Sustainable governance of drinking water conservation areas based on adaptive thresholds.

Drinking water quality is integral to the Sustainable Development Goals framework. At the present, China's drinking water conservation faces a number of challenges that are partially brought on by strict conservation measures that don't fully take into account human-land conflict and sustainable development. Taking the idea of adaptive governance, this study seeks to identify adaptive thresholds and adaptive solutions for compatible drinking water conservation and local development. Pressure and resistance to drinking water quality in its status, future potential, and adaptive thresholds were explored to identify sustainable governance for the Baimei Conservation Area, Fujian Province. Field research, local governance forums, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model were utilized to explore the drinking water quality pressure and resistance to drinking water quality. In order to uncover potential future changes in pressure and resistance, suitability analyses and multi-scenario simulations were used to examine the status quo, pressure, and resistance scenarios. Adaptive thresholds were then identified through SWAT modeling of each scenario to guarantee the drinking water quality is greater than Class II in the Core Conservation Area and Class Ⅲ in 2nd-grade Conservation Area, respectively. The research finds that construction land development and farming are the key pressures on drinking water quality, and forests and wetlands are the primary resistances. The expansion of construction lands and the increased wetlands was centered on potential future scenarios because farming has no room for growth and forests are already heavily covered. The adaptive threshold of construction land expansion is identified to be 10% without new wetlands but can be 20% by adding 10% wetlands in subbasins, 5, 8, and 9. This study confirms the potential of adaptive sustainability for drinking water conservation areas. A similar analysis procedure can also be adapted to enhance adaptive governance for the sustainability of other conservation areas nationally and globally.

Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the family Schisandraceae: A review of phytochemistry, structure-activity relationship, and hepatoprotective effects.

Liver injury is a common pathological process characterized by massive degeneration and abnormal death of liver cells. With increase in dead cells and necrosis, liver injury eventually leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic fibrosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Consequently, it is necessary to treat liver injury and to prevent its progression. The drug Bicylol is widely employed in China to treat chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and has therapeutic potential for liver injury. It is the derivative of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans extracted from Schisandra chinensis (SC). The Schisandraceae family is a rich source of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, which possesses potential liver protective activity. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the phytochemistry, structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms underlying the liver protective activities of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the Schisandraceae family. Here, we had discussed the analysis of absorption or permeation properties of 358 compounds based on Lipinski's rule of five. So far, 358 dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans have been reported, with 37 of them exhibited hepatoprotective effects. The molecular mechanism of the active compounds mainly involves antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation and autophagy through Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Keap1/Nrf2/ARE), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)/Smad 2/3 signaling pathways. This review is expected to provide scientific ideas for future research related to developing and utilizing the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandraceae family.

Heilaohuacid G, a new triterpenoid from Kadsura coccinea inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and ameliorates inflammation in RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cells via suppressing NF-𝜠B pathway.

Heilaohu, the roots of Kadsura coccinea, has been used in Tujia ethnomedicine to treat rheumatic arthritis (RA). Heilaohuacid G (1), a new 3,4-seco-lanostane type triterpenoid isolated from the ethanol extract of Heilaohu, whose structure was determined using HR-ESI-MS data, NMR spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculations. In this study, our purpose is to elucidate the mechanisms of Heilaohuacid G in the treatment of RA by inhibited proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells and inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. The biological activity screening experiments indicated that Heilaohuacid G significantly inhibited proliferation of RA-FLS cells with IC50 value of 8.16 ± 0.47 µM. CCK-8 assay, ELISA, flow cytometry assay, and Western blot were used to measure the changes of cell viability, apoptosis, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Heilaohuacid G was found not only induced RA-FLS cell apoptosis, but also inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, Heilaohuacid G (p.o.) at doses of 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mg/kg and the ethanol extracts of Heilaohu (p.o.) at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg both were confirmed antiinflammatory effects on xylene-induced ear mice edema model.

Flavanols from Nature: A Phytochemistry and Biological Activity Review.

