[Gender violence in nursing students during their dating relationships]. / Violencia de género en estudiantes de enfermería durante sus relaciones de noviazgo.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of gender violence (GV) suffered by student nurses and to identify its relationship with some sociodemographic and personal variables (social support and self-esteem) and their perception about their role as primary care providers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (University of Oviedo). PARTICIPANTS: Nursing students. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The CUVINO questionnaire was used. It measures 42 behavioral indicators and 8 GV factors and allows to identify technical and perceived violence during courtship and other related situations. The level of social self-esteem, support and variables related with the nursing role were also measured. RESULTS: Using the standard of "zero tolerance", 85.8% suffered technical violence, mainly by "detachment" and "coercion" (73.3%), while almost 1 in 5 also suffered "physical" violence (18.3%). A lower percentage (9.0%) reported having been really ill-treated, perception related to the global proportion of students who felt trapped (31.7%, P <.001), felt fear (13.8%, P <.001) and a further delay in breaking the relationship (13.2 months vs. 3.6; P <.05). Suffering technical violence was associated with less social support (P <.05) and less social self-esteem (P <.01). Academic training in GV improves recognition. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of GV situations between student nurses is very high and recognition is poor. Academic training could improve the perception of the problem, thus it would be desirable to strengthen its inclusion in the university curriculum, together with specific skills training.

[Survival analysis in multiple cancer patients in Asturias, Spain, 1975-2004]. / Análisis de la supervivencia en pacientes con cáncer múltiple, Asturias, 1975-2004.

BACKGROUND: Almost one in ten survivors of cancer suffers a second primary. Some studies try to clarify the causes, but there are few that study the time variable. Our research aim was to describe this variable in multiple cancer (MC) patients and to detect others associated with time without MC and survival. METHODS: We performed a descriptive study, and the Kaplan Meyer method and Cox Regression were used to study the patients with MC included in the tumour registry of the reference hospital of Asturias. RESULTS: Time between the first symptom and diagnosis was significantly reduced in the second tumour when compared with the first one (113 to 88 days). Time between the first two tumours (median=2.93 years) and the risk of an earlier second primary was higher in older people (RR=1.03) with: primaries diagnosed in advanced stage (RR=1.55), treated with palliative surgery (RR=2.67) or chemotherapy (RR=1.51); second neoplasm located in the prostate (RR=1.67). 60.9% survived at least 5 years after the first diagnosis and 19.1% after the second. These probabilities decreased with age (RR=1.04) and advanced stages (RR=2.48). Nevertheless, locations with good prognosis (prostate, breast or skin) and almost any treatment with surgery or radiotherapy increase survival. CONCLUSION: Physicians should be alert to new cancer symptoms in patients with previous neoplasms during the follow-up period to improve early MC diagnosis. Survival in MC patients is acceptable, and it largely depends on the location and stage of the cancer involved, but also upon the strategy of treatment.

[Validation of a questionnaire for measuring psychosocial factors associated with pharmaceutical care in Spanish community pharmacists]. / Validación de un cuestionario para medir factores psicosociales asociados al seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en farmacéuticos españoles.

Pharmacotherapy follow-up (PTF) is the professional practice in which the pharmacist takes charge of the needs of the patients related to their drugs. OBJECTIVE: To validate a questionnaire to measure the ASE psychosocial determinants (attitude, social influence, self-efficacy) of PTF and the Prochaska & DiClemente's stage of change in Spanish community pharmacists. METHOD: Postal survey to 482 Asturian community pharmacists (test and retest). Validity was estimated in 134 pharmacists answering the test. Stability was estimated in 85 pharmacists answering the test and retest. Exploratory factorial analysis was used to investigate construct validity and produced 4 factors and 104 items. Those factors had high reliability (Cronbach's a between 0,87 and 0,96). DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY: Pharmacists in extreme stages of change showed significant differences of attitude, motivation and self-efficacy. Repeatability was good and the questionnaire appears valid and reliable.

[Evaluation of process of an educational web-based and mobile phone-based program for encouraging healthy behaviours among Spanish and Mexican students]. / Evaluación del proceso de un programa realizado a través de Internet y de la telefonía móvil para promover conductas saludables en estudiantes de educación secundaria de España y México.

