Alteration of inflammation marker levels with alfa keto analogs in diabetic rats.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most well-known and common cause of end-stage renal disease. Excessive inflammatory processes were hypothesized to be one of the reasons for progression to end-stage disease. Even though progression to end stage disease tried to be prevented with some dietary measures such as lowering nitrogen in diet, none of the methods tried were successful enough. Aims: In our study, we aimed to determine the effects of alfa keto analog use in altering levels of inflammatory markers when added to dietary program in a diabetic rat model. Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 22 male Sprague Dawley rats with streptozocine induced diabetic nephropathy. Both groups were fed with low protein diet except for study group with added alfa keto analogs. Biochemical values and inflammatory markers were studied with ELISA assay. Results: Significant difference in serum albumin was found between study group and control group following administration of alfa keto analogs (p <.001). Also mentioned dietary modification made a significant difference in suppression of inflammatory reactions for interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion: Adding keto amino acids to diets that are already low on protein, can slow progression to end-stage renal disease by reducing inflammation and protein loss in an animal model.

Association of calcium channel blocker use with lower hemoglobin levels in chronic kidney disease.

AIM: To search whether calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are associated with lower hemoglobin levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who are not on renal replacement therapy (RRT), vitamin D and anti-anemic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CKD patients were classified into two groups. Patients on CCBs treatment (103 patients) and patients not using CCBs (104 patients) were compared cross-sectionally regarding clinical findings, complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry and regular medication use. Patients with polycystic kidney disease, comorbidities that could influence CBC other than iron deficiency of obscure origin, patients receiving RRT, erythropoietin (EPO), vitamin D, phosphate binders and drugs that could influence CBC were excluded. Under dependent variable of CCB use, all significantly different independent variables were subjected to multivariate binary logistic regression analysis (MBLRA). RESULTS: Lower hemoglobin, lower bilirubinemia, higher serum EPO, higher systolic blood pressure were observed in CCB users. Two groups were similar concerning age, gender, BMI, CKD etiology, CKD stage, pretibial edema prevalence, cardiothoracic index, diastolic blood pressure, corrected reticulocyte count, BUN, creatinine, eGFR, proBNP, parathormone, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorous, corrected calcemia, sCRP, relative EPO deficiency and prevalence of relative EPO deficient patients. Groups were comparable regarding comorbidities, types and usage frequencies of all antihypertensive medications other than CCBs. Higher systolic blood pressure and lower hemoglobin were significantly associated with CCB use after MBLRA. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin was significantly lower in CCB users compared to non-users, among CKD patients who did not receive RRT, EPO, phosphate binders, vitamin D, iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid.

Demographic analysis and outcome features in a transplant outpatient clinic.

AIM: This retrospective report analyzed the demographic features of kidney transplant outpatients grafted in Turkey and in different regions of the world. METHODS: The patients were divided into 4 groups: Every cohort was subgrouped as either receiving a cadaveric (CT) or a live donor transplant (LT) performed in our institute (ICT, n = 147, ILT, n = 304), other institutions in Turkey (TCT, n = 16, TLT, n = 86), or in a foreign country (FCT, n = 66, FLT, n = 154). RESULTS: Among the patients with functional grafts, FLT transplantations, of which the vast majority were paid transplantations, constituted the second largest group (n = 105) following ILT (n = 214). In the ILT group, 5- and 10-year graft survival rates were 76% and 50%, respectively, and patient survival rates were 88% and 78%, respectively. Considering the FLT group, 5- and 10-year graft survival figures were 70% and 42%, respectively, while patient survival rates in these periods were 81% and 69%, respectively. Patients with paid donor transplantations were characterized by a high risk of unconventional infectious complications in the early period, while midterm patient and graft survival was somewhat better than expected considering the high rate of complications in the early period. CONCLUSIONS: Paid organ transplantation should be discouraged. Organ donation should be stimulated by every means to avoid potentially fatal unconventional infections after transplantation from paid donors. If patients receive a paid transplant, however, they should be closely followed for these complications, since, if they survive the early period the midterm and long-term outcomes are quite reasonable.

Association of calcium antagonist use with lower hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients.

