Biodegradable, Strong, and Hydrophobic Regenerated Cellulose Films Enriched with Esterified Lignin Nanoparticles.

The scientific community is pursuing significant efforts worldwide to develop environmentally viable film materials from biomass, particularly transparent, high-performance regenerated cellulose (RC) films, to replace traditional plastics. However, the inferior mechanical performance and hydrophilic nature of RC films are generally not suitable for use as a substitute for plastics in practical applications. Herein, lignin homogenization is used to synthesize high-performance composite films. The esterified lignin nanoparticles (ELNPs) with dispersible and binding advantages are prepared through esterification and nanometrization. In the presence of ELNPs, RC films exhibit a higher tensile strength (110.4 MPa), hydrophobic nature (103.6° water contact angle, 36.6% water absorption at 120 min, and 1.127 × 10-12 g cm cm-2 s-1 Pa-1 water vapor permeability), and exciting optical properties (high visible and low ultraviolet transmittance). The films further display antioxidant activity, oxygen barrier ability, and thermostability. The films completely biodegrade at 12 and 30% soil moisture. Overall, this study offers new insights into lignin valorization and regenerated cellulose composite films as novel bioplastic materials.

Fabrication of a Carbonized Cellulose Nanofibrils/Ti3C2Tx MXene/g-C3N4 Heterojunction for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis.

Photocatalytic degrading pollutants driven by visible-light irradiation has attracted tremendous attention. One strategy of preparing carbonized cellulose nanofibrils/Ti3C2Tx MXene/g-C3N4 (CMCN) as a photocatalyst was developed. The as-prepared CMCN was comprehensively characterized in terms of the chemical composition, chemical and crystal structure, morphology, and photoelectrochemical properties. The CMCN was explored as a photocatalyst and exhibited good photocatalytic performance in degrading MB (96.5%), RhB (95.4%), and TC (86.5%) under visible-light conditions. In addition, the CMCN as a photocatalyst exhibited good reusability and stability. It is found that the incorporation of cellulose nanofibrils provided a high carbon content, a high porosity, and a large specific surface area, enhanced the electron transfer, improved the photocatalytic performance, and ensured a semiconductor with a high stability. It is believed that this study would provide an effective approach to preparing a photocatalyst and broaden the potential application of cellulose nanofibrils in photocatalysis.

A cellulose nanofibril-reinforced hydrogel with robust mechanical, self-healing, pH-responsive and antibacterial characteristics for wound dressing applications.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial infection in wounds has become a major threat to human life and health. With the growth use of synthetic antibiotics and the elevated evolution of drug resistant bacteria in human body cells requires the development of novel wound curing strategies. Herein, a novel pH-responsive hydrogel (RPC/PB) was fabricated using poly(vinyl alcohol)-borax (PB) and natural antibiotic resveratrol grafted cellulose nanofibrils (RPC) for bacterial-infected wound management. RESULTS: In this hydrogel matrix, RPC conjugate was interpenetrated in the PB network to form a semi-interpenetrating network that exhibited robust mechanical properties (fracture strength of 149.6 kPa), high self-healing efficiency (> 90%), and excellent adhesion performance (tissue shear stress of 54.2 kPa). Interestingly, the induced RPC/PB hydrogel showed pH-responsive drug release behavior, the cumulative release amount of resveratrol in pH 5.4 was 2.33 times than that of pH 7.4, which was adapted well to the acidic wound microenvironment. Additionally, this RPC/PB hydrogel exhibited excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant effect. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo results revealed that such RPC/PB hydrogel had excellent antibacterial, skin tissue regeneration and wound closure capabilities. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the generated RPC/PB hydrogel could be an excellent wound dressing for bacteria-infected wound healing.

Electrochemical sensing of Staphylococcus aureus based on conductive anti-fouling interface.

