Concentrations of chlorinated pollutants in adipose tissue of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) from Spain: Role of gender and age.

Concentrations of 7 different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and eleven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and metabolites, including DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), HCHs (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers), Endosulfan, Endosulfan sulfate, Endrin, Dieldrin and HCB (hexachlorobenzene), were determined in adipose tissue of 57 yellow-legged gulls collected from NW and N Spain. Furthermore, the possible differences due to two endogenous factors, age and gender, were determined. All the analyzed PCBs were detected in over 66% of the samples, with levels of 291.9 (PCB 180), 34.5 (PCB 118), 0.7 (PCB 28), 432.6 (PCB 153), 225.5 (PCB 138), 1.3 (PCB 101) and 0.4 (PCB 52) µg/kg of adipose tissue. With respect to the OCPs and metabolites, only 4,4'-DDE and HCB were detected in more than 50% of the samples, with means of 360.6 and 2.5 µg/kg of adipose tissue, respectively. From all the considered contaminants, only 4,4'-DDE levels presented significant differences depending on the gender, with females showing higher values than males (p < 0.01). Significant differences (p < 0.001) were also found related to age for the levels of PCBs 180, 138, 101, 28 and 153, as well as 4,4'-DDE, with adult levels being higher than those in young birds. The results of the present study constitute a baseline to better assess the environmental impacts of PCB and OCP contamination at other coastal sites for future biomonitoring studies, with particular emphasis on gender- and age-related differences.

Does gender influence the levels of heavy metals in liver of wild boar?

The aim of this study was to determine heavy metal reference levels for risk assessment studies. For this purpose, the levels of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc were determined in liver tissues of wild boars sampled in NW Spain. The mean values were 0.383, 0.326, 23.50 and 56.86mg/kg dried weight, respectively. In general, the levels detected were similar to or lower than the levels reported in literature. This study not only provides a useful baseline for biomonitoring the levels of the analyzed contaminants in wildlife in NW Spain, it also helps to understand the effects of gender on the levels of these elements. Similar to studies performed in other geographical regions, no significant gender-related differences could be detected. Although differences were not significant, the levels of zinc, cadmium and lead were modestly higher in males (55.78, 0.346 and 0.424mg/kg, respectively) compared to females (45.25, 0.305 and 0.341mg/kg). Our results indicate that, although gender did not significantly affect heavy metal uptake and toxicokinetics of contaminants in wild boars, these effects could vary between species, populations, organs, and elements. It is therefore essential to investigate gender-related differences for each species.

Use of computed tomography as a non-invasive method for diagnosing cephenemyiosis in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

This study was conducted to assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) for diagnosing bot fly infestations by Cephenemyia stimulator (Clark) (Diptera: Oestridae) in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). For this purpose, the heads of 30 animals were analysed, firstly by CT and then by necropsy, which was used as the reference standard method. The prevalence values obtained by both methods were identical; the prevalence of infestation was 40.0% overall, and was higher in males (45.5%) than in females (25.0%). These results highlight the usefulness of CT as an alternative or non-invasive method for diagnosing cephenemyiosis in live-captured roe deer and in hunting trophies or museum collections that cannot be destroyed or damaged.

Influencia de factores endógenos (edad y sexo) en los niveles de biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en alcatraz (Morus bassanus) / Influence of endogenous factors (age and sex) on the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in Northern gannet (Morus bassanus)

Las aves marinas pueden ser utilizadas como bioindicadoras de las alteraciones del ambiente en que residen, identificándose en ellas distintos biomarcadores, que no informen sobre los niveles cuantitativos de contaminantes sino sobre los efectos adversos subclínicos que dichos agentes pueden causar. En el presente trabajo se han analizado los niveles de Malondialdehído (MDA) y de actividad Glutatión-S-Transferasa (GST) en muestras de hígado y riñón de 30 alcatraces (Morus bassanus) procedentes de las costas de Galicia, como posibles indicadores de estrés oxidativo en las aves. Además, se ha determinado la influencia de dos factores endógenos (sexo y edad) sobre los niveles de estos biomarcadores. En hígado los valores medios de MDA obtenidos fueron de 0,508±0,502 nmol/mg proteína, mientras que en riñón fueron de 15,67±12,18 nmol/mg proteína. La actividad GST media en hígado fue de 10,93±7,067 nmol/min/mg proteína, mucho menor que la media de los valores en riñón, que fue 62,30±26,97 nmol/min/mg proteína. En cuanto a las variaciones respecto a la edad, solo se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en riñón en la actividad GST, siendo mayor la actividad de esta enzima en alcatraces adultos que en inmaduros. Por su parte, el factor sexo no influyó en los niveles de ninguno de los biomarcadores considerados. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan a que ambos biomarcadores podrían ser de utilidad en programas de biomonitorización de contaminación ambiental centrados en el alcatraz, aunque serían necesarios estudios que consideren un mayor número de animales, incorporando un abanico más amplio de biomarcadores. (AU)

