RESUMEN
18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an oleane-type pentacyclic triterpene saponin obtained from glycyrrhizic acid by removing 2 glucuronic acid groups. GA and its analogues are active substances of glycyrrhiza aicd, with similar structure and important pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-tumor and anti-fibrosis. Although GA combined compounds are in the clinical trial stages, its application potential is severely restricted by its low bioavailability, water solubility and membrane permeability. In this article, synthetic methods and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of GA derivatives from 2018 to present are reviewed based on pharmacological activity. It is hoped that this review can provide reference for the future development of potential GA preclinical candidate compounds, and furnish ideas for the development of pentacyclic triterpenoid lead compounds.
RESUMEN
Four series of novel pyridine derivatives (17 a-i, 18 a-i, 19 a-e, and 20 a-e) were synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Of all the target compounds, almost half target compounds showed moderate or high antibacterial activity. The 4-F substituted compound 17 d (MIC=0.5â µg/mL) showed the highest antibacterial activity, its activity was twice the positive control compound gatifloxacin (MIC=1.0â µg/mL). For fungus ATCC 9763, the activities of compounds 17 a and 17 d are equivalent to the positive control compound fluconazole (MIC=8â µg/mL). Furthermore, compounds 17 a and 17 d showed little cytotoxicity to human LO2 cells, and did not show hemolysis even at ultra-high concentration (200â µM). The results indicate that these compounds are valuable for further development as antibacterial and antifungal agents.
Asunto(s)
Tiadiazoles , Humanos , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Hongos , Piridinas/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Three series of N-{[4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-α]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]methyl}acetamides (14a-d, 15a-n, and 16a-f) were synthesized and evaluated for activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitory activities in an enzymatic assay. The target compounds showed high ALK5 inhibitory activity and selectivity. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for phosphorylation of ALK5 of 16f (9.1 nM), the most potent compound, was 2.7 times that of the clinical candidate EW-7197 (vactosertib) and 14 times that of the clinical candidate LY-2157299. The selectivity index of 16f against p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase was >109, which was much higher than that of positive controls (EW-7197: >41, and LY-2157299: 4). Furthermore, a molecular docking study provided the interaction modes between the target compounds and ALK5. Compounds 14c, 14d, and 16f effectively inhibited the protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1)/matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) in transforming growth factor-ß-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Compounds 14c and 16f showed especially high activity at low concentrations, which suggests that these compounds could inhibit myocardial cell fibrosis. Compounds 14c, 14d, and 16f are potential preclinical candidates for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
Asunto(s)
Fibrosis , Imidazoles , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Humanos , Imidazoles/farmacología , Imidazoles/síntesis química , Imidazoles/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Fibrosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Estructura Molecular , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Antifibróticos/farmacología , Antifibróticos/síntesis química , Antifibróticos/química , Amidas/farmacología , Amidas/síntesis química , Amidas/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Liver fibrosis is a worldwide challenge of health issue. Developing effective new drugs for treating liver fibrosis is of great importance. In recent years, chemically synthesized drugs have significant advantages in treating liver fibrosis. Small molecule pyrazole derivatives as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitors have also shown anti-fibrotic and tumor growth inhibitory effects. To develop the candidate with anti-fibrotic effect, we synthesized a novel pyrazole derivative, J-1048. The inhibitory effect of J-1048 on ALK5 and p38α mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity was assessed by enzymatic assays. We established an in vivo liver fibrosis model by injecting thioacetamide (TAA) into mice and in vitro model of TGF-ß stimulated hepatic stellated cells to explore the inhibition mechanisms and therapeutic potential of J-1048 as an ALK5 inhibitor in liver fibrosis. Our data showed that J-1048 inhibited TAA-induced liver fibrosis in mice by explicitly blocking the TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway. Additionally, J-1048 inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) by inhibiting the purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7r) -Nucleotide-binding domain-(NOD-)like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) axis, thereby alleviating liver fibrosis. Our findings demonstrated that a novel small molecule ALK5 inhibitor, J-1048, exhibited strong potential as a clinical therapeutic candidate for liver fibrosis.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Ratones , Animales , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Fibrosis , Cirrosis Hepática/inducido químicamente , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Inflamación , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Pirazoles/efectos adversosRESUMEN
