The influence of microbial dysbiosis on immunochemotherapy-related efficacy and safety in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The gut microbiome influences cancer development and the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy but little is known about its effects on lymphoma. We obtained stool samples from treatment-naive, newly diagnosed patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 189). We first performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (n = 158) and then conducted whole-genome shotgun sequencing on additional samples (n = 106). We compared the microbiome data from these patients with data from healthy controls and assessed whether microbiome characteristics were associated with treatment outcomes. The alpha diversity was significantly lower in patients with DLBCL than in healthy controls (P < .001), and the microbial composition differed significantly between the groups (P < .001). The abundance of the Enterobacteriaceae family belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum was markedly higher in patients than in healthy controls. Functional analysis of the microbiome revealed an association with opportunistic pathogenesis through type 1 pili, biofilm formation, and antibiotics resistance. Enterobacteriaceae members were significantly enriched in patients who experienced febrile neutropenia and in those who experienced relapse or progression (P < .001). Interestingly, greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P = .007). The cytokine profiles of patients whose microbiome was enriched with Enterobacteriaceae were significantly associated with interleukin 6 (P = .035) and interferon gamma (P = .045) levels. In summary, patients with DLBCL exhibited gut microbial dysbiosis. The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae correlated with treatment outcomes and febrile neutropenia. Further study is required to elucidate the origin and role of gut dysbiosis in DLBCL.

Dietary quality and the gut microbiome in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has increased steadily with the increase of the elderly population. PD may influence dietary intake and quality, and the gut microbiome composition. The present study examined differences in dietary intake and quality between PD patients and controls according to sex. In addition, we assessed the gut microbiome composition. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at A Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. PD severity, swallowing function, olfactory function, and constipation status were examined by a skilled nurse. Dietary data were collected through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Stool samples were subjected to microbiome analysis. To examine dietary quality, the Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ), Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were used. An independent t-test was used to determine differences between patients and controls. A chi-square test was used to examine frequency differences. RESULTS: Dietary intake did not differ between the PD patient and control groups. Regarding dietary quality, the patients consumed more saturated fat compared to controls. Overall, the dietary differences between the groups were minor. The composition of the gut microbiome differed between PD patients and controls. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genus were most abundant in PD patients. Prevotella VZCB and other Faecalibacterium were most abundant in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that PD patients may experience gut microbiome change even in the early stage, while nutritional needs can be met when a balanced diet including various food groups are consumed.

Anaerostipes hominis sp. nov., a novel butyrate-producing bacteria isolated from faeces of a patient with Crohn's disease.

Cultivation and isolation of gut bacteria are necessary for understanding their role in the intestinal ecosystem. We isolated a novel bacterium, designated strain BG01T, from the faeces of a patient with Crohn's disease. Strain BG01T was a strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-variable and endospore-forming bacterium. Strain BG01T possessed C12 : 0, C18 : 0 dimethyl aldehyde (DMA) and C18 : 1 ω9c DMA as predominant cellular fatty acids and meso-diaminopimelic acid as a diagnostic diamino acid. Strain BG01T grew at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), with 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-1 %), at pH 6-10 (optimum, pH 7) and was resistant to bile salt, but not to ampicillin, metronidazole, vancomycin and cefoperazone. Butyrate, propionate, oxalacetate and fumarate were produced as fermentation end products from Gifu anaerobic medium broth. Strain BG01T showed 97.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and 92.0 and 48.5 % of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, respectively, with Anaerostipes caccae KCTC 15019T. Genomic analysis indicated that strain BG01T had a butyrate-producing pathway. The genomic G+C content of the strain was 43.5 mol%. Results of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain BG01T represents a novel butyrate-producing species of the genus Anaerostipes, for which the name Anaerostipes hominis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BG01T (=KCTC 15617T=JCM 32275T).