Flavanols, a common class of secondary plant metabolites, exhibit several beneficial health properties by acting as antioxidant, anticarcinogen, cardioprotective, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective agents. Furthermore, some flavanols are considered functional ingredients in dairy products. Based on their structural features and health-promoting functions, flavanols have gained the attention of pharmacologists and botanists worldwide. This review collects and summarizes 121 flavanols comprising four categories: flavan-3-ols, flavan-4-ols, isoflavan-4-ols, and flavan-3,4-ols. The research of the various structural features and pharmacological activities of flavanols and their derivatives aims to lay the groundwork for subsequent research and expect to provide mentality and inspiration for the research. The current study provides a starting point for further research and development.

A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle): A Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food.

Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang is a unique economic and medicinal plant of Cucurbitaceae in Southern China. For hundreds of years, Chinese people have used the fruit of S. grosvenorii as an excellent natural sweetener and traditional medicine for lung congestion, sore throat, and constipation. It is one of the first species in China to be classified as a medicinal food homology, which has received considerable attention as a natural product with high development potential. Various natural products, such as triterpenoids, flavonoids, amino acids, and lignans, have been released from this plant by previous phytochemical studies. Phar- macological research of the fruits of S. grosvenorii has attracted extensive attention, and an increasing number of extracts and compounds have been demonstrated to have antitussive, expectorant, antiasthmatic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, immunologic, hepatoprotective, antibacte- rial, and other activities. In this review, based on a large number of previous studies, we summarized the related research progress of the chemical components and pharmacological effects of S. grosvenorii, which provides theoretical support for further investigation of its biological functions and potential clinical applications.

Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Kadsura coccinea alleviate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress inhibition and activating the Nrf2 pathway in vitro.

Phytochemical investigation on the roots of Kadsura coccinea led to the isolation five previously unknown dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, named heilaohusuins A-E (1-5). Their structures determined by NMR spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD spectra. Hepatoprotection effects of a series of dibenzocyclooctadiene derivatives (1-68) were investigated against acetaminophen (APAP) induced HepG2 cells. Compounds 2, 10, 13, 21, 32, 41, 46, and 49 showed remarkable protective effects, increasing the viabilities to > 52.2% (bicyclol, 52.1 ± 1.3%) at 10 µM. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) for hepatoprotective activity were summarized, according to the activity results of dibenzocyclooctadiene derivatives. Furthermore, we found that one new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan heilaohusuin B attenuates hepatotoxicity, the mechanism might be closely correlated with oxidative stress inhibition via activating the Nrf2 pathway.

Chemistry and Pharmacological Activity of Sesquiterpenoids from the Chrysanthemum Genus.

Plants from the Chrysanthemum genus are rich sources of chemical diversity and, in recent years, have been the focus of research on natural products chemistry. Sesquiterpenoids are one of the major classes of chemical constituents reported from this genus. To date, more than 135 sesquiterpenoids have been isolated and identified from the whole genus. These include 26 germacrane-type, 26 eudesmane-type, 64 guaianolide-type, 4 bisabolane-type, and 15 other-type sesquiterpenoids. Pharmacological studies have proven the biological potential of sesquiterpenoids isolated from Chrysanthemum species, reporting anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, insecticidal, and antiviral activities for these interesting molecules. In this paper, we provide information on the chemistry and bioactivity of sesquiterpenoids obtained from the Chrysanthemum genus which could be used as the scientific basis for their future development and utilization.

New Cadinane Sesquiterpenes from the Stems of Kadsura heteroclita.

As part of our continual efforts to exploit 'Tujia Ethnomedicine' for their pharmacophoric functionalities, we herein investigated Kadsura heteroclita collected from a deep Wulin mountain area in northern Hunan province. The current study resulted in the isolation of three new sesquiterpenes: 6α,9α,15-trihydroxycadinan-4-en-3-one (1), (+)-3,11,12-trihydroxycalamenene (2), (-)-3,10,11,12-tetrahydroxy-calamenene (3), along with four known sesquiterpenes (4-7), and a cytochalasin H (8). Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D-, and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, and HRESI-MS, CD spectrometry. The antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of the compounds were evaluated. Compound 8 exhibited a strong antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 3.67 µM on isolated human polymorphonuclear cells or neutrophils.

Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 is responsible for melatonin-induced apoptosis in neural cancer cells.