A series of 2-cyclopropyl-5-(5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-2-substituted-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (15a-t and 16a-f) were synthesized and their antibacterial activities were evaluated. More than half of the compounds showed moderate or strong antibacterial activity. Among them, compounds 15t (MIC=1-2â µg/mL) and 16d (MIC=0.5â µg/mL) showed the strongest antibacterial activities. Notably, compound 16d did not exhibit cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and did not show hemolysis like the positive control compound Gatifloxacin. The results suggest that compound 16d should be further investigated as a candidate antibacterial agent.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Nitroimidazoles , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Four series of novel pyrazole derivatives (compounds 17a-m, 18a-m, 19a-g, and 20a-g) were synthesized, and their antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated. Most of the target compounds (17a-m, 18k-m, and 19b-g) showed strong antifungal activity and high selectivity relative to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, compounds 17l (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 0.25 µg/mL) and 17m (MIC = 0.25 µg/mL) showed the strongest antifungal activity, being 2- and 4-fold more active than the positive controls gatifloxacin and fluconazole, respectively. In particular, compound 17l showed little cytotoxicity against human LO2 cells and did not exhibit hemolysis at ultrahigh concentrations, as did the positive control compounds gatifloxacin and fluconazole. These results indicate that these compounds are valuable for further development as antifungal agents.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Tiadiazoles , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Gatifloxacina , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Fluconazol/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Bacterias Gramnegativas , Bacterias Grampositivas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Pirazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In the present study, we completed the synthesis of a pyrazole derivative J-1063 and evaluated the kinase inhibitory activity of J-1063 activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) and p38α mitogen-activated protein (MAP) in the enzymatic assay. We evaluated anti-fibrotic effects of J-1063 on TGF-ß-induced hepatic stellate cells activation and TAA induced mice liver fibrosis. J-1063 showed much prior anti-fibrotic effects than those with LY2157299. Our data revealed that J-1063 exerted anti-fibrotic activity by inhibiting TGF-ßR1 (ALK5), which is likely related to the inhibition of TGF-ß--Smad signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The results suggest that J-1063 might be potential candidates for further anti-liver fibrosis drug development.
Asunto(s)
Cirrosis Hepática , Proteínas Smad , Animales , Fibrosis , Cirrosis Hepática/inducido químicamente , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Ratones , Pirazoles , Proteínas Smad/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador betaRESUMEN
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a neurotropic protozoan parasite, which can cause mental and behavioural disorders. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of sertraline (SERT) on T. gondii-induced depression-like behaviours. In the present study, a mouse model and a microglial cell line (BV2 cells) model were established by infecting with the T. gondii RH strain. In in vivo and in vitro experiments, the underlying molecular mechanisms of SERT in inhibiting depression-like behaviours and cellular perturbations caused by T. gondii infection were investigated in the mouse brain and BV2 cells. The administration of SERT significantly ameliorated depression-like behaviours in T. gondii-infected mice. Furthermore, SERT inhibited T. gondii proliferation. Treatment with SERT significantly inhibited the activation of microglia and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma, by down-regulating tumour necrosis factor receptor 1/nuclear factor-kappa B signalling pathway, thereby ameliorating the depression-like behaviours induced by T. gondii infection. Our study provides insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the newly discovered role of SERT against T. gondii-induced depression-like behaviours.