A system for the rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a prevalent foodborne pathogen is introduced. Limitations of typical electrochemical sensing, often subjected to interference from non-specific protein adsorption are addressed. A dual-aptamer-based sandwich immunobiosensor is shown for its benefits regarding specificity and anti-fouling capacity, endowed by a sulfonated polyaniline layer combined with signal amplification via highly conductive gold nanoparticles. EIS spectra (Nyquist plots) were recorded at pH 7.4 PBS containing 5 mM Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64-, in order to verify the possibility of the electrochemical sensing for detection of S. aureus. Results demonstrated that the constructed immunobiosensor presents an extended detection range (1 × 101 to 1 × 105 CFU/mL) and detection limit as low as 2 CFU/mL. The resistance values of the immunobiosensor developed  maintain at a stable value during 2 weeks.  Besides, the specificity of the system is highlighted by testing raw milk, and the results of which demonstrate the excellent prospects of the system for monitoring foodborne pathogens.

Biodegradable, Flexible and Ultraviolet Blocking Nanocellulose Composite Film Incorporated with Lignin Nanoparticles.

The exploration of functional films using sustainable cellulose-based materials to replace plastics has been of much interest. In this work, two kinds of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were mixed with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) for the fabrication of composite films with biodegradable, flexible and ultraviolet blocking performances. LNPs isolated from p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrolysis was easily recondensed and deposited on the surface of composite film, resulting in a more uneven surface; however, the composite film consisting of CNFs and LNPs isolated from maleic acid hydrolysis exhibited a homogeneous surface. Compared to pure CNF film, the composite CNF/LNP films exhibited higher physical properties (tensile strength of 164 MPa and Young's modulus of 8.0 GPa), a higher maximal weight loss temperature of 310 °C, and a perfect UVB blocking performance of 95.2%. Meanwhile, the composite film had a lower environmental impact as it could be rapidly biodegraded in soil and manmade seawater. Overall, our results open new avenues for the utilization of lignin nanoparticles in biopolymer composites to produce functional and biodegradable film as a promising alternative to petrochemical plastics.

Preparation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Lignin Nanoparticles with Deep Eutectic Solvents by Nanoprecipitation.

Lignin nanomaterials have wide application prospects in the fields of cosmetics delivery, energy storage, and environmental governance. In this study, we developed a simple and sustainable synthesis approach to produce uniform lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) by dissolving industrial lignin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) followed by a self-assembling process. LNPs with high yield could be obtained through nanoprecipitation. The LNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Distinct LNPs could be produced by changing the type of DES, lignin sources, pre-dropping lignin concentration, and the pH of the system. Their diameter is in the range of 20-200 nm and they show excellent dispersibility and superior long-term stability. The method of preparing LNPs from lignin-DES with water as an anti-solvent is simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly. The outcome aids to further the advancement of lignin-based nanotechnology.

Building a Bridge from Papermaking to Solar Fuels.

Black liquor, an industrial waste product of papermaking, is primarily used as a low-grade combustible energy source. Despite its high lignin content, the potential utility of black liquor as a feedstock in products manufacturing, remains to be exploited. Demonstrated here in is the use of black liquor as a primary feed-stock for synthesizing graphene quantum dots that exhibit both up-conversion and photoluminescence when excited using visible/near-infrared radiation, thereby enabling the photosensitization of ultraviolet-absorbing TiO2 nanosheets. In addition, these graphene quantum dots can trap photo-generated electrons to realize the effective separation of electron-hole pairs. Together, these two processes facilitate the solar-powered generation of H2 from H2 O, and CO from H2 O-CO2 , using broadband solar radiation.

Anionic Hofmeister Effect Regulated Conductivity in Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels for High-Performance Supercapacitor.