Melatonin is an endogenous indoleamine with a wide range of biological functions in the various organisms from bacteria to mammals. Evidence indicates that melatonin facilitates apoptosis in cancer cells and enhances the antitumor activity of chemotherapy in animals and clinical studies. However, the melatonin metabolism and the key metabolic targets in cancer cells still remain unknown. In this study, U118 and SH-SY5Y tumor cell lines were used to investigate the metabolic pathways of melatonin in cancer cells. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of melatonin on proliferation in SH-SY5Y cells is more potent than that in U118 cells. In contrast, this inhibitory effect on the normal cells is absent. The antitumor effects of melatonin are positively associated with its metabolite N-acetylserotonin (NAS). Unexpectedly, CYP1B1 is, for first time, identified to localize in the mitochondria of tumor cells, and it metabolizes melatonin to form NAS in situ, which subsequently triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. In normal cells, NAS does not induce apoptosis. A remarkable individual variation on CYP1B1 expression was also detected in human tumor tissue. These findings provide the novel mechanisms regarding the antitumor effects of melatonin in the level of mitochondria. Thus, we hypothesize that CYP1B1 overexpression in mitochondria would significantly enhance the antitumor effects of melatonin. Mitochondrial CYP1B1 can potentially serve as a specific target to modify the therapeutic and biological effects of melatonin on cancer patients.

Lignans from Tujia Ethnomedicine Heilaohu: Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities.

Heilaohu, the roots of Kadsura coccinea, has a long history of use in Tujia ethnomedicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gastroenteric disorders, and a lot of work has been done in order to know the material basis of its pharmacological activities. The chemical investigation led to the isolation and characterization of three new (1⁻3) and twenty known (4⁻23) lignans. Three new heilaohulignans A-C (1⁻3) and seventeen known (4⁻20) lignans possessed dibenzocyclooctadiene skeletons. Similarly, one was a diarylbutane (21) and two were spirobenzofuranoid dibenzocyclooctadiene (22⁻23) lignans. Among the known compounds, 4⁻5, 7, 13⁻15 and 17⁻22 were isolated from this species for the first time. The structures were established, using IR, UV, MS and NMR data. The absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The isolated lignans were further evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities. Compound 3 demonstrated strong cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 9.92 µM, compounds 9 and 13 revealed weak cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 21.72 µM and 18.72 µM, respectively in the HepG-2 human liver cancer cell line. Compound 3 also showed weak cytotoxicity against the BGC-823 human gastric cancer cell line and the HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line with IC50 values of 16.75 µM and 16.59 µM, respectively. A chemiluminescence assay for antioxidant status of isolated compounds implied compounds 11 and 20, which showed weak activity with IC50 values of 25.56 µM and 21.20 µM, respectively.

Polyacetylenic Oleanane-Type Triterpene Saponins from the Roots of Panax japonicus.

Three new polyacetylenic oleanane-type triterpenoids, baisanqisaponins A-C (1-3), and one new oleanane-type triterpenoid, chikusetsusaponin-V ethyl ester (4), together with 19 known compounds (5-23), were isolated from the roots of Panax japonicus. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. Compounds 1-3 feature a rare panaxytriol group containing a polyacetylene on the saponin skeleton. Neuroprotective activity was evaluated for compounds 1-17, and angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition was tested for compounds 5-7 and 10-12.

Guapsidial†A and Guadials†B and C: Three New Meroterpenoids with Unusual Skeletons from the Leaves of Psidium guajava.

A novel sesquiterpene-based Psidium meroterpenoid, possessing an unusual coupling pattern, and two new monoterpene-based meroterpenoids with unprecedented skeletons were isolated from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, and computational methods. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of these meroterpenoids as well as their cytotoxicities toward HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells were also discussed.

[Chemical constituents of leaves of Psidium guajava].

To study the chemical constituents of the 95% ethanol extract of Psidium guajava. Compounds were separated by using a combination of various chromatographic methods including silica gel, D101 macroporous resin, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral data Eighteen compounds were isolated and identified as (+) -globulol (1), clovane-2beta, 9alpha-diol (2), 2beta-acetoxyclovan-9alpha-ol (3), (+) -caryolane-1 ,9beta-diol (4), ent-T-muurolol (5), clov-2-ene-9alpha-ol (6), isophytol (7), tamarixetin (8), gossypetin (9), quercetin (10), kaempferol (11), guajaverin (12), avicularin (13), chrysin 6-C-glucoside (14), 3'-O-methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyellagic acid 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (15), p-hydroxy-benzoic acid (16), guavinoside A (17) and guavinoside B (18). Compounds 2-9 and 14-16 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The ethanol extract showed 61.3% inhibition against the proliferation of colon cancer cell line SW480.