AIM: Objective of the present study was to investigate whether calcium antagonist use is associated with lower hemoglobin levels and/or higher erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) requirement in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: A total of 130 adult hemodialysis patients were classified into two groups based on calcium antagonist usage for a period of at least 3 months as calcium antagonist users and calcium antagonist non-users. The two groups were compared cross-sectionally in a retrospective manner in terms of demographics, chronic kidney disease aetiologies, Charlson's Comorbidty Index, blood pressure, type of dialysis access, interdialytic body weight gain, cardiothoracic index, complete blood count, biochemistry, regular medication use and consumption of ESA. All independent variables that were different between the groups were subjected to logistic regression analysis. Linear regression analysis with dependent variable of hemoglobin value was also performed RESULTS: ESA consumption and blood pressure were higher, diabetic nephropathy, doxazosin and ACE inhibitor use were more frequent, and hemoglobin was lower in the calcium antagonist users. After logistic regression analysis, diabetic nephropathy, doxazosin use, ACE inhibitor use and lower hemoglobin were associated with calcium antagonist use. After lineer regression analysis, Age, BMI, gender, predialysis creatinine value, dialysis duration, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, doxazosin use, diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy were not related with hemoglobin value. But, higher amount of ESA consumption, ACE inhibitor use and calcium antagonist use were significantly associated with lower hemoglobin value. CONCLUSION: CA use was associated with lower hemoglobin levels in our hemodialysis patient population.

The role of fetuin-A in cardiac functions and metabolism in peritoneal dialysis patients.

AIM: Fetuin-A is a member of protease inhibitors that act as an inhibitor of vascular calcification. In our study, the relationship of fetuin-A with metabolic and echocardiographic parameters in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has been investigated. METHODS: Besides demographic, clinical and laboratory data, fetuin-A level was recorded. Echocardiographic examinations were performed by the same operator. RESULTS: Fifty-two chronic PD patients (mean age: 52.7 ± 15.4 years) and 31 healthy volunteers (mean age: 41.3 ± 10.7 years) were included. Fetuin-A levels were significantly lower in the patient group (57.5 ± 31.5 ng/mL vs. 72.5 ± 34.0 ng/mL, P = 0.002). There was a significant relation between age and fetuin-A levels (P = 0.025). Four patients with chronic heart failure had significantly lower fetuin-A levels compared with those without. There was no relation between fetuin-A levels and the presence of diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemic heart disease. No relationship was detected between fetuin-A level and any echocardiographic parameter. Age and hematocrite were correlated negatively, and serum albumin positively with fetuin-A levels. On linear regression analysis, fetuin-A level was related with age, hematocrite and presence of heart failure. CONCLUSION: PD patients with heart failure have significantly lower fetuin-A levels. Age is a main determinant of fetuin-A level and fetuin-A may act as a negative acute phase reactant in PD patients.

The characteristics of infections in crush syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of clinical and bacteriological examinations of crush syndrome patients admitted to our institute after the Marmara earthquake. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from patients' files. Forty patients are included. Their mean age was 31.5 +/- 13.5 years and 18 were male. Their mean time under the rubble was 13.1 +/- 14.4 h. Fasciotomies were performed on 41 extremities of 30 patients. One hundred and twelve (mean 2.9 +/- 1.9 samples/patient) bacteriological samples were collected from wounds (51), blood (23), urine (25) and catheters (13). RESULTS: Microbial growth was detected in 67 samples from 38 (95%) patients. Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, Gram-positive cocci, Enterobacteriaciace and yeast-like fungi were isolated in 67%, 17%, 12% and 4% of the samples, respectively. Acinetobacter (36%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), the major bacterial isolates from wound infections, were resistant to carbapenems and sensitive to quinolones. As the hospitalization period increased, other infections supervened. Gram-positive cocci and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli were detected in six blood and seven catheter samples and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the major isolate. Nine (22%) of the patients died due to sepsis despite all supportive therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Infections are still major factors in crush syndrome-related deaths.

Myelofibrosis secondary to hyperparathyroidism.

We report on a young female who had presented with fatigue, bilateral knee pain and gait disturbance. Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed together with splenomegaly and anemia. Bone marrow biopsy revealed myelofibrosis. A parathyroid adenoma was excised during surgical intervention. As early as three months after the operation, hematologic parameters improved along with bone markers without any other intervention. The control bone marrow biopsy demonstrated well marked regression in marrow fibrosis. Her spleen has also gradually decreased in size. These findings indicate that her myelofibrosis was the result of primary hyperparathyroidism. Anemia associated with primary hyperparathyroidism may be due to bone marrow fibrosis.

Clinical outcomes of renal cholesterol crystal embolization.