Seabirds can be used as bioindicators of changes in the environment in which they live, identifying different biomarkers in them, which do not provide information on the quantitative levels of contaminants, but on the subclinical adverse effects that these agents can cause. At the present study, the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in liver and kidney samples of 30 gannets (Morus bassanus) from the coast of Galicia have been determined, as suitable biomarkers of oxidative stress on birds. In addition, the influence of two endogenous factors (sex and age) on the levels of these biomarkers has been determined. In the liver, the mean values of MDA were 0.508 ± 0.502 nmol/mg protein, while in kidney they were 15.67 ± 12.18 nmol/mg protein. On the other hand, mean GST activity in the liver was 10.93 ± 7.067 nmol/min/mg protein, much lower than the mean activity values found in kidney, which were 62.30 ± 26.97 nmol/min/mg protein. Regarding the variations with respect to age, statistically significant differences were only found in the kidney in GST activity, the activity of this enzyme being higher in adult gannets than in immature ones. Secondly, the gender factor did not influence the levels of any of the biomarkers considered. The obtained results indicate that both biomarkers could be useful in biomonitoring programs of environmental contamination focused on the gannet, although studies that consider a larger number of animals, incorporating a broader range of biomarkers, would be necessary. (AU)

The American mink (Neovison vison) is a competent host for native European parasites.

The American mink (Neovison vison) is a mustelid native to North America that was introduced in Europe and the former USSR for fur farming. Throughout the last century, accidental or deliberate escapes of mink from farms caused the establishment of stable feral populations. In fact, the American mink is considered an invasive alien species in 28 European countries. The present study evaluates the gastrointestinal and cardiopulmonary helminth fauna of the American mink in Galicia (NW Spain) to understand its role as a potential reservoir for parasites affecting other autochthonous mustelids. In the period 2008-2014, fifty American mink (35 males and 15 females) of different ages (22 immature and 28 adults) from the provinces of Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra were captured and sacrificed. Eight parasite species were found (6 nematodes and 2 trematodes) with the following prevalences: Molineus patens (68%), Aonchotheca putorii (54%), Crenosoma melesi (10%), Aonchotheca annulosa (8%), Angiostrongylus daskalovi (6%), Aelurostrongylus spp. (2%), Troglotrema acutum (2%) and an unidentified trematode (2%). Eighty-two per cent of the mink harboured helminths, including 15 animals (30%) infected by only one parasite species, 19 (38%) by two species, 5 (10%) by three species and 2 mink (4%) by four species. All helminth species identified are native to European mustelids. Statistical models were used to evaluate if animal characteristics (age, sex and weight), date and capture area influenced the prevalence, intensity or parasite richness. Statistical differences were detected only in models for intensity of M. patens, A. putorii and C. melesi. This is the first report of Angiostrongylus daskalovi, a cardiopulmonary nematode, and A. annulosa, a gastrointestinal nematode specific of rodents, in American mink. Moreover, although the fluke T. acutum has already been cited in American mink, to our knowledge, the present study represents the first report of this trematode in the lung.

Canine distemper in a genet (Gennetta gennetta), associated with endogenous lipid pneumonia.

This report describes the histological and immunohistochemical findings in an adult male genet (Gennetta gennetta) which died a few hours after being found lying in a forest in Lugo (north-western Spain). Subpleural, yellowish, firm foci were found in the lung. Histopathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of endogenous lipid pneumonia. Microscopical lesions that gave rise to a suspicion of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection included lymphoid depletion, non-suppurative encephalitis and demyelination in the central nervous system, and the presence of inclusion bodies in renal tubules. Immunohistochemical examination was performed with the streptavidin-biotin-complex method and a monoclonal antibody against the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of CDV. Antigen was detected in epithelial, nervous and lymphoid cells in several organs. This would appear to be the first report of distemper-like infection in a genet.

Electrocardiogram reference values for the buzzard in Spain.