Asunto(s)
Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis , Animales , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Microglía/metabolismo , Microglía/parasitología , Sertralina/metabolismo , Sertralina/farmacología , Toxoplasma/fisiología , Toxoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Toxoplasmosis/metabolismoRESUMEN
The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is abnormally expressed in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade reduces the apoptosis and exhaustion of T cells and inhibits the development of malignant tumors. Usnic acid is a dibenzofuran compound originating from Usnea diffracta Vain and has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anticancer activities. However, the molecular mechanism of its antitumor effects has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we first observed that usnic acid decreased the expression of PD-L1 in HeLa cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity of co-cultured T cells toward tumor cells. Usnic acid inhibited PD-L1 protein synthesis by reducing STAT3 and RAS pathways cooperatively. It was subsequently shown that usnic acid induced MiT/TFE nuclear translocation through the suppression of mTOR signaling pathways, and promoted the biogenesis of lysosomes and the translocation of PD-L1 to the lysosomes for proteolysis. Furthermore, usnic acid inhibited cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion, respectively, by downregulating PD-L1, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Taken together, our results show that usnic acid is an effective inhibitor of PD-L1 and our study provide novel insights into the mechanism of its anticancer targeted therapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno B7-H1 , Benzofuranos/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células HeLa , Humanos , Parmeliaceae/químicaRESUMEN
Panaxadiol is a triterpenoid sapogenin monomeric compound found in the roots of Panax ginseng and has a variety of biological activities such as neuroprotective and anti-tumour functions. However, the mechanisms how panaxadiol exerts the anticancer effects remain unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the potential activity of panaxadiol on programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumour proliferation in human colon cancer cells and to identify the underlying mechanism. Results showed that panaxadiol showed little cytotoxicity as assessed by a cytotoxicity assay and significantly inhibited PD-L1 expression at the protein and mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, panaxadiol supressed the hypoxia-induced synthesis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways without affecting HIF-1α degradation. Simultaneously, panaxadiol inhibited STAT3 activation through the JAK1, JAK2, and Src pathways. Moreover, pre-treatment with panaxadiol enhanced the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and regained their capacity of tumour cell killing in a T cell and tumour cell co-culture system. Immunoprecipitation showed that panaxadiol inhibited PD-L1 expression by blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and STAT3. The inhibitory effect of panaxadiol on tumour proliferation was further demonstrated by colony formation and EdU labelling assays. The anti-proliferative effect of panaxadiol was also proved by a xenograft assay in vivo. Taken together, the current work highlights the anti-tumour effect of panaxadiol, providing insights into development of cancer therapeutic through PD-L1 inhibition.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Ginsenósidos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias del Colon/inmunología , Neoplasias del Colon/metabolismo , Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays an important role in apoptosis, metastasis, and proliferation and is recognized as an important potential therapeutic target for cancer. Six series of 3(5)-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(quinolin-4-yl)pyrazoles (11a-d, 12a-d, and 18a-d) and 3(5)-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(2-phenyl-pyridin-4-yl)pyrazoles (19a-d, 20a-d, and 21a-d) were synthesized and evaluated for activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) and HIF-1α inhibitory activity at the enzyme and cell levels. The effect of the lead compound 20d (J-1012) on HIF-1α activation in HCT116 cells was investigated. J-1012 markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced or TNF-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently. Analysis revealed that J-1012 inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the degradation of HIF-1α protein. Furthermore, by inhibiting the activation of HIF-1α, J-1012 suppressed the metastasis and proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HCT116 cells. These results suggest that J-1012 may be a potential therapeutic agent against human colon cancer.
Asunto(s)
Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/síntesis química , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/efectos de los fármacos , HumanosRESUMEN
Convallatoxin (CNT) is a cardiac glycoside isolated from Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde and has both anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of CNT was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of mouse macrophages with lipopolysaccharide induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines via suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), two transcription factors implicated in many inflammatory diseases. Notably, the effects of lipopolysaccharide were reversed by concomitant treatment of macrophages with CNT. Knockdown of PPARγ by siRNA inhibited the effect of convallatoxin on NF-κB activation. Because these transcription factors play a role in the development of ulcerative colitis in humans, the mice with experimental colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was employed. Indeed, concomitant treatment with CNT ameliorated DSS-induced colitis symptoms, tissue damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine production in the colon, and also reversed the activation of NF-κB and suppression of PPARγ. Collectively, these data indicate that CNT ameliorates colitic inflammation via activation of PPARγ and suppression of NF-κB, and suggest that CNT may be a promising treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Colitis/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Estrofantinas/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis/genética , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/patología , Citocinas/sangre , Citocinas/genética , Sulfato de Dextran , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , ARN Interferente Pequeño , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Estrofantinas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Transforming growth factor (TGF-ß), a key mediator of tumor growth and metastasis, has been recognized as an important cancer drug target. A series of benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-5-yl imidazoles (14a-g) and thieno[3,2-c]-pyridin-2-yl imidazoles (20a-g) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) activities. Among these compounds, 14c showed the highest activity (IC50â¯=â¯0.008⯵M) against ALK5 kinase, which was 16.1-fold and 1.8-fold higher than those of positive control compounds LY-2157299 (IC50â¯=â¯0.129⯵M) and EW-7197 (IC50â¯=â¯0.014⯵M), respectively. Compound 14g (350) showed the highest selectivity index of ALK5 against p38α MAP kinase, which was significantly higher than that of positive control compounds LY-2157299 (4) and EW-7197 (211). The inhibitory effects of compound 14c on TGF-ß-induced Smad signaling and cell motility were studied in SPC-A1, HepG2 and HUVEC cells using western blot analysis and wound healing assay. ADMET prediction analysis showed that compounds 14c and 14g had good pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Tiofenos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Imidazoles/síntesis química , Imidazoles/farmacocinética , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/síntesis química , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Tiadiazoles/síntesis química , Tiadiazoles/farmacocinética , Tiofenos/síntesis química , Tiofenos/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
The transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), in which overexpression has been associated with various diseases, has become an attractive molecular target for the treatment of cancers. Thirty-two quinoxaline-derivatives of 3-substituted-4-(quinoxalin-6-yl) pyrazoles 14aâ»d, 15aâ»d, 16aâ»d, 17aâ»d, 18aâ»d, 19aâ»d, 25a, 25b, 25d, 26a, 26b, 26d, 27b, and 27d were synthesized and evaluated for their activin TGF-ß type I receptor kinase and p38α mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitory activity in enzymatic assays. Among these compounds, the most active compound 19b inhibited TGF-ß type I receptor kinase phosphorylation with an IC50 value of 0.28 µM, with 98% inhibition at 10 µM. Compound 19b also had good selectivity index of >35 against p38α MAP kinase, with 9.0-fold more selective than clinical candidate, compound 3 (LY-2157299). A molecular docking study was performed to identify the mechanism of action of the synthesized compounds and their good binding interactions were observed. ADMET prediction of good active compounds showed that these ones possess good pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness behavior.
Asunto(s)
Pirazoles/química , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Quinolinas/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Recent strategies for treating CML patients have focused on investigating new combinations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as well as identifying novel translational research agents that can eradicate CML leukemia-initiating cells (CML-LICs). However, little is known about the therapeutic benefits such CML-LIC targeting therapies might bring to CML patients. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of EW-7197, an orally bioavailable transforming growth factor-ß signaling inhibitor which has recently been approved as an Investigational New Drug (NIH, USA), to suppress CML-LICs in vivo. Compared to TKI treatment alone, administration of TKI plus EW-7197 to CML-affected mice significantly delayed disease relapse and prolonged survival. Notably, combined treatment with EW-7197 plus TKI was effective in eliminating CML-LICs even if they expressed the TKI-resistant T315I mutant BCR-ABL1 oncogene. Collectively, these results indicate that EW-7197 may be a promising candidate for a new therapeutic that can greatly benefit CML patients by working in combination with TKIs to eradicate CML-LICs.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Anilina/farmacología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Triazoles/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Imidazoles/administración & dosificación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridazinas/administración & dosificación , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transfección , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
To further optimize a clinical candidate 5 (EW-7197), a series of 5-(3-, 4-, or 5-fluoro-substituted-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)imidazoles 19a-l have been synthesized and evaluated for their TGF-ß type I receptor kinase (ALK5) and p38α MAP kinase inhibitory activity in an enzyme assay. The 5-(5-fluoro-substituted-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)imidazoles 19h-l displayed the similar level of potency to that of 5 against both ALK5 (IC50=7.68-13.70 nM) and p38α MAP kinase (IC50=1240-3370 nM). Among them, 19j inhibited ALK5 with IC50 value of 7.68 nM in a kinase assay and displayed 82% inhibition at 100 nM in a luciferase reporter assay.
Asunto(s)
Imidazoles/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/síntesis química , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Triazoles/síntesis química , Línea Celular , Pruebas de Enzimas , Genes Reporteros , Humanos , Imidazoles/farmacología , Luciferasas/genética , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Triazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A series of 4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-5(3)-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)imidazoles and -pyrazoles 14a-c, 15a-c, 16a, 16b, 19a-d, 21a, and 21b has been synthesized and evaluated for their ALK5 inhibitory activity in an enzyme assay and in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay. Among them, the pyrazole derivative 21b inhibited ALK5 phosphorylation with an IC50 value of 0.018 µM and showed 95% inhibition at 0.03 µM in a luciferase reporter assay using HaCaT cells permanently transfected with p3TP-luc reporter construct. The 21b showed a high selectivity index of 284 against p38α MAP kinase. The binding pose of 21b generated by docking analysis reveals that it fits well into the ATP binding cavity of ALK5 by forming several hydrogen bond interactions.