Cholesterol crystal embolization is an increasingly recognized disease, presenting with a wide clinical spectrum, usually occurring in elderly men who undergo an angiographic procedure or vascular surgery. We report three patients who developed systemic cholesterol embolic disease and varying degrees of renal failure after angiographic interventions of the coronaries.

Evaluation of salivary parameters and dental status in adult hemodialysis patients.

AIMS: Caries is a multifactor disease, and impaired stimulated salivary flow rate and buffering capacity are the best-known risk factors. The salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index of adult hemodialysis patients were compared with those of healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-two (34 F, 38 M, mean age: 45.05 +/- 14.15 years) hemodialysis patients and 50 (26 F, 24 M, mean age: 43.92 +/- 18.80 years) control saliva were collected after prestimulation and expressed as ml/min. Salivary pH and buffering capacity were measured (Ericsson method). The dental examinations were performed according to WHO criteria and DMFT index was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with Student t-test and Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: The patients' mean salivary flow rate was 0.69 +/- 0.31 ml/min, pH, 8.15 +/- 0.72, buffering capacity, 6.83 +/- 0.71 and DMFT index was 11.91 +/- 8.73. The salivary flow rate was less than the controls (p <0.001), but salivary pH and buffering capacity were higher (both p < 0.001). There was no difference in DMFT index between groups (p > 0.05). There was no significantly negative correlation between DMFT index and stimulated salivary flow rate, pH but there was a positive correlation with buffering capacity (r = 0.286, p < 0.05) in the patients. Moreover, there was no significantly positive correlation between stimulated salivary flow rate and pH buffering capacity in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary flow rate of hemodialysis patients was less than the hyposalivary limit. Salivary pH and buffering capacity were both above the reference values, but DMFT index of hemodialysis patients did not differ from that of controls. However, caries and related dental infections may lead to serious problems in infection-prone hemodialysis patients, so these patients should have regular dental examinations and careful treatments.

The outcome of pregnancy among patients receiving hemodialysis treatment.

Pregnancy among women receiving hemodialysis as a renal replacement therapy is rare and the chance of a successful delivery is relatively low. In this article, we present 3 cases of women conceiving either before or after the initiation of hemodialysis. The various risks of each pregnancy and the outcome are discussed as well as the latest management guidelines for pregnant dialysis patients.

The outcome of patients presenting with crush syndrome after the Marmara earthquake.

In this study, we evaluated the clinical and laboratory data of the patients presenting after the Marmara earthquake. Crush syndrome was diagnosed in 60 patients (30 M, 30 F, mean age: 31.3+/-13.8 years). They were buried under the rubble for a mean period of 12.3+/-15.1 hours. On admission, 27 patients were oligoanuric and the mean serum creatinine, creatinine phosphokinase and potassium levels were 4.4+/-3.2 mg/dl, 18453.1+/-24527.2 IU/L, and 4.9+/-1.7 mEq/L, respectively. The most frequent site of trauma was the lower extremity. Dialysis treatment was initiated in 40 patients (19 M, 21 F; mean age: 32.7+/-13.0 years). Mean number of hemodialysis sessions/patient was 8.9+/-6.8. Nine (23%) patients among the dialyzed and 4 (20%) among the non-dialyzed died leading to an overall mortality of 21.6%. This low mortality rate suggests that the death rate from acute renal failure due to crush syndrome could be decreased by extensive follow-up.

Evaluation of periodontal parameters in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare periodontal parameters in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy with a group of patients on hemodialysis (HD) treatment and healthy controls (C). PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-five PD patients (mean age: 44 +/- 12 years) were matched with 41 HD patients (mean age: 46 +/- 15 years) and 61 C (mean age: 46 +/- 18 years). METHODS: Plaque (PI) and calculus (CSI) accumulation and gingival bleeding (GI) were recorded with the appropriate indices. Periodontal condition was assessed using the probing pocket depth (PPD). One-way anova test, Pearson chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to compare PD patients with HD patients and healthy C. RESULTS: Plaque Index values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the PD and HD groups than the C group. GI values were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the HD group than the PD group. Finally, CSI values in the PD and HD groups were also significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the C group. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic renal failure patients on PD treatment are more susceptible to periodontal diseases like HD patients. Thus, it is very important to maintain an optimal oral hygiene level. Further studies on periodontal parameters of only PD patients are needed to get more information on the oral health status of this patient group.

Acute renal failure secondary to fenofibrate monotherapy-induced rhabdomyolysis.

