Knockdown of the chitin-binding protein family gene CaChiIV1 increased sensitivity to Phytophthora capsici and drought stress in pepper plants.

Phytophthora capsici has been the most destructive pathogen of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.), possessing the ability to quickly overcome the host defense system. In this context, the chitin-binding protein (CBP) family member CaChiIV1 regulates the response to P. capsici and abiotic stresses. The relevance of functional characterization and regulation of CaChiIV1 has not been explored in horticultural crops, especially pepper plants. The target gene (CaChiIV1) was isolated from pepper plants and cloned; the encoded protein carries a chitin-binding domain (CBD) that is rich in cysteine residues and has a hinge region with an abundance of proline and glycine residues. Additionally, the conserved regions in the promoter have a remarkable motif, "TTGACC". The expression of CaChiIV1 was markedly regulated by methyl-jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), melatonin, mannitol and P. capsici (PC and HX-9) infection. Knockdown of CaChiIV1 in pepper plants increased sensitivity to P. capsici (PC strain). Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative electrolyte leakage (REL) but lower antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll content, root activity, and proline content were observed in CaChiIV1-silenced plants than in control plants. In conclusion, CaChiIV1-silenced pepper plants displayed increased susceptibility to P. capsici infection due to changes in expression of defense-related genes, thus showing its coregulation affect in particular conditions. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes and proline content were largely diminished in CaChiIV1-silenced plants. Therefore, this evidence suggests that the CaChiIV1 gene plays a prominent role in the defense mechanism of pepper plants against P. capsici infection. In the future, the potential role of the CaChiIV1 gene in defense regulatory pathways and its coregulation with other pathogen-related genes should be identified.

Modulation of agronomic and nutritional response of Pleurotus eryngii strains by utilizing glycine betaine enriched cotton waste.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of cotton waste enrichment with glycine betaine (GB) for production of two strains (P9, P10) of king oyster (Pleurotus eryngii). Cotton waste was used as (100%) control (T0 = cotton waste) and augmented with various combinations of GB, (T1 = 2 mmol L-1 , T2 = 4 mmol L-1 , T3 = 6 mmol L-1 , T4 = 8 mmol L-1 and T5 = 10 mmol L-1 ). The response of king oyster to GB was evaluated by earliness, yield, biological efficiency (BE), minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca)), total sugars, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, proximate (crude protein, carbohydrates, crude fibers, ash, fats) content of fruiting body and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis compared with the control substrate (cotton waste). RESULTS: The earliness, yield, and BE were higher as compared to control substrate and increased with an augmentation in the concentration of GB within the cotton waste. Two strains showed (on dry weight basis) 33.9-54.9 mg g-1 nitrogen, 6.8-12.5 mg g-1 phosphorus, 16.9-25.1 mg g-1 potassium, 40.5-64.2 mg kg-1 Zn, 17.1-37.3 mg kg-1 Cu, 1174-1325 mg kg-1 Mg, 20.1-29.1 mg kg-1 Mn, 129-265 mg kg-1 Fe, 779-835 mg kg-1 Ca), 6.3%-11.3% total sugars, 7.3-14.9 °Brix total soluble solids, 2.1-7.3% reducing sugars, 10.4-18.1% crude protein, 3.6-4.4% crude fiber and 5.6-16.7 mg (100 g)-1 on various concentration of GB enrich cotton waste. Cotton waste enriched with GB significantly affected nutritional profile of king oyster mushroom. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that GB enriched cotton waste can be used as an innovative substrate to enhance the yield and quality of king oyster mushroom. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Influence of Ascophyllum nodosum Extract Foliar Spray on the Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Okra under Drought Stress.

Drought stress restricts the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) primarily by disrupting its physiological and biochemical functions. This study evaluated the role of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) in improving the drought tolerance of okra. Drought stress (3 days (control), 6 days (mild stress), and 9 days (severe stress)) and 4 doses of ANE (0, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) were imposed after 30 days of cultivation. The results indicate that drought stress decreases the chlorophyll content (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid) but increases the activity of anthocyanin, proline, and antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Physiological and biochemical plant disturbances and visible growth reduction in okra under drought stress were significantly decreased by the application of ANE foliar spray. ANE spray (0.3%) significantly increased the chlorophyll abundance and activity of anthocyanin, proline, and antioxidants (APX, POD, and CAT). ANE regulated and improved biochemical and physiological functions in okra under both drought and control conditions. The results of the current study show that ANE foliar spray may improve the growth performance of okra and result in the development of drought tolerance in okra.

Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin following single intramuscular administration in Teddy goats.

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin in Teddy goats. Ciprofloxacin was administered intramuscularly at 5 mg/kg body weight in each of eight animals. Following drug administration, blood samples were collected at different time intervals and analyzed for ciprofloxacin using HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using two compartment open model. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin, 1.77±0.20 µg/ml was achieved at 0.90±0.04 hours (Tmax). Values for half-life of absorption (t1/2 abs), distribution (t1/2 α) and elimination (t1/2 ß) were 0.52±0.04, 0.52±0.04 and 2.62±0.39 hours, respectively. The value for apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 3.76±0.92 l/kg, area-under-the-curve (AUC) 5.89±0.91 µg.hr/ml and total body clearance (CL) was 1.09±0.11 l/hr/kg. Based on these results, it was concluded that calculated dose should be higher than the dose recommended by the manufacturer to treat susceptible bacteria in goats.

