Customized allogeneic bone grafts for maxillary horizontal augmentation: A 5-year follow-up radiographic and histologic evaluation.

We report the histological evaluation of an individualized allogeneic bone block 5 years after alveolar ridge augmentation. The biopsy showed a well-vascularized lamellar bone with fatty incorporations without any avital allograft remnants. The presence of osteocytes, lining cells, macrophages, and blood vessels indicated a healthy and vital bone tissue.

Bone and aging: effects on the maxillofacial skeleton.

The originally balanced system of normal bone metabolism with an equilibrium of bone resorption and bone formation experiences involutionary changes along with increasing age. This article provides an overview on the effects of aging on bone, in particular on the bone of the maxillofacial skeleton. It explains differences between the postmenopausal type and the senile type of osteoporosis, deals with age-related morphologic changes of bone, mechanisms leading to age-related changes, depicts bones at high fracture risk in aging persons, analyses the reduced bone quantity and quality in cranial bone, and discusses the preservation of maxillofacial bone dimensions by implants. Therefore, research on wound healing, in particular bone healing, and on the regenerative potential of tissue of mesenchymal origin is of major interest and will eventually translate into improved care for patients during daily clinical routine.

Bone conditioning to enhance implant osseointegration: an experimental study in pigs.

PURPOSE: Osseointegration of implants depends on time and the local bone conditions regarding quality and quantity. This led to the bone classification by Lekholm and Zarb. The aim of the present study was to enhance osseointegration of implants through conditioning of the bone bed and to compare in this context the efficacy of bone condensation, an osteoinductive collagen (Colloss), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Porcine frontal skull bone was used for the preparation of Identical-size implant beds. Before placement of the implants (Ankylos, 3.5 x 4 mm), the implant beds were untreated (control) or conditioned with condensation, Colloss, or PRP. The animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The specimens were then compared and analyzed by microradiography, and statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: At the early observation times, significant effects on the sites of topical bone conditioning in comparison to the control group could be seen regarding the implant-bone interface (2 weeks: control 31%, Colloss 60%, condensation 73%, PRP 47%; 4 weeks: control 39%, Colloss 51%, condensation 40%, PRP 42%) and peri-implant bone density (2 weeks: control 31%, Colloss 48%, condensation 59%, PRP 39%; 4 weeks: control 47%, Colloss 53%, condensation 41%, PRP 50%). A leveling of the results between groups was found at 8 weeks (implant-bone interface: control 51%, Colloss 58%, condensation 55%, PRP 62%; peri-implant bone density: control 50%, Colloss 55%, condensation 51%, PRP 51%). DISCUSSION: Overall, bone condensation and Colloss apparently influenced bone formation process from the onset, but over the entire 8-week healing period, differences in bone formation were not significant CONCLUSION: It can be stated that, in the initial healing phase, an effect of topical bone conditioning may be achieved by the different described methods.

Effects of platelet-rich plasma on bone healing in combination with autogenous bone and bone substitutes in critical-size defects. An animal experiment.

OBJECTIVES: An animal study was carried out to investigate the influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the regeneration of bony defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Critical-size defects in the forehead region of a mini-pig were filled with randomly distributed combinations of autogenous bone, tricalcium-phosphate granules (CeraSorb), bovine spongious blocks (BioOss) and a bovine bone inducing collagenous sponge (Colloss) with and without PRP in two preparations (Cusasan, 3i). The animals were killed after 2, 4 and 12 weeks. The specimens were evaluated microradiographically and immunohistologically. RESULTS: Autologous bone (38 +/- 9.9%) and Colloss (52.6 +/- 4.0%) showed the highest remineralization rates at 2 weeks. The initial high expression of BMP-2 in the Colloss-group gives evidence of an early initiation of bony regeneration. At 2 weeks PRP ad modum 3i was able to enhance bone healing significantly (P=0.028) only when applied in combination with autogenous bone (62.8 +/- 1.6%). Four weeks after surgery, both PRP preparations did no longer increase bony regeneration in the autogenous groups. The osteoconductive effect of Bio-Oss (38.7 +/- 5.5%) and CeraSorb (41+/-4.9%) was remarkable as well 4 weeks after surgery. Nevertheless, the addition of PRP hardly influenced bony regeneration, ceramic degradation or cytokine expression when bone substitutes were applied. At 12 weeks, the level of reossification had adjusted similarly in all groups. CONCLUSION: PRP did not add additional benefit when xenogenic bone substitutes were used. However, a significant effect on bone regeneration was found in the autogenous group initially when PRP is added.