The Hofmeister effect not only affects the stability and solubility of protein colloids but also has specific effects on the polymer molecules. Here, the impact of the Hofmeister effect on the electrochemical properties of polyelectrolyte hydrogels at room temperature and subzero temperature studied for the first time. Polyelectrolyte hydrogels exhibit an anti-polyelectrolyte effect in low concentrations of ammonium salt, while they exhibit an obvious Hofmeister effect in high concentrations of ammonium salt. Kosmotropic ions demonstrate strong interaction with water molecules or polymer chains, resulting in the reduction of conductivity of polyelectrolyte hydrogels. However, chaotropic ions exhibit weak interactions with water molecules or molecular chains, leading to an increase in conductivity. The Hofmeister effect has a more significant effect on the polyzwitterion electrolyte. The conductivity of polyzwitterion hydrogel soaked in chaotropic ion is up to 6.2 mS cm-1 at -40 °C. The supercapacitor assembled by polyzwitterion electrolytes maintains a capacitance retention rate of 85% and ≈100% coulomb efficiency after 15 000 cycles at -40 °C. This study elucidates the influence of the Hofmeister effect on conductivity in polyelectrolytes and expands the regulatory approach for improving the performance of energy storage devices.

Advances in the preparation and application of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials: A review.

The rise of polymer materials in modern life has drawn attention to renewable, easily biodegradable, environmentally-friendly bio-based polymers. Notably, significant research has been dedicated to creating green antimicrobial functional materials for the biomedical field using natural polymer materials. Cellulose is a rich natural biomass organic polymer material. Given its favorable attributes like film-forming capability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, it is extensively employed to tackle a wide range of challenges confronting humanity today. However, its inherent drawbacks, such as insolubility in water and most organic solvents, hygroscopic nature, difficulty in melting, and limited antimicrobial properties, continue to pose challenges for realizing the high-value applications of cellulose. Achieving multifunctionality and more efficient application of cellulose still poses major challenges. In this regard, the current development status of cellulose materials was reviewed, covering the classification, preparation methods, and application status of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials. The application value of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials in biomedicine, textiles, food packaging, cosmetics and wastewater treatment was summarised. Finally, insights were provided into the developing prospects of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials were provided.

Transparent, super stretchable, freezing-tolerant, self-healing ionic conductive cellulose based eutectogel for multi-functional sensors.

In this study, we propose a non - toxic and low-cost fabrication of cellulose-based eutectogel through the ZnCl2/H2O/H3PO4 deep eutectic solvent (DES) to dissolve cellulose followed by free-radical polymerization of acrylamide. Particularly, the introduction of cellulose enhances the mechanical properties of eutectogels while eliminating the environmental concerns of the traditional nanocellulose fabrication process. Owing to the dynamic transfer of ions in the eutectogel network, the prepared eutectogels exhibit adjustable conductivity (0.9- 1.37 Sm-1, 15 °C) and stretching sensitivity (Gauge factor = 5.4). The resulting DES - cellulose-based eutectogels (DCEs) exhibited ultra stretchability (4086 %), high toughness (261.3 MJ/m3), excellent ionic conductivity (1.64 Sm-1, 20 °C), high transparency (>85 %), outstanding antifreezing performance (<-80 °C), and other comprehensive characteristics. The DCEs had been proven to have multiple sensitivities to external stimuli, like temperature, strain, and pressure. As a result, the DCEs can be assembled into multifunctional sensors. Moreover, this work also demonstrated the satisfactory performance of DCEs in flexible electroluminescent devices. The low cost and high efficiency made the preparation method of this experiment an efficient strategy for developing high-performance cellulose-based eutectogels, which would greatly promote the application of such materials in areas such as artificial skin for soft robots and other wearable devices.

Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from long and short fibers and its application in ibuprofen tablets.

As a bio-based material, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been applied in many fields including pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics in recent years. However, traditional preparation methods of MCC are facing many challenges due to economic and eco-environmental issues. In this study, softwood dissolved pulp was sieved to long fiber (LF) and short fiber (SF), and subsequently to prepare LF-MCC and SF-MCC by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis at different acid dosages (3-7 wt%), reaction times (30-90 min), and temperatures (75-95 °C). The as-obtained MCC products were compared in terms of morphology, size, crystallinity, and chemical structure. The results indicated that the crystallinity and yield of LF-MCC were high, with maximum values of 78.41 % and 98.68 %, respectively. The particle size distribution of SF-MCC was more uniform in the range of 20-80 µm, with a maximum of 59.44 % at 20-80 µm occupancy proportion. Moreover, SF-MCC had a typical rod-like shape and larger surface area as well as better thermal behavior than LF-MCC. When LF-MCC and SF-MCC were used as fillers in the production of ibuprofen tablets, the tablets added with LF-MCC exhibited higher hardness, friability, dissolution rate, and shorter disintegration time. Therefore, this work is very beneficial for the preparation and application of MCC.