The Arabidopsis SMALL AUXIN UP RNA32 Protein Regulates ABA-Mediated Responses to Drought Stress.

SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNAs (SAURs) are recognized as auxin-responsive genes involved in the regulation of abiotic stress adaptive growth. Among the growth-limiting factors, water-deficit condition significantly affects plant growth and development. The putative function of SAUR family member AtSAUR32 has the potential to diminish the negative impact of drought stress, but the exact function and mode of action remain unclear in Arabidopsis. In the current study, AtSAUR32 gene was cloned and functionally analyzed. AtSAUR32 localized to the plasma membrane and nucleus was dominantly expressed in roots and highly induced by abscisic acid and drought treatment at certain time points. The stomatal closure and seed germination of saur32 were less sensitive to ABA relative to AtSAUR32-overexpressed line (OE32-5) and wild type (WT). Moreover, the saur32 mutant under drought stress showed increased ion leakage while quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and endogenous ABA accumulation were reduced, along with the expression pattern of ABA/stress-responsive genes compared with WT and the OE32-5 transgenic line. Additionally, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed that AtSAUR32 interacted with clade-A PP2C proteins (AtHAI1 and AtAIP1) to regulate ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that AtSAUR32 plays an important role in drought stress adaptation via mediating ABA signal transduction.

Melatonin Mitigates the Infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides via Modulation of the Chitinase Gene and Antioxidant Activity in Capsicum annuum L.

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the most damaging pepper (Capsicum annum L.) disease. Melatonin induces transcription of defense-related genes that enhance resistance to pathogens and mediate physiological activities in plants. To study whether the melatonin-mediated pathogen resistance is associated with chitinase gene (CaChiIII2), pepper plants and Arabidopsis seeds were treated with melatonin, then CaChiIII2 activation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and antioxidant enzymes activity during plant-pathogen interactions were investigated. Melatonin pretreatment uncoupled the knockdown of CaChiIII2 and transiently activated its expression level in both control and CaChiIII2-silenced pepper plants and enhanced plant resistance. Suppression of CaChiIII2 in pepper plants showed a significant decreased in the induction of defense-related genes and resistance to pathogens compared with control plants. Moreover, melatonin efficiently enabled plants to maintain intracellular H2O2 concentrations at steady-state levels and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, which possibly improved disease resistance. The activation of the chitinase gene CaChiIII2 in transgenic Arabidopsis lines was elevated under C. gloeosporioides infection and exhibited resistance through decreasing H2O2 biosynthesis and maintaining H2O2 at a steady-state level. Whereas melatonin primed CaChiIII2-overexpressed (OE) and wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis seedlings displayed a remarkable increase in root-length compared to the unprimed WT plants. Using an array of CaChiIII2 knockdown and OE, we found that melatonin efficiently induced CaChiIII2 and other pathogenesis-related genes expressions, responsible for the innate immunity response of pepper against anthracnose disease.

Heavy metal residues in the milk of cattle and goats during winter season.

Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) residues (mg/L) were determined in the milk of cattle and goats. The milk samples of cattle from area 1 have higher levels of residues than area 2; Cd 0.089 +/- 0.002 vs. 0.062 +/- 0.01 Cr 1.14 +/- 0.046 vs. 0.995 +/- 0.017 Ni 23.38 +/- 0.564 vs. 21.407 +/- 0.275 Pb 21.781 +/- 0.172 vs. 15.958 +/- 1.00. The residual levels of Cd (0.084 +/- 0.003) and Pb (42.687 +/- 0.051) have been found higher in goat milk. The Ni residues in cattle milk (22.395 +/- 0.988) are higher than in goat milk (19.522 +/- 0.011) while residues of Cr are non significantly different in both species.

Performance of Aeluropus lagopoides (mangrove grass) ecotypes, a potential turfgrass, under high saline conditions.

Climate change has become a real threat, and its impacts are being felt throughout the world. Temperature is considered one of the significant elements by the recent consequences of climate change and global warming, specially the salinity which is increased at higher temperature. Turfgrasses are adversely affected due to an increasing trend in salinity. The main aim of this investigation was to find out salt-tolerant ecotypes from native species of UAE to mitigate the salinity problem. Performance of a native grass, Aeluropus lagopoides, was investigated under high saline conditions during the year 2014 under the UAE climatic conditions. The experiment was planned under randomised complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. During the experiment, 50 ecotypes of Aeluropus lagopoides, alongside Paspalum vaginatum (as control), were tested at different salt levels, i.e. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 dSm-1. Significant differences were found among various ecotypes as well as salinity levels for different agronomic traits including green cover, canopy stiffness, leaf colour and salinity of leaf rinseates. Most of the ecotypes tolerated salinity up to 30 dSm-1, maintaining the quality, but beyond this level the quality declined. However, some of the ecotypes survived under high salinity, even beyond sea level (75 dSm-1). All the ecotypes, except RUA2, RUA3 and RUA1, showed better performance than P. vaginatum, the prevailing commercial turfgrass in the UAE. Based on their performance, the ecotypes RUDA7, FA5, RA3, RUDA2 and RA2 could be used for turf purposes under saline conditions.