering from knee pain and presenting with bilateral genu varum and mild scoliosis. At the initial evaluation (T0), the intercondylar space was 7 cm and the Cobb angles for the right lumbar curve and left thoracic curve were 18° and 13°, respectively. The boy was treated with Postural Reconstruction(®), a neuromuscular physiotherapy intervention using facilitation/inhibition techniques. The outcomes used to quantify the effect of 6 months (T1), 12 months (T2) and 26 months (T3) of treatment were pain levels, the intercondylar space, the lumbar gibbosity and the lumbar and thoracic Cobb angles. RESULTS: The knee pain disappeared rapidly. At T3, the intercondylar space had decreased by 4 cm, the lumbar gibbosity angle had decreased by 2° and the lumbar and thoracic Cobb angles had decreased by 8° and 7°, respectively. CONCLUSION: This non-invasive physiotherapy intervention appears to have considerable promise for the long-term correction of postural disorders.