Enhancing photocatalytic destruction of lignin via cellulose derived carbon quantum dots/g-C3N4 heterojunctions.

Lignocellulosic biomass exhibits a promising potential for production of carbon materials. Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,P-CQDs) were fabricated via (NH4)2HPO4 assisted hydrothermal treatment of cellulose pulp fibers. The as-prepared N,P-CQDs were characterized by HRTEM, FTIR, fluorescence and UV-vis, and then incorporated into g-C3N4 (CN) through sonication and liquid deposition, forming N,P-CQDs/sonication treated g-C3N4 (C-SCN) composites, which were then explored as photocatalysts. The photocatalytic ability of C-SCN towards model lignin was further analyzed. The results showed that, the fluorescence intensity and photoluminescence performance of N,P-CQDs were much higher than that of CQDs; the heterojunction was successfully constructed between the composites of N,P-CQDs and SCN; the incorporation of N,P-CQDs enhanced the visible light absorption, but reduced the band gap of the composite heterojunction; the resultant photocatalysts exhibited a good photocatalytic ability of model lignin via catalyze the fracture of ß-O-4' ether bond and CC bond, i.e., the photocatalytic degradation ratio reached up to 95.5 %; and the photocatalytic reaction generated some valuable organics such as phenyl formate, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid. This study would promote the high value-added utilization of lignocellulosic resources especially in the transformation of lignin, conforming the concept of sustainable development.

Production of Lignin-Derived Functional Material for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption with an Ultralow Filler Ratio.

Industrial lignin, a by-product of pulping for papermaking fibers or of second-generation ethanol production, is primarily served as a low-grade combustible energy source. The fabrication of high-value-added functional materials with industrial lignin is still a challenge. Herein, a three-dimensional hierarchical lignin-derived porous carbon (HLPC) was prepared with lignosulfonate as the carbon source and MgCO3 as the template. The uniform mixing of precursor and template agent resulted in the construction of a three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure. HLPC presented excellent electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance. With a low filler content of 7 wt%, HLPC showed a minimum reflection loss (RL) value of -41.8 dB (1.7 mm, 13.8 GHz), and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.53 GHz (1.6 mm). In addition, the enhancement mechanism of HLPC for EMW absorption was also explored through comparing the morphology and electromagnetic parameters of lignin-derived carbon (LC) and lignin-derived porous carbon (LPC). The three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure endowed the carbon with a high pore volume, resulting in an abundant gas-solid interface between air and carbon for interfacial polarization. This structure also provided conductive networks for conduction loss. This work offers a strategy to synthesize biomass-based carbon for high-performance EMW absorption.

Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment with a lignin stabilization strategy and valorization toward multipurpose fractionation.

Lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a promising alternative with sustainable advantages for the production of a wide range of renewable products and value-added chemicals. In this study, a pretreatment strategy that use a fully recyclable acid hydrotrope (p-TsOH aqueous solution) to extract lignin and employ glyoxylic acid (GA) to stabilize lignin was proposed for biomass valorization toward multipurpose fractionation. 83.0 % of lignin was dissolved out by p-TsOH hydrotrope (80 wt%) with GA addition to form GA-stabilized product at 80 o C for 15 min. The stabilized lignin was subsequently used as an additive in the preparation of lignin-based suncream. Notably, the incorporation of 4 wt% lignin nanospheres into an SPF15 sunscreen yielded a measured SPF of 59.94. Furthermore, the depolymerization of uncondensed lignin into aromatic monomers yielded a high lignin-oil yield of 84.2 %. Additionally, direct heating of the pretreatment liquor facilitated the conversion of monosaccharides into furfural, achieving a desired yield of 53.7 % without the addition of any acid catalyst. The pretreatment also enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucan, resulting in a saccharification yield of 98.4 %. Moreover, short-term ultrasonication of the pretreated substrate yielded pulp suitable for papermaking. Incorporating 15 wt% fibers into the produced paper sheets led to a 5.3 % increase in tear index and a 25.4 % increase in tensile index. This study presents a viable pretreatment strategy for the multipurpose fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, offering potential avenues for biomass valorization.

