RESUMEN
Knowledge of how Mediator and TFIID cross-talk contributes to promoter-enhancer (P-E) communication is important for elucidating the mechanism of enhancer function. We conducted an shRNA knockdown screen in murine embryonic stem cells to identify the functional overlap between Mediator and TFIID subunits on gene expression. Auxin-inducible degrons were constructed for TAF12 and MED4, the subunits eliciting the greatest overlap. Degradation of TAF12 led to a dramatic genome-wide decrease in gene expression accompanied by destruction of TFIID, loss of Pol II preinitiation complex (PIC) at promoters, and significantly decreased Mediator binding to promoters and enhancers. Interestingly, loss of the PIC elicited only a mild effect on P-E looping by promoter capture Hi-C (PCHi-C). Degradation of MED4 had a minor effect on Mediator integrity but led to a consistent twofold loss in gene expression, decreased binding of Pol II to Mediator, and decreased recruitment of Pol II to the promoters, but had no effect on the other PIC components. PCHi-C revealed no consistent effect of MED4 degradation on P-E looping. Collectively, our data show that TAF12 and MED4 contribute mechanistically in different ways to P-E communication but neither factor appears to directly control P-E looping, thereby dissociating P-E communication from physical looping.
Asunto(s)
ARN Polimerasa II , Factor de Transcripción TFIID , Animales , Complejo Mediador/genética , Complejo Mediador/metabolismo , Ratones , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , ARN Polimerasa II/genética , ARN Polimerasa II/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción TFIID/genética , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Metazoan chromosomes are sequentially partitioned into topologically associating domains (TADs) and then into smaller sub-domains. One class of sub-domains, insulated neighborhoods, are proposed to spatially sequester and insulate the enclosed genes through self-association and chromatin looping. However, it has not been determined functionally whether promoter-enhancer interactions and gene regulation are broadly restricted to within these loops. Here, we employed published datasets from murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to identify insulated neighborhoods that confine promoter-enhancer interactions and demarcate gene regulatory regions. To directly address the functionality of these regions, we depleted estrogen-related receptor ß (Esrrb), which binds the Mediator co-activator complex, to impair enhancers of genes within 222 insulated neighborhoods without causing mESC differentiation. Esrrb depletion reduces Mediator binding, promoter-enhancer looping, and expression of both nascent RNA and mRNA within the insulated neighborhoods without significantly affecting the flanking genes. Our data indicate that insulated neighborhoods represent functional regulons in mammalian genomes.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas de los Mamíferos , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos , Elementos Aisladores , Células Madre Embrionarias de Ratones/fisiología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Transcripción Genética , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Factor de Unión a CCCTC/genética , Factor de Unión a CCCTC/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Proteínas Cromosómicas no Histona/genética , Proteínas Cromosómicas no Histona/metabolismo , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Regulación hacia Abajo , Ratones , Unión Proteica , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Receptores de Estrógenos/genética , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismo , CohesinasRESUMEN
Head-on (HO) collisions between the DNA replication machinery and RNA polymerase over R-loop forming sequences (RLFS) are genotoxic, leading to replication fork blockage and DNA breaks. Current models suggest that HO collisions are avoided through replication initiation site (RIS) positioning upstream of active genes, ensuring co-orientation of replication fork movement and genic transcription. However, this model does not account for pervasive transcription, or intragenic RIS. Moreover, pervasive transcription initiation and CG-rich DNA is a feature of RIS, suggesting that HO transcription units (HO TUs) capable of forming R-loops might occur. Through mining phased GRO-seq data, and developing an informatics strategy to stringently identify RIS, we demonstrate that HO TUs containing RLFS occur at RIS in MCF-7 cells, and are downregulated at the G1/S phase boundary. Our analysis reveals a novel spatiotemporal relationship between transcription and replication, and supports the idea that HO collisions are avoided through transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.