Fenofibrate, a fibric acid derivative, is used to treat diabetic dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyperlipidemia alone or in combination with statins. Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a pathological condition of skeletal muscle cell damage leading to the release of toxic intracellular material into the circulation. Its major causes include trauma, ischemia, toxins, metabolic disorders, infections, and drugs. Rhabdomyolysis associated with fenofibrate is extremely rare. In nearly all of the presented cases, there was a predisposing factor for rhabdomyolysis such as diabetes, older age, renal insufficiency, and hypothyroidism. Here, we report a nondiabetic, nonhypothyroidic young female patient without any known prior renal disease presenting with acute renal failure developing after fenofibrate treatment.

Dental and periodontal findings in hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Oral health problems of chronic renal failure patients can compromise systemic health. This study compared the periodontal and dental health status of patients on hemodialysis (HD) with healthy controls (C). STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-six HD patients and 61 controls were examined for plaque deposits, gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus accumulation and oral health status. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the measurement of probing pocket depths (PPD) in HD and C groups, but a highly significant difference was found for plaque index (P < 0.001), gingival index (GI) (P = 0.007) and calculus surface index (P < 0.001). There was a highly significant difference for GI (P = 0.001) and PPD scores (P < 0.001) between subgroups receiving HD for <3 years or more. A positive correlation between time on dialysis and parameter of missing teeth (r = 0.259; P = 0.024), GI scores (r = 0.474; P < 0.001) and measurement of PPD (r = 0.481; P < 0.001) was found in the HD group. Decayed, missing and filled teeth index scores were higher in the controls than the HD group, with no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The dental and periodontal health status of HD patients is comparable with healthy controls, but becomes worse with time on dialysis. Thus, oral health maintenance is of utmost importance in this patient group.

Immunization of renal transplant recipients with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common pathogen leading to pneumonia, is a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Vaccination against this agent can be recommended for immunosuppressed patients, including those with chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome and renal transplant recipients; however, a diminished immune response and loss of protective antibodies have been observed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In our prospective study, the efficacy and side effects of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccination were investigated in renal transplant recipients. A total of 21 patients (6 female, 15 male) with well-functioning renal allografts, who had transplant surgery at least 2 months before, were included in the study. The patients were stratified according to the immunosuppressive protocol and 8 received double, while 13 received triple, immunosuppressive agents. After obtaining basal serum samples, all cases were vaccinated with the 0.5 mL intramuscular administration of polyvalent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumo 23 Pasteur Merieux, lot No: K 1131). RESULTS: Following a mean of 6 wk in all patients and also a mean of 12 wk in 12 patients, serum samples were again obtained to measure pneumococcal antibodies. Antibody titers following 6 and 12 wk of vaccination were significantly higher, as compared with basal values in all patients, except one. These titers did not show any statistically significant difference between double and triple therapies. There was no significant difference between the 12th and 6th wk postvaccination antibody titers. No systemic or local adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal vaccination is safe and effective in patients with well-functioning renal allografts, at least in the short term. This vaccination policy may be useful for preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in immunosuppressed patients.

Outcome of living unrelated (commercial) renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Due to inadequate cadaveric and living related organ supply, many end-stage renal disease patients go to Third World countries for commercial transplantation, although the high risk of complications is well established and ethical arguments debate this practice. METHODS: The midterm outcome of 115 patients who had been commercially transplanted in various countries and admitted to our center for post-transplant care and follow-up between 1992 and 1999 was retrospectively analyzed. Data considering the transplantation practice and post-transplant course were collected from the patient files. Outcome of these patients was compared with those with a living related transplant performed at our center. RESULTS: The patients (91 male and 24 female; mean age of 42 +/- 12 years) were transplanted in India (N = 106), Iraq (N = 7), and Iran (N = 2). The mean follow-up period was 64.5 +/- 23.9 months. Post-transplant course was complicated by numerous surgical and/or medical complications, and many of the latter were unconventional infections caused by malaria, invasive fungal infections, and pneumonia due to various opportunistic pathogens. Overall, 52 patients still have functioning allografts, while 22 lost their grafts, 20 died, and 21 were lost to follow-up. Graft survival rates at two, five, and seven years were 84, 66, and 53%, respectively, for the study group, while it was 86, 78, and 73% for living related transplantations performed at our center (P = 0.036). Patient survival rates for the same periods were 90, 80, and 74% for the study group and 90, 85, and 80% for the living related transplantations (P = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: Besides the ongoing ethical debate, commercial transplantation carries a high risk of unconventional complications, and despite that the patient survival rate is comparable, graft survival is worse than conventional living related transplantations at the midterm.