Flaviflexus ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccobacillus-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain H23T48T, was isolated from the faecal sample of an oriental stork collected from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Optimal growth of strain H23T48T was observed at 30-37 °C, pH 8 and with 3 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain H23T48T was closely related to the genus Flaviflexus, with 97.0 and 96.7 % sequence similarities to Flaviflexus salsibiostraticola EBR4-1-2T and Flaviflexus huanghaiensis H5T, respectively. Strain H23T48T possessed MK-9(H4) as the major menaquinone and C16 : 0 (42.4 %), C18 : 1 ω9c (31.3 %) and C14 : 0 (17.7 %) as the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids, six unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycophospholipids. The amino acid composition of the cell-wall peptidoglycan was l-alanine, l-lysine, d-glutamic acid, l-aspartic acid and glycine. The genomic G+C content of strain H23T48T is 59.5 mol% and the average nucleotide identity value between H23T48T and F. salsibiostraticola KCT C33148T (=EBR4-1-2T) is 75.5 %. Based on the obtained data, strain H23T48T represents a novel species of the genus Flaviflexus, for which the name Flaviflexus ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H23T48T (=KCTC 49253T=JCM 33282T).

Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork.

A novel, Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain H21T32T, was isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana. Cells formed cocci grouped in pairs, tetrads or conglomerates, and colonies on solid medium were pale yellow. Strain H21T32T belonged to the genus Jeotgalibaca, family Carnobacteriaceae, order Lactobacillales and class Bacilli. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strain showed 97.06-97.34, 96.17-96.31 and 95.93-96.07 % similarity to the type strains of Jeotgalibaca arthritidis, J. porci and J. dankookensis, respectively. The strain grew at 10-37 °C (optimum temperature: 30 °C), with 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum salinity: 0.5 %) and at pH 7-9 (optimum pH: 8). The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1 ω9c, C18 : 1 ω9c and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Respiratory quinones were not detected. Sugar components of the peptidoglycan were rhamnose, ribose and glucose. Amino acid components of the cell wall were l-alanine, d-glucose, l-lysine, glycine and aspartic acid. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 37.1 mol%. Average nucleotide identity between strain H21T32T and J. arthritidis CECT 9157T was 77.02 %, confirming that strain H21T32T represents a novel species of the genus Jeotgalibaca, for which the name Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H21T32T (=KCTC 33991T=JCM 33222T).

Tabrizicola piscis sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean indigenous freshwater fish, Acheilognathus koreensis.

A novel Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium, designated strain K13M18T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean indigenous fish, oily bitterling (Acheilognathus koreensis). Strain K13M18T formed creamy-pink colonies on a marine agar plate. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain K13M18T was most closely related to Tabrizicola sediminis DRYC-M-16T, sharing 97.62 % similarity with that strain. Strain K13M18T belonged to the genus Tabrizicola, which formed a cluster with Tabrizicola aquatica RCRI19T, Tabrizicola fusiformis SY72T, Tabrizicola sediminis DRYC-M-16T and Tabrizicola alkalilacus DJCT in a phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain K13M18T grown optimally in 0 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7 and 30 °C, in a marine broth medium. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c and C18 : 1 ω6c. The major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone Q-10. Polar lipids of strain K13M18T contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. Based on genome sequencing, the DNA G+C content of strain K13M18T was 64.08 mol %, with an average nucleotide identity value, calculated by a comparative genomic analysis of strains K13M18T and T. sediminis DRYC-M-16T, of 74.82 %. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, and phenotypic information, strain K13M18T is proposed to be a novel species of the genus Tabrizicola. The type strain is K13M18T (=KCTC 62659T=JCM 33230T).

Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, reddish-orange-coloured, gliding bacterial strain, designated L12M1T, was isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain L12M1T formed a monophyletic clade with the strains in the genus Flammeovirga and showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flammeovirga kamogawensis YS10T (98.66 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain L12M1T were iso-C15 : 0 and C20 : 4ω6,9,12,15c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major polyamines were spermidine, cadaverine and the minor polyamine was putrescine. The DNA G+C content was 32.1 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic results indicated that strain L12M1T represents a novel species of the genus Flammeovirga, for which the name Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L12M1T (=KCTC 62750T=JCM 33169T).

Pseudorhodobacter turbinis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the Korean turban shell, Turbo cornutus.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, coccus-shaped, aerobic and motile bacterial strain, designated S12M18T, was isolated from the gut of the Korean turban shell, Turbo cornutus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain S12M18T belonged to the genus Pseudorhodobacter and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity twith Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris HDW-19T (98.63 %). The phylogenomic tree congruently verified that strain S12M18T occupies a taxonomic position within the genus Pseudorhodobacter. The OrthoANIu value between strain S12M18T and P. aquimaris HDW-19T was 87.22 %. The major cellular fatty acid of strain S12M18T was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c or C18 : 1 ω6c). The major components of the polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G＋C content was 57.8 mol%. The polyphasic analyses indicated that strain S12M18T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, for which the name Pseudorhodobacter turbinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S12M18T (=KCTC 62742T=JCM 33168T).