BACKGROUND: Current communication technologies can be used in health education. The aim was to assess the process of an online program designed to prevent cancer risk behaviours using an educational website and mobile phones. METHODS: High school students from Spain and Mexico were recruited during 3 academic years (2009-12) to participate in a web-based program supplemented with mobile phone messages (SMS) which aim was to prevent cancer risk behaviours. The program was designed as a randomized trial, with control and experimental group (EG). Recruitment and adherence were analyzed using data of the Web management platform and Google Analytics. RESULTS: 3,855 students started the logging on the program of which 2,001 (51.9%) completed the questionnaire.77.5% were Mexicans, 13 years old (40.6%), with good academic level (68.7%) and with parents (49.6%) and mothers (53.9%) having university degree. 56.4% recorded a phone number to receive SMS. The EG consisted of 1,014 students and the averages of their visits to the website were 31.6 in the first year, 21.8 in the second and 21.9 in the third. Each adolescent of the EG was able to incorporate 1.16 adults (total 1,172) and other 1,076 were recorded spontaneously. Retention rate at the end of follow-up was 41.5% and was higher among those who were best students (OR: 12,5), Mexicans (OR: 4.4), 12 years old (OR: 3.1) and have been incorporated in the first three months of the implementation (OR: 2.8). CONCLUSION: Students' recruitment and retention was scarce, mainly in Spain. However students involved visited the program website with sufficient amount of time to achieve good results.

Evaluación del proceso de un programa realizado a través de internet y de la telefonía para promover conductas saludables en estudiantes de educación secundaria de España y México / Evaluation of process of an educational web-based and mobile phone-based program for encouraging healthy behaviours among spanish and mexican students

Fundamentos: Internet y la telefonía móvil forman parte de la tecnología más reciente que puede utilizarse en la educación para la salud. El objetivo fue evaluar el proceso de un programa para prevenir conductas de riesgo de cáncer implementado a través de internet y telefonía móvil. Métodos: Durante tres cursos académicos del período 2009-12 se seleccionó a estudiantes de secundaria de España y México para participar en un programa en línea suplementado con el envío de mensajes al teléfono móvil (SMS) cuyo objetivo era prevenir conductas de riesgo de cáncer. La intervención fue diseñada como un ensayo aleatorizado, con un grupo experimental (GE) y un grupo control. Se midieron el reclutamiento y la retención utilizando las herramientas de la plataforma de gestión de la web y de Google Analytics. Resultados: 3.855 estudiantes iniciaron el registro en el programa de los cuales 2.001 (51,9%) completaron el cuestionario. 77,5% fueron mexicanos, de 13 años (40,6%), de buen nivel académico (68,7%) y con padres (49,6%) y madres (53,9%) universitarios. El 56,4% registró un número de teléfono para recibir SMS. El GE estuvo formado por 1.014 estudiantes y la media de sus visitas a la web fue 31,6 en el primer curso, 21,8 en el segundo y 21,9 en el tercero. Las duraciones medias fueron, respectivamente, 11:02, 8:07 y 12:55 minutos. Cada adolescente del GE logró incorporar a 1,16 adultos (total1.172) y otros 1.076 se registraron espontáneamente. La tasa de retención de los estudiantes del GE fue 41,5% al final del seguimiento y fue mayor entre quienes tenían mejor nivel académico (OR:12,5), eran mexicanos (OR:4,4), tenían 12 años (OR: 3,1) y habían sido incorporados durante el primer trimestre del curso (OR: 2,8). Conclusión: El reclutamiento y la retención de estudiantes fueron escasos, especialmente en España. No obstante, los estudiantes que participaron visitaron la web del programa, en teoría durante un tiempo suficiente para lograr buenos resultados preventivos(AU)

Background: Current communication technologies can be used in health education. The aim was to assess the process of an online program designed to prevent cancer risk behaviours using an educational website and mobile phones. Methods: High school students from Spain and Mexico were recruited during 3 academic years (2009-12) to participate in a web-based program supplemented with mobile phone messages (SMS) which aim was to prevent cancer risk behaviours. The program was designed as a randomized trial, with control and experimental group (EG). Recruitment and adherence were analyzed using data of the Web management platform and Google Analytics. Results: 3,855 students started the logging on the program of which 2,001 (51.9%) completed the questionnaire.77.5% were Mexicans, 13 years old (40.6%), with good academic level (68.7%) and with parents (49.6%) and mothers (53.9%) having university degree. 56.4% recorded a phone number to receive SMS. The EG consisted of 1,014 students and the averages of their visits to the website were 31.6 in the first year, 21.8 in the second and 21.9 in the third. Each adolescent of the EG was able to incorporate 1.16 adults (total 1,172) and other 1,076 were recorded spontaneously. Retention rate at the end of follow-up was 41.5% and was higher among those who were best students (OR: 12,5), Mexicans (OR: 4.4), 12 years old (OR: 3.1) and have been incorporated in the first three months of the implementation (OR: 2.8). Conclusion: Students’ recruitment and retention was scarce, mainly in Spain. However students involved visited the program website with sufficient amount of time to achieve good results(AU)