Electrocardiographic reference values were established on apparently healthy buzzards (Buteo buteo) in Lugo (Spain) from March 1997 to June 1999. All birds were anesthetized with isofluorane and placed in dorsal recumbence. The standard and augmented unipolar limb leads electrocardiograms were recorded in 65 buzzards. The wave forms were analyzed in lead II at 50 mm/sec and at 1 cm = 1 mV to determine P, PR, QRS, T and QT durations and P, QRS and T amplitudes. The polarity of each wave form was tabulated in all leads. The mean electrical axis (MEA) for the frontal plane was calculated using leads II and III. The mean heart rate was 325.2 +/- 52.9 beats/min. In lead II, the P wave was positive, the dominant pattern of QRS complex was QS and the T wave was always positive. The average value of the MEA was -99.2 +/- 7.7 degrees. Establishment of normal electrocardiogram (EKG) values will facilitate a better understanding of EKG changes seen in many diseases of these birds.

Squamous cell carcinoma in an immature common stork (Ciconia ciconia).

An immature common stork (Ciconia ciconia) was referred from the Wildlife Recovering Center to the Department of Surgery for evaluation. Physical examination revealed a partially ulcerated, necrotic mass on the left surface of the upper beak. The mass was surgically removed and classified histologically as a squamous cell carcinoma. Postsurgically, the bird recovered uneventfully and proceeded to mature normally. During this growth period, no tumor recurrence or metastasis was detected, and no local bone alteration to the beak was found. The stork was ringed and released back into its natural environment.

Contenido hepático de mercurio y plomo en cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) y alcatraz atlántico (Morus bassanus) procedentes de las costas de Galicia (España) / Mercury an d lead hep atic con ten t in s hag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and gannet (Morus bassanus) from the Galician coast (Spain)

En el presente estudio se han analizado las concentraciones de dos metales pesados (Hg y Pb) en el tejido hepático de dos especies de aves marinas (cormorán moñudo, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, y alcatraz, Morus bassanus), empleando para ello animales aparecidos muertos o moribundos a lo largo de la costa de Galicia. Los ejemplares considerados fueron divididos en dos grupos en función de si habían sido afectados o no por la marea negra causada por el vertido del 'Prestige' en noviembre de 2002, a fin de determinar si dicho vertido había afectado al contenido metálico de estas especies. Tras la digestión de las muestras por vía húmeda, el contenido de ambos metales fue determinado por medio de voltamperometría de redisolución anódica (Pb) y de un analizador directo de mercurio (DMA) (Hg). Considerando la diferencia interespecífica para el Hg total, las concentraciones en cormorán moñudo (media: 4,2-7,6 ppm) fueron siempre mayores que en alcatraz (media: 1,6-1,8 ppm), con un valor máximo superior a 20 ppm (peso húmedo), correspondiente a un animal afectado por la marea negra. Con respecto al Pb, el resultado fue contrario, con niveles ligeramente superiores en los alcatraces con respecto a los cormoranes moñudos, pero en ningún caso superándose el nivel de 0,01 ppm (peso húmedo). Al considerar los dos grupos establecidos (afectados o no por el accidente del 'Prestige'), se pudo evidenciar que el vertido de crudo no afectó de una manera estadísticamente significativa a los niveles de ambos contaminantes metálicos en el tejido hepático de los animales considerados (AU)

At the present work, heavy metal (Hg and Pb) concentrations in hepatic tissue from two seabird species (shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, and gannet, Morus bassanus) have been analyzed, by using collected animals which died or were dying along the Galician coast (NW Spain). The considered animals were divided in two groups, considering if they had been affected or not by the oil spill caused by the 'Prestige' in November 2002, and in order to determine if such spill had modified the heavy metal content of such seabird species. After sample wet digestion, heavy metal content was determined using anodic stripping voltammetry (Pb) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA) (Hg). When considering inter-specific differences for total Hg, hepatic concentrations from shag samples (mean: 4.2-7.6 ppm) were higher than those from gannet (mean: 1.6-1.8 ppm), with a maximum value reaching up to 20 ppm (wet weight), corresponding to an animal affected by the oil spill. With regards to Pb content, results were different, with slightly higher levels from gannet samples than those from shag, but never exceeding 0.01 ppm (wet weight). When considering both established groups (affected or not by the 'Prestige' accident), it could be established that the oil spill did not affect on a statistically significant manner the levels of both metallic contaminants on the hepatic tissue of the considered animals (AU)