α-Glucosidase inhibitory flavonol glycosides from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja and their kinetics characteristics.

Seven previously undescribed flavonol glycosides including four rare flavonol glycoside cyclodimers, dicyclopaliosides A-C (1-3) with truxinate type and dicyclopalioside D (4) with truxillate type, as well as three kaempferol glycoside derivatives cyclopaliosides A-C (5-7), were obtained from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and chemical analyses. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory α-glucosidase activities. Among them, compounds 1-4 display strong inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 82.76 ± 1.41, 62.70 ± 4.00, 443.35 ± 16.48, and 6.31 ± 0.88 nM, respectively, while compounds 5-7 showed moderate activities with IC50 values of 4.91 ± 0.75, 3.64 ± 0.68, and 5.32 ± 0.53 µΜ, respectively. The structure-activity relationship analysis assumed that the cyclobutane cores likely contribute to the enhancement of α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of dimers. Also, the interaction mechanism between flavonol glycoside dimers and α-glucosidase were explored by the enzyme kinetic assay, indicating that compounds 1-3 exhibited mixed-type inhibition, while 4 showed uncompetitive inhibition. Additionally, the active compounds have also undergone molecular docking evaluation.

[Identification of key points and differentiation planning strategies of Shantou, Guangdong, China]. / å¹¿ä¸œçœæ±•å¤´å¸‚ç”Ÿæ€ä¿®å¤å ³é”®ç‚¹è¯†åˆ«ä¸Žå·®å¼‚åŒ–è§„åˆ’.

Territorial ecological restoration planning is a carrier process for carrying out territorial space regulation and ecological restoration. However, current urban planning efforts only focus on ecological processes, and fail to coordinate the development of both ecology and society. Taking Shantou, a city in Guangdong Province, as an example, we focused on the identification of ecological restoration nodes and the development of differentiated planning strategies from a comprehensive ecological-social perspective. By considering ecosystem integrity, we extracted the ecological corridors and key points by identifying ecological sources and constructing resistance surfaces, constructed an ecological recreation service evaluation system from the social perspective in terms of recreational allocation and recreational value to identify key areas for recreation services, and obtained different types of ecological restoration strategies by synthesizing the results of ecology and recreation. The results showed that there were 136 ecological corridors and 77 ecological nodes in Shantou, with a total length of 380.58 km. The most important recreation areas were the coastline, several inland bays, and wetland tidal flats, with an area of 33.78 km2 and accounting for 1.6% of the total area. Low-level recreation areas was the largest, accounting for 57.3% of the total area. We proposed the composite strategy of "recreation expansion & fishery development", the connectivity strategy of "ecological construction & corridor connection", and the protection strategy of "vegetation restoration & development restriction". This study would provide a comprehensive analysis path for the ecological protection and restoration planning of coastal cities, and would help promote the practicality and maximizing the comprehensive benefits of territorial ecological restoration planning.

Glycosides from the leaves of Fraxinus Hubeiensis.

Fraxinus hubeiensis is a plant endemic to China and widely used as folk medicine to treat various diseases. However, its chemical constituents have never been reported sufficiently. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of F. hubeiensis leaves. Hence, combined column chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used to identify and characterize the secondary metabolites such as a pair of 3-keto-glycoside epimers (1) and (2), along with five known compounds (3 ~ 7). The results of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity exhibited that 1 and 2 had moderate activity with IC50 values of 359.50 and 468.43 µM, respectively, compared to a positive control acarbose with the IC50 value of 164.08 µM. However, Compounds 1-6 were shown to be inactive against the tested microbes.

Two new euglobals from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta.

Two new euglobals, R1 (1) and R2 (2), together with eight known euglobals (3-10) were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Euglobal R1 (1) represents a new skeleton of formyl-isovaleryl phloroglucinol-coupled ß-phellandrene.