Iodobacter ciconiae sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from feces of oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-violet-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain H11R3T, was isolated from the feces of Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana, collected from Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that H11R3T formed a monophyletic clade with Iodobacter fluviatilisDSM 3764T, Iodobacter arcticusDSM 100243T, and Iodobacter limnosediminisDSM 103822T, with sequence similarities of 98.8, 98.6 and 98.4 %, respectively. H11R3T grew optimally at 15 °C, pH 8, with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), and polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, four unidentified phospholipids, and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 and C16 : 0, and the DNA G+C content of the genome is 48.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value between strains H11R3T and I. fluviatilis NCTC 11159T (=DSM 3764T) is 83.7 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain H11R3T represents a novel species of the genus Iodobacter for which the name Iodobacterciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H11R3T (=KCTC 62666T=JCM 33283T).

Undibacterium piscinae sp. nov., isolated from Korean shiner intestine.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, obligate aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, and flagellated bacterium, designated S11R28T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean shiner, Coreoleuciscus splendidus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain S11R28T was identified as member of the genus Undibacterium in class Betaproteobacteria, and was closely related to Undibacterium parvum DSM 23061T (98.49 %). The isolate grew at 4-25 °C, pH 6-9, with 0 % (w/v) NaCl, and grew optimally at 20 °C, pH 8, in the absence of NaCl. The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 and summed features 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The strain possessed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine as predominant polar lipids, and ubiquinone Q-8 as a respiratory quinone. The polyamine profile composed of 2-hydroxyputrescine, spermidine, putrescine, and benzoic acid. A genomic DNA G+C content was 51.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity between strains S11R28T and U. parvum DSM 23061T was 78.66 %. Thus, Undibacterium piscinae can be considered a novel species within the genus Undibacterium with the type strain S11R28T (=KCTC 62668T=JCM 33224T).

Dysbiosis of Inferior Turbinate Microbiota Is Associated with High Total IgE Levels in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis.

Abnormalities in the human microbiota are associated with the etiology of allergic diseases. Although disease site-specific microbiota may be associated with disease pathophysiology, the role of the nasal microbiota is unclear. We sought to characterize the microbiota of the site of allergic rhinitis, the inferior turbinate, in subjects with allergic rhinitis (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 12) and to examine the relationship of mucosal microbiota with disease occurrence, sensitized allergen number, and allergen-specific and total IgE levels. Microbial dysbiosis correlated significantly with total IgE levels representing combined allergic responses but not with disease occurrence, the number of sensitized allergens, or house dust mite allergen-specific IgE levels. Compared to the populations in individuals with low total IgE levels (group IgElow), low microbial biodiversity with a high relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum (Staphylococcus aureus) and a low relative abundance of Actinobacteria phylum (Propionibacterium acnes) was observed in individuals with high total serum IgE levels (group IgEhigh). Phylogeny-based microbial functional potential predicted by the 16S rRNA gene indicated an increase in signal transduction-related genes and a decrease in energy metabolism-related genes in group IgEhigh as shown in the microbial features with atopic and/or inflammatory diseases. Thus, dysbiosis of the inferior turbinate mucosa microbiota, particularly an increase in S. aureus and a decrease in P. acnes, is linked to high total IgE levels in allergic rhinitis, suggesting that inferior turbinate microbiota may be affected by accumulated allergic responses against sensitized allergens and that site-specific microbial alterations play a potential role in disease pathophysiology.

Tessaracoccus aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, from a marine aquaculture pond.