Estudio comparativo del nivel hepático de metales pesados y metaloides en aves rapaces diurnas de Galicia y Extremadura / Comparative study of heavy metal and metalloid hepatic levels in diurnal raptors from Galicia and Extremadura

Las aves rapaces son predadores situados en la cumbre de las cadenas alimenticias, por lo cual podrían ser consideradas como adecuados bioindicadores en los programas de biomonitorización del medio, a fin de evaluar la presencia y efecto de diversos contaminantes en los ecosistemas. En el presente trabajo se han determinado las concentraciones de diversos metales pesados y metaloides (As, Cd, Pb y Zn) en el tejido hepático de distintas especies de aves rapaces diurnas procedentes de Galicia y Extremadura, empleando para ello animales que llegaron muertos o se sacrificaron a su llegada a los Centros de Recuperación de Fauna Salvaje de ambas comunidades. Tras la digestión de las muestras por vía húmeda, el contenido de elementos inorgánicos fue determinado por medio de Espectrometría de Masas con fuente de plasma a copl ado por inducción (ICP-MS). L as concentraciones cuantificadas de los cuatro elementos se situaron en general dentro de los niveles considerados como normales para las aves, no causando efectos patológicos directos. Destaca el hecho de que de los cuatro elementos considerados , las concentraciones de Cd y Zn cuantificadas en Galicia fueron siempre ligeramente superiores a las obtenidas en Extremadura. Por otra parte, considerando la especie a estudio, destaca el hecho de que los valores más elevados de los cuatro elementos analizados se correspondieran con ejemplares de Busardo ratonero procedentes de Galicia (AU)

Raptors are predators located at the top of food chains, which offers the possibility of use these species as adequate bioindicators within the environmental biomonitoring programs, in order to assess the presence and effect of a broad spectrum of contaminants on the ecosystems. In the present work, heavy metal and metalloid (As, Cd, Pb and Zn) contents in liver of different raptor species from Galicia and Extremadura have been determined, using animals that arrived died or that were sacrificed after their arrival to the Wildlife Recovery Centres of both communities. After wet digestion of the sample, inorganic element content was determined using inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of all the analyzed elements were in general close to those considered as normal in avian species, and therefore do not produce direct pathological effects. It must be emphasized that the hepatic concentrations of Cd and Zn quantified in Galicia were slightly higher than those corresponding to Extremadura. Moreover, and when considering the studied species, it must be signalled that the highest values for the four analyzed elements were observed in Common buzzard from Galicia (AU)

Contenido de metales pesados en hígado y plumas de aves marinas afectadas por el accidente del "Prestige" en la costa de Galicia / Heavy metal content in liver and feathers of seabirds affected by the "Prestige" accident on the Galician coast

Las aves marinas son organismos situados en la cumbre de las cadenas alimentarias oceánicas, lo que permite su empleo en programas de biomonitorización para evaluar el efecto de los más diversos contaminantes sobre estos sensibles eco-sistemas. En el presente trabajo se han analizado las concentraciones de distintos metales pesados (Pb, Zn, Cd y Cu) en hígado y plumas de tres especies de aves marinas (arao, frailecillo y alca) directamente afectadas por el vertido de crudo del “Prestige” en noviembre de 2002, empleando para ello animales que murieron a lo largo de la costa de Galicia. Las concentraciones cuantificadas de los cuatro elementos fueron en general bajas para los dos tipos de muestras analizadas (hígado y plumas), situándose en niveles comparables a los cuantificados en estas mismas especies marinas en otras zonas geográficas, no excediendo los niveles que pudieran indicar un incremento en la exposición medioambiental a estos contaminantes inorgánicos (AU)

Heavy metal content in liver and feathers of seabirds affected by the “Prestige” accident on the Galician coast. Seabirds are organisms considered to be top consumers in marine foodchains and therefore can be used in biomonitoring programs in order to assess the effect of a broad spectrum of contaminants on those highly sensitive ecosystems. In this work, heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu) content in liver and feathers of three different seabird species (common guillemot, Atlantic puf-fin and razorbill) directly affected by the “Prestige” oil spill in November 2002 have been analyzed. The samples were obtained from animals which died along the Galician coast. In general, the levels of these four analyzed elements were low in both analyzed samples (liver and feathers), representing levels comparable to those quantified for the same seabird species in other geographical areas; the levels were not indicative of increased environmental exposure to such inorganic pollutants (AU)