Schiff base and coordinate bonds cross-linked chitosan-based eutectogels with ultrafast self-healing, self-adhesive, and anti-freezing capabilities for motion detection.

Ion conductors offer great potential for diverse electric applications. However, most of the ion conductors were fabricated from non - degradable petroleum-based polymers with non or low biodegradability, which inevitably leads to resource depletion and waste accumulation. Fabricating ion conductors based on renewable, and sustainable materials is highly desirable and valuable. Herein, a series of eutectogels were designed through dual-dynamic-bond cross-linking among ferric iron (Fe3+), protocatechualdehyde (PA), and chitosan (CS) in 1 - allyl-3 - methylimidazole chloride ionic liquid/urea (AmimCl/urea) eutectic-based ionic liquid. Due to the presence of AmimCl/urea eutectic-based ionic liquid, the obtained CS - PA@Fe eutectogels showed excellent ionic conductivity, superior anti-freezing properties that could maintain flexibility and high electrical properties at -20 °C. Dual-dynamic-bond cross-linking of catechol-Fe coordinate and dynamic Schiff base bonds equip CS - PA@Fe eutectogels with excellent injectable, and self-healing abilities. Additionally, due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups of PA, the obtained CS - PA@Fe eutectogels present good adhesiveness. Based on the CS - PA@Fe eutectogels, multifunctional flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity, stability, as well as rapid response speed at wide operating temperature ranges were successfully fabricated. Thus, this study offers a promising strategy for fabricating naturally occurring biopolymers based eutectogels, which show great potential as high-performance flexible strain sensors for next-generation wearable electronic devices.

Highly conductive, rapid self-healing, and anti-freezing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/lignosulfonate-cationic guar gum ionogels for multifunctional sensors.

Soft ionic conductors exhibit immense potential for applications in soft ionotronics, including ionic skin, human-machine interface, and soft luminescent device. Nevertheless, the majority of ionogel-based soft ionic conductors are plagued by issues such as freezing, evaporation, liquid leakage, and inadequate self-healing capabilities, thereby constraining their usability in complex environments. In this study, we present a novel strategy for fabricating conductive ionogels through the proportionally mixing cationic guar gum (CGG), water, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl)/glycerol eutectic-based ionic liquid, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/lignosulfonate (PEDOT/LS). The resultant benefits from strong hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions among its constituents, endowing it with an ultrafast self-healing capability (merely 30 s) while sustaining high electrical conductivity (~16.5 mS cm-1). Moreover, it demonstrates exceptional water retention (62 % over 10 days), wide temperature tolerance (-20 to 60 °C), and injectability. A wearable sensor fabricated from this ionogel displayed remarkable sensitivity (gauge factor = 17.75) and a rapid response to variations in strain, pressure, and temperature, coupled with both long-term stability and wide working temperature range. These attributes underscore its potential for applications in healthcare devices and flexible electronics.

Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Oil- and Water-Resistant Paper Using Holo-Lignocellulosic Nanofibril (LCNF)-Based Composite Coating.