A novel coccus-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and aerobic bacterium, designated strain NSG39T, was isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the newly isolated strain NSG39T was closely related to Tessaracoccus flavus RP1T (98.0 %). The isolate grew at 15-37 °C, pH 7-9 and 0-4 % (w/v) salinity, with optimal growth at 30 °C, pH 8 and 0 % (w/v) salinity. The cell wall of the organism contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as a diagnostic diamino acid, and ribose, mannose, glucose and galactose as diagnostic sugars. The polar lipid comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three glycolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 (47.2 %). The major menaquinone was MK-9 (H4). The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 68.8 mol%. The genome-based orthologous average nucleotide identity value for strain NSG39T and T. flavus RP1T was 76.6 %. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and its biological characteristics, strain NSG39T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tessaracoccus, for which the name Tessaracoccus aquimaris is proposed. The type strain is NSG39T (=KACC 17540T=JCM 19289T).

Blautia hominis sp. nov., isolated from human faeces.

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and coccoid- or oval-shaped bacterium, designated strain KB1T, was isolated from a faecal sample of a patient with diverticulitis in South Korea. Degeneracies in the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KB1T were resolved by cloning, which yielded five different sequences with heterogeneity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KB1T formed a monophyletic branch with species in the genus Blautia, with highest sequence similarity to the type strain of Blautia producta (97.7-98.9 %), followed by Blautia coccoides (97.5-98.1 %). Strain KB1T was able to grow at temperatures of between 15 and 42 °C, with optimal growth at 37 °C, and in the presence of 20 % dehydrated bile. Acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and fumaric acid were produced by strain KB1T from Gifu anaerobic medium broth as metabolic fermentation end-products. The major cellular fatty acids of strain KB1T were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 dimethyl aldehyde. The DNA G+C content was 46.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain KB1T and the type strain of B. producta was 84.1 %. On the basis of polyphasic analysis, strain KB1T represents a novel species in the genus Blautia, for which the name Blautia hominis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KB1T (=KCTC 15618T=JCM 32276T).

Tumebacillus avium sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively aerobic, spore-forming, oxidase-positive, catalase- and DNase-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, AR23208T, was isolated from the gut of a cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), collected at Seoul Grand Park Zoo (Republic of Korea). Strain AR23208T grew optimally at 25-30 °C, at pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain AR23208T shared 98.2 and 97.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Tumebacillus algifaecis THMBR28T and Tumebacilluslipolyticus NIO-S10T, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of strain AR23208T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I) and anteiso-C15 : 0 and the primary isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and ten unidentified lipids. The sugar components of the cell wall peptidoglycan were ribose and arabinose. The amino acids of the cell wall peptidoglycan were l-alanine, aspartic acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid, l-glutamic acid, glycine and l-lysine. The OrthoANI value based on the complete genome sequence of strain AR23208T and the closest related strain, T. algifaecis THMBR28T, was 80.4 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AR23208T was 56.0 mol%. Based on the data presented in the current study, strain AR23208T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tumebacillus, for which the name Tumebacillus avium sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AR23208T (=KCTC 33929T=JCM 32188T).

Virgibacillus phasianinus sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from faeces of a Swinhoe's pheasant, Lophura swinhoii.

A rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, motile and aerobic bacterium, designated LM2416T, was isolated from faeces of Lophuras winhoii living in Seoul Grand Park, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LM2416T belonged to the genus Virgibacillus, sharing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Virgibacillus necropolis LMG 19488T (99.0 %), Virgibacillus carmonensis LMG 20964T (98.4 %), Virgibacillus arcticus Hal 1T (98.3 %) and Virgibacillus flavescens S1-20T (97.9 %). The isolate grew at 10-30 °C, pH 6-7 and 0-20 % (w/v) NaCl. Optimal growth was observed at 30 °C, pH 6-7 and 10 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0. Polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown phospholipids and two unknown aminophospholipids. The main menaquinone was MK-7. Strain LM2416T had alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, glycine and aspartic acid as cell-wall amino acids and ribose as a cell-wall sugar. The whole genome sequences of strain LM2416T and V. necropolis KCTC 3820T were sequenced by PacBio RS II sequencing. The genome sequence-based G+C content of strain LM2416T was 39.5 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity value, showing genetic relatedness between strain LM2416T and V. necropolis KCTC 3820T, was 78.3 %. Based on the phylogenetic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data presented in this study, strain LM2416T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus phasianinus is proposed. The type strain is LM2416T (=KCTC 33927T=JCM 32144T).

