Right and Left Coronary and Conus Arteries Originating from Three Separate Ostia in the Right Valsalva Sinus in a Japanese Cadaver: A Case Study with Literature Review.

A rare case of an anomalous location of the orifice of the coronary artery was found in a 99-year-old male cadaver undergoing routine dissection. The presence of the right coronary artery (RCA), left coronary artery (LCA), and conus artery (conus branch) originating from the right Valsalva sinus are the characteristic findings of this case. Then, the LCA passed through the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The LCA and RCA branches were normal. These findings are useful for future surgical procedures, including cardiac catheterization.

Effect of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Japanese Water Systems: Review with Focus on Reproductive Toxicity.

Neonicotinoid pesticides (NPs) are neurotoxic substances. They are highly effective as insecticides owing to their water solubility, permeability, and long-lasting activity. These molecules are structurally similar to nicotine and act as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. The administration of NPs to experimental animals reportedly causes neuromuscular and reproductive disorders. Moreover, recently reported problems caused by NPs include damage to land-dwelling creatures (such as mammals and birds), hydrobiology, and ecosystems. This review summarizes the recent reports on NP concentrations detected in river systems in several Japanese regions. These values were lower than the environmental standard values; however, seasonal variations were observed. Furthermore, reports on NP-induced testicular and ovarian toxicity were examined, revealing that the mechanism of injury is mainly driven by oxidative stress. The use of NPs is declining worldwide, except in Japan; therefore, continuous monitoring remains necessary.

Tensile Loads on Tethered Actin Filaments Induce Accumulation of Cell Adhesion-Associated Proteins in Vitro.

Focal adhesions (FAs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which serve as a mechanical interface of cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, respectively, experience tensile force either originating from the deformation of the surrounding tissues or generated by the actomyosin machinery in the cell. These mechanical inputs cause enlargement of FAs and AJs, while the detailed mechanism for the force-dependent development of FAs and AJs remain unclear. Both FAs and AJs provide sites for tethering of actin filaments and actin polymerization. Here, we develop a cell-free system, in which actin filaments are tethered to glass surfaces, and show that application of tensile force to the tethered filaments in the cell extract induces accumulation of several FA and AJ proteins, associated with further accumulation of actin filaments via de novo actin polymerization. Decline in the tensile force results in a decrease in the amount of the accumulated proteins. These results suggest that the tensile force acting on the tethered actin filaments plays a crucial role in the accumulation of FA and AJ proteins.

Force- and Ca²âº-dependent internalization of integrins in cultured endothelial cells.

The effects of mechanical force applied to the integrin clusters at focal contacts were examined in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When a fibronectin-coated glass bead was attached to the apical cell surface, focal contacts formed beneath the bead that became linked to focal contacts at the basal cell membrane by actin stress fibers in 5 minutes. Integrin dynamics at the basal focal contacts were monitored in live cells in response to a localized mechanical stimulus generated by displacing the glass bead. Traction force transmitted to the basal focal contacts through the stress fibers was monitored by measuring the deformation of the polyacrylamide gel substratum. The force declined in a few seconds, probably owing to decreases in the elastic modulus of the stress fibers. This transient mechanical stimulus caused the dephosphorylation of paxillin and disassembly of integrin clusters at the basal cell membrane in 20 minutes. The disassembly was mediated mainly by clathrin-dependent endocytosis of integrins. The integrin internalization was inhibited in Ca(2+)- and K(+)-free solution, and by phenylarsine oxide, a phosphatase inhibitor. These results suggest that a transient mechanical stimulus applied to focal contacts induces Ca(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation of some proteins, including paxillin, and facilitates clathrin-dependent endocytosis of integrins.

Bag-1 Protects Nucleus Pulposus Cells from Oxidative Stress by Interacting with HSP70.

Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1 (Bag-1) is a multifunctional prosurvival protein that binds to several intracellular targets and promotes cell survival. HSP70 and Raf-1 are important targets of Bag-1; however, the protective function of Bag-1 in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells remains unclear. In this study, we determined the effects of Bag-1 on NP cells under oxidative stress induced by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We found that Bag-1 was bound to HSP70, but Bag-1-Raf1 binding did not occur in NP cells. Bag-1 overexpression in NP cells enhanced cell viability and mitochondrial function and significantly suppressed p38/MAPKs phosphorylation during oxidative stress, although NP cells treated with a Bag-1 C-terminal inhibitor, which is the binding site of HSP70 and Raf-1, decreased cell viability and mitochondrial function during oxidative stress. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of the ERK/MAPKs was significantly increased in Bag-1 C-terminal inhibitor-treated NP cells without H2O2 treatment but did not change with H2O2 exposure. The phosphorylation of Raf-1 was not influenced by Bag-1 overexpression or Bag-1 C-terminal binding site inhibition. Overall, the results suggest that Bag-1 preferentially interacts with HSP70, rather than Raf-1, to protect NP cells against oxidative stress.

Rare case of single left coronary artery in a Japanese cadaver.

A single left coronary artery with a single orifice in the left aortic sinus was observed during anatomical practice in an 81-year-old male Japanese cadaver. The single left coronary artery bifurcated into the anterior interventricular branch (IVa) and circumflex (CXa) branches. The IVa descended into the anterior interventricular sulcus to supply the apex of the heart, leaving a branch that traversed the upper part of the infundibulum to supply the anterior upper region of the right ventricle. The CXa curved leftward in the atrioventricular sulcus to reach the posterior surface, after which it continued to emerge into the anterior surface. The vascular running pattern showed that CXa directly supplied blood to the upper right ventricle (but not the conus branch), with three branches connected to the apex. The atrial arteries showed no anomalous distribution patterns. These findings are useful during surgical procedures, including cardiac catheterization.

Anatomical characteristics of two cases of aberrant right subclavian artery.

An aberrant right subclavian artery is a branching variation of the aortic arch. We encountered two female cadavers with an aberrant right subclavian artery during routine student dissection at our school. In both cases, the right subclavian artery was not a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk but originated directly from the distal part of the aortic arch as the last branch and ran between the esophagus and vertebral column, traveling to the upper limb. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve was absent, but a non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve branching from the vagus and traveling directly toward the larynx was observed. In the first case, the right and left common carotid arteries originated solely from the aortic arch as the first and second branches, respectively, whereas the right and left common carotid arteries formed a bicarotid trunk at their origin in the second case. A Kommerell diverticulum was present at the base of the aberrant right subclavian artery in the second case, but not in the first case. We analyzed the anatomical differences between the two cases and discussed the developmental aspects and potential clinical risks.

Changes in Expression of Specific mRNA Transcripts after Single- or Re-Irradiation in Mouse Testes.

Alkylating agents and irradiation induce testicular damage, which results in prolonged azoospermia. Even very low doses of radiation can significantly impair testis function. However, re-irradiation is an effective strategy for locally targeted treatments and the pain response and has seen important advances in the field of radiation oncology. At present, little is known about the relationship between the harmful effects and accumulated dose of irradiation derived from continuous low-dose radiation exposure. In this study, we examined the levels of mRNA transcripts encoding markers of 13 markers of germ cell differentiation and 28 Sertoli cell-specific products in single- and re-irradiated mice. Our results demonstrated that re-irradiation induced significantly decreased testicular weights with a significant decrease in germ cell differentiation mRNA species (Spo11, Tnp1, Gfra1, Oct4, Sycp3, Ddx4, Boll, Crem, Prm1, and Acrosin). In the 13 Sertoli cell-specific mRNA species decreased upon irradiation, six mRNA species (Claudin-11,Espn, Fshr, GATA1, Inhbb, and Wt1) showed significant differences between single- and re-irradiation. At the same time, different decreases in Sertoli cell-specific mRNA species were found in single-irradiation (Aqp8, Clu, Cst12, and Wnt5a) and re-irradiation (Tjp1, occludin,ZO-1, and ZO-2) mice. These results indicate that long-term aspermatogenesis may differ after single- and re-irradiated treatment.