Asunto(s)
Imidazoles/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirazoles/química , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sitios de Unión , Dominio Catalítico , Línea Celular , Humanos , Imidazoles/síntesis química , Imidazoles/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Unión Proteica , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Pirazoles/síntesis química , Pirazoles/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the use of a novel, double-lumen electrocautery tube (DLET) device for ablating the sympathetic nerve chain in patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis (PPH). METHODS: Forty-six patients with severe PPH were recruited into the study between November 2010 and February 2012. All patients underwent single port, bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathicotomy. Twenty-four patients were randomized to receive sympathicotomy using a conventional 5-mm electrocautery hook (hook group) and 22 patients were randomized to the DLET group. RESULTS: The mean postoperative follow-up period was 8.1 months (range: 1 to 15 months). After surgery the hands of all patients became dry and warm. Mean incision size was 10.6 ± 1.0 in the hook group and 6.5 ± 0.5 mm in the DLET group (p = 0.001). The mean pain score was 1.4 ± 0.6 with hook surgery and 0.9 ± 0.6 with the DLET device (p = 0.016). The mean operative time was longer in the hook group (36.8 ± 3.4 min) than in the DLET group (30.5 ± 3.9 min; p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two procedures in terms of hospital stay and compensatory sweating, or patient satisfaction. Pneumothorax occurred in two (8.3%) patients in the hook group and in one (4.5%) patient in the DLET group. None of the patients required chest drainage and none developed Horner syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathicotomy using hook or DLET procedures is effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for palmar hyperhidrosis. The DLET device allows a shorter operation time, smaller incision, better cosmetic results, less pain, and better clarity of video, making it suitable for single-port thoracoscopic sympathicotomy.
Asunto(s)
Hiperhidrosis/cirugía , Simpatectomía/instrumentación , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/cirugía , Cirugía Torácica Asistida por Video/instrumentación , Adolescente , Adulto , Electrocoagulación/instrumentación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant infections kill hundreds of thousands of people globally every year. In previous work, we found that tri-methoxy- and pyridine-substituted imidazoles show strong antibacterial activities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial activities and bacterial resistances of imidazoles bearing an aromatic heterocyclic, alkoxy, or polycyclic moiety on the central ring. METHODS: Three series of 2-cyclopropyl-5-(5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-2-substituted-1H-imidazol-4- yl)-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (13a-e, 14a-d, and 15a-f) were synthesized and their antibacterial activity was evaluated. The structures were confirmed by their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectra. All the synthesized compounds were screened against Gram-positive, Gramnegative, and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. RESULTS: More than half of the compounds showed moderate or strong antibacterial activity. Among them, compound 13e (MICs = 1-4 µg/mL) showed the strongest activity against Gram-positive and drug-resistant bacteria as well as high selectivity against Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, it showed no cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, even at 100 µM, and no hemolysis at 20 µM. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that compound 13e is excellent candicate for further study as a potential antibacterial agent.
Asunto(s)
Nitroimidazoles , Tiadiazoles , Humanos , Antibacterianos , Imidazoles/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates. However, there are currently no effective therapies for PD. Brazilin, an inhibitor of α-Syn aggregation, is unstable and toxic. Therefore, we have developed and synthesized derivatives of brazilin. One of these derivatives, called brazilin-7-acetate (B-7-A), has shown reduced toxicity and a stronger effect on inhibiting α-Syn aggregation. It showed that B-7-A prevented the formation of α-Syn fibers and disrupted existing fibers in a dosage-dependent manner. Additionally, B-7-A significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of α-Syn aggregates and alleviated oxidative stress in PC12 cells. The beneficial effects of B-7-A were also confirmed using the Caenorhabditis elegans model. These effects included preventing the accumulation of α-Syn clumps, improving behavior disorder, increasing lifespan, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting against lipid oxidation and loss. Finally, B-7-A showed good ADMET properties in silico. Based on these findings, B-7-A exhibits potential as a prospective treatment for PD.