In the present study, an environmentally friendly oil- and water-resistant paper was developed using a holo-lignocellulosic nanofibril (LCNF)-based composite coating. The LCNF was prepared from wheat straw using a biomechanical method. Characterizations of oil- and water-resistant coated paper and the effect of LCNF content on the performance of the coated paper were confirmed by combining contact angle analysis, Cobb 300s, and mechanical performance tests. The results show that the barrier performance and mechanical strength of the coated paper were greatly improved with the increase of LCNF content. The contact angle of oil and water of coated paper containing 50% LCNF were 69° and 78°, respectively, while the contact angle of oil and water of the base paper were only 30° and 20°, respectively. Cobb 300s values reduced from 110 g/m2 to 30 g/m2 when the LCNF content increased from 50% to 90%. Moreover, under the coating amount of 20 g/m2, the tensile strength of the coating paper was 0.980 KN/m, an increase of 10.11% compared with the base paper. The bursting strength reached 701.930 KPa, which was 10.75% higher than the base paper. In short, it is feasible to prepare LCNF from wheat straw, and apply it to produce water-proof and oil-proof paper. The water-proof and oil-proof paper developed in this study not only offers a novel approach to addressing white pollution but also presents a new research avenue for exploring the potential applications of agricultural waste.

Improvement of interface bonding of bacterial cellulose reinforced aged paper by amino-silanization.

The aging of paper seriously threatens the service life of cultural heritage documents. Bacterial cellulose (BC), which has a good fiber aspect ratio and is rich in hydroxyl groups, is suitable for strengthening aged paper. However, a single BC added was not ideal for paper restoration, since only strengthening was not able to resist the persistent acidification of ancient book. In this work, BC was functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to develop the interface bonding with aged paper. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis identified the successful amino-silanization of BC. The modification parameters were optimized as the concentration of APTES of 5 wt%, the reaction time of 4 h, and the reaction temperature of 80 °C based on a considerable improvement in the strength properties without obvious appearance impact on reinforced papers. Moreover, the pH value of the repaired paper was achieved at 8.03, ensuring the stability of the anti-aging effect. The results confirmed that APTES-BC had great potential applications in ancient books conservation.

Light-colored lignin extraction by ultrafiltration membrane fractionation for lignin nanoparticles preparation as UV-blocking sunscreen.

A wide range of applications are available for kraft lignin (KL). However, the dark color and wide size distribution of KL make it challenging to use in cosmetics and nanoparticle preparation. In this study, we fractionated KL from a paper-making enterprise using ultrafiltration membrane fractionation, and obtained four kinds of lignin with different molecular weights, namely ultrafiltration lignin (UL). Following that, lignin nanoparticles (ULNPs) were formed by self-assembly from four types of UL. Analyzing the UL and ULNP properties, the low molecular weight lignin, such as ULA, exhibited good antioxidant properties (89.47 %, 5 mg/mL), high brightness (ISO% = 7.55), high L⁎ value (L⁎ = 72.3) and low polydispersity index (PDI = 1.41). The ULNP showed a narrow size distribution (0.8-1.4 m) and high dispersibility in sunscreen. When ULNP was added to sunscreen with 5 % load, its sun protection factor (SPF) value increased from 14.93 to 63.74. Therefore, this study offered an effective way for the comprehensive utilization of pulping waste KL.

Production of nanocellulose using acidic deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride and carboxylic acids: A review.

Nowadays, nanocellulose production processes with numerous merits of green, eco-friendly, and cost-effective are in urgent need. Acidic deep eutectic solvent (ADES), as an emerging green solvent, has been widely applied in the preparation of nanocellulose over the past few years, owing to its unique advantages, including non-toxicity, low cost, easy synthesis, recyclability, and biodegradability. At present, several studies have explored the effectiveness of ADESs in nanocellulose production, particularly those based on choline chloride (ChCl) and carboxylic acids. Various acidic deep eutectic solvents have been employed, with representative ones such as ChCl-oxalic/lactic/formic/acetic/citric/maleic/levulinic/tartaric acid. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the latest progress of these ADESs, focusing on the treatment procedures and key superiorities. In addition, the challenges and outlooks of ChCl/carboxylic acids-based DESs implementation in the fabrication of nanocellulose were discussed. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to advance the industrialization of nanocellulose, which would help for the roadmap of sustainable and large-scale production of nanocellulose.