Oceanisphaera avium sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterial strain, designated AMac2203T, was isolated from the gut of the cinereous vulture, Aegypiusmonachus, collected from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Republic of Korea. Strain AMac2203T grew optimally at 15-25 °C, pH 7-8 and in the presence of 3-5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 97.4-97.9 % and 96.9-97.3 % sequence similarities of the 16S rRNA genes to its counterparts in Oceanisphaera profunda SM1222T and Oceanisphaera ostreae T-w6T, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of strain AMac2203T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 0ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, 33.6 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c, 24.5 %) and C16 : 0 (19.9 %). The primary isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified amino lipid and an unidentified lipid. Based on complete genome sequencing of strain AMac2203T and the closest related type strain, O. profunda, the OrthoANI value is 77.5 %, which is below the 95 % cut-off for species demarcation. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AMac2203T is 47.1 mol%. Thus, strain AMac2203T represents a novel species candidate of the genus Oceanisphaera. We propose the name Oceanisphaeraavium sp. nov., with strain AMac2203T (=KCTC 62118T=JCM 32207T) as the type strain.

Vagococcus martis sp. nov., isolated from the small intestine of a marten, Martes flavigula.

A novel coccus-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and facultative aerobic bacterium, designated strain D7T301T, was isolated from the small intestine of a marten, Martes flavigula, which was killed on the road in Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Grown on a tryptic soy yeast agar plate, colonies had a creamy colour and irregular form. The new isolate formed a monophyletic clade with Vagococcus penaei CD276T on a phylogenetic consensus tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The isolate grew optimally at 37 °C and pH 7 in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The isolate was catalase- and oxidase-negative. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was type A4α l-Lys-d-Asp. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C14 : 0, and C16 : 1ω9c. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7 (85.1 %). The DNA G+C content based on genome sequencing was 33.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value obtained from comparative genomic analysis between strain D7T301T and V. penaei CIP 109914T was 72.6 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses, Vagococcusmartis is proposed as a novel species of the genus Vagococcus. The type strain is D7T301T (=KCTC 21069T=JCM 31178T).

Comamonas piscis sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain CN1T, was isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. The optimum growth condition for strain CN1T was 25 °C, pH 7 and 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CN1T was in the genus Comamonas and that the nearest type strain was Comamonas koreensis YH12T with 98.65 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The primary cellular fatty acids of strain CN1T were summed feature 3 (comprised of C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (comprised of C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified lipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 65.5 mol%. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain CN1T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CN1T ( = KACC 18403T = JCM 30718T).

Pseudahrensia todarodis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a Japanese flying squid, Todarodes pacificus.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, aerobic, beige-coloured and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KHS02T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Japanese flying squid, Todarodes pacificus, which was collected from the East Sea, Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KHS02T formed a monophyletic clade with Pseudahrensia aquimaris HDW-32T, with which it had the highest sequence similarity (98.67 %). Strain KHS02T grew optimally at pH 7 with 2 % (w/v) NaCl at 25 °C on marine broth 2216, but could not grow without Na+. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c) and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipids of strain KHS02T comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 58.6 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that the isolate shared 16.2 ± 1.3 % (reciprocal, 15.7 ± 2.8 %) genomic relatedness with the type strain of the closest species. In conclusion, this isolate is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudahrensia, for which the name Pseudahrensia todarodis is proposed. The type strain is KHS02T ( = KACC 18257T = JCM 30419T).

Sedimentitalea todarodis sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal tract of a Japanese flying squid.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped alphaproteobacterium, designated strain KHS03T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Japanese flying squid, Todarodes pacificus, which was collected from the East Sea, Korea. The new isolate shared 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Sedimentitalea nanhaiensis NH52FT. The isolate grew optimally at 25 °C and pH 7 in the presence of 1-2 % (w/v) NaCl, and had an absolute requirement of sodium ions for growth. The major cellular fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c. The primary isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10. Polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. Genotypic analyses indicated that the whole genomic DNA of the isolate had a G+C content of 59.9 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that the isolate shared 17.1±2.3 % (reciprocal 17.0±1.9 %) genomic relatedness with the closest related type strain, S. nanhaiensis NH52FT. Strain KHS03T is thus suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Sedimentitalea, for which the name Sedimentitalea todarodis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KHS03T (=KCTC 42412T=JCM 31160T).