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja: Botany, Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja (C. paliurus) also known as Sweet tea tree, Money tree, Money willow, green money plum, mountain willow and shanhua tree, is a native rare monocotyledonous plant in Southern China. It possesses numerous traditional benefits, including clearing heat, detoxification, producing saliva, slake thirst, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, dispelling wind and relieving itching. It is also effective in preventing and treating diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, dizziness and swelling and pain, as well as reducing cholesterol, and modulating the functions of the immune system. The stem, leaves and bark of this plant are all medicinal parts, but the leaves have the highest research value. AIM OF THE STUDY: This article summarized the plant's botanical description, distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemical profiles and pharmacological for the first time, to provide possible directions for future development and research in brief. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature for this current manuscript was obtained from reports published from 1992 to May 2021 in diverse databases such as the China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases (CNKI), SciFinder, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Elsevier and Pub-Med. The domestic and foreign references published about C. paliurus over recent years were collected, analyzed and summarized. RESULTS: The botanical characteristics of the fruits of C. paliurus are unique in having a central nutlet surrounded by a circular wing to distinguish the living genera of Juglandaceae. In traditional medicine, C. paliurus leaves are used by the local people of Southern China to make tea to prevent diabetes. More than 210 compounds have been isolated from C. paliurus. Among them, the characteristic 3,4-seco-dammaranes accounted for the most. Other compounds include dammarane tetracyclic triterpenoids, various pentacyclic triterpenoids, flavonoids, isosclerones, phenolic derivatives and polysaccharides. The plant extracts and compounds have been reported to exert various pharmacological activities, such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-cancer, cytotoxic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-microbial activities. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive literature analysis shows that C. paliurus extract and its compounds have a variety of biological activities for the treatment of various diseases. The current modern pharmacology research is mostly related to the records of ethnic pharmacology, mainly in vitro research, relatively few in vivo research. Therefore, future studies should focus on this aspect. In addition, we also would like to recommend further research should concentrate on toxicity studies and quality control of C. paliurus to fill the study gap, as well as to provide theoretical support for the further development of the potential functions and clinical applications of the plant.

Anti-RAFLS Triterpenoids and Hepatoprotective Lignans From the Leaves of Tujia Ethnomedicine Kadsura heteroclita (Xuetong).

A pair of 3,4-seco-cycloartane triterpenoid isomers with a rare peroxy bridge, namely, xuetonins A and B (1 and 2), four new lignans xuetonlignans A-D (3-6), a new sesquiterpene xuetonpene (7), and a new natural product xuetonin C (8), along with 43 known compounds, were obtained from the leaves of Tujia ethnomedicine, Kadsura heteroclita. Their structures and configurations were determined with the help of a combination of 1D- and 2D-NMR, HRESIMS spectra, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and X-ray diffraction data. Compounds 2, 10, 13-15, and 17-19 showed moderate-to-potent activity against rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RAFLS) with IC50 values of 19.81 ± 0.26, 12.73 ± 0.29, 5.70 ± 0.24, 9.25 ± 0.79, 5.66 ± 0.52, 11.91 ± 0.44, 13.22 ± 0.27, and 15.94 ± 0.36 µM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 22, 25, and 31 exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells at 10 µM, and the cell viability increased by 12.93, 25.23, and 13.91%, respectively, compared with that in the model group (cf. bicyclol, 12.60%).

Sesquiterpenes from Kadsura coccinea attenuate rheumatoid arthritis-related inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signal pathways.

The roots of Kadsura coccinea is commonly used in Tujia ethnomedicine, named "heilaohu", having the effect of treating rheumatic arthritis (RA). Chemical investigation on the ethanol extract of heilaohu led to the isolation of one undescribed cuparane sesquiterpenoid, heilaohusesquiterpenoid A, one undescribed carotane sesquiterpenoids, heilaohusesquiterpenoid B, and eighteen sesquiterpene derivatives. Their structures were subsequently determined based on their 1D and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD spectroscopic data. Gaultheriadiolide was the most cytotoxic compound against the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells with an IC50 value of 9.37 µM. In the same line, nine compounds exhibited significant inhibition effects against TNF-α and IL-6 release in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging between 1.03 and 10.99 µM. The potential molecular mechanisms of the active compounds against RA were established through pharmacological network analysis based on the initial screening results. Experimental validation showed that gaultheriadiolide suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. This study enriches the structural diversity of sesquiterpenes in K. coccinea and lays a foundation for further anti-RA and anti-inflammatory studies.