Análisis de la supervivencia en pacientes con cáncer múltiple. Asturias, 1975-2004 / Survival analysis in multiple cancer patients in Asturias, Spain, 1975-2004

Fundamento. Casi uno de cada diez supervivientes de cáncer sufre un segundo primario. Algunos estudios intentan clarificar las causas pero escasean los que estudian la variable tiempo. Nuestro objetivo fue describir esta variable en pacientes con cáncer múltiple (CM) y detectar otras asociadas con el tiempo libre de CM y la supervivencia. Métodos. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo y se utilizaron el método de Kaplan Meyer y la Regresión de Cox para estudiar los pacientes con CM incluidos en el registro de tumores del Hospital Central de Asturias. Resultados. El tiempo ‘primer síntoma-diagnóstico’ se redujo significativamente del primer al segundo cáncer (de 113 a 88 días). El tiempo entre los dos primeros cánceres (mediana=2,93 años) fue menor en las personas de más edad (RR=1,03), con cánceres primarios avanzados (RR=1,55), tratados con cirugía paliativa (RR=2,67) o quimioterapia (RR=1,51) y con un segundo cáncer localizado en la próstata (RR=1,67). El 60,9% sobrevivió más de 5 años desde el primer diagnóstico y el 19,1% desde el segundo. Estas probabilidades disminuyeron con la edad (RR=1,04) y estadios avanzados (RR=2,48), sin embargo, localizaciones con buen pronóstico (próstata, mama y piel) y casi cualquier tratamiento quirúrgico o radiológico aumentan la supervivencia. Conclusión. Los médicos deben estar alerta ante nuevos síntomas de cáncer en pacientes con neoplasias previas durante su periodo de seguimiento para mejorar el diagnóstico precoz del CM. La supervivencia en estos pacientes depende en gran medida de la localización y estadio del cáncer implicado, pero también del tipo de tratamiento (AU)

Background. Almost one in ten survivors of cancer suffers a second primary. Some studies try to clarify the causes, but there are few that study the time variable. Our research aim was to describe this variable in multiple cancer (MC) patients and to detect others associated with time without MC and survival. Methods. We performed a descriptive study, and the Kaplan Meyer method and Cox Regression were used to study the patients with MC included in the tumour registry of the reference hospital of Asturias. Results. Time between the first symptom and diagnosis was significantly reduced in the second tumour when compared with the first one (113 to 88 days). Time between the first two tumours (median=2.93 years) and the risk of an earlier second primary was higher in older people (RR=1,03) with: primaries diagnosed in advanced stage (RR=1.55), treated with palliative surgery (RR=2.67) or chemotherapy (RR=1.51); second neoplasm located in the prostate (RR=1.67). 60.9% survived at least 5 years after the first diagnosis and 19.1% after the second. These probabilities decreased with age (RR=1.04) and advanced stages (RR=2.48). Nevertheless, locations with good prognosis (prostate, breast or skin) and almost any treatment with surgery or radiotherapy increase survival. Conclusion. Physicians should be alert to new cancer symptoms in patients with previous neoplasms during the follow-up period to improve early MC diagnosis. Survival in MC patients is acceptable, and it largely depends on the location and stage of the cancer involved, but also upon the strategy of treatment (AU)

Violencia de género en estudiantes de enfermería durante sus relaciones de noviazgo / Gender violence in nursing students during their dating relationships

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de violencia de género (VG) en futuras enfermeras e identificar su relación con variables sociodemográficas y personales (apoyo social y autoestima) y la percepción que tienen sobre su función como profesionales de atención primaria. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento: Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (Universidad de Oviedo). Participantes: Estudiantes del Grado en Enfermería. Mediciones principales: Se utilizó el cuestionario CUVINO, que mide 42 indicadores conductuales y 8 factores de VG y permite identificar conductas de violencia técnica y declarada durante el noviazgo y otras situaciones relacionadas. Se midió también el nivel de autoestima social, el número de apoyos y variables relacionadas con la función enfermera. Resultados: Con criterio de «tolerancia cero», el 85,8% sufrió alguna situación de violencia técnica, mayoritariamente por «desapego» (73,3%) y «coerción» (66,3%), aunque casi 1 de cada 5 sufrió también violencia «física» (18,3%). El 9,0% declaró haber sido realmente maltratada, percepción relacionada con la proporción global de estudiantes que se sintieron atrapadas (31,7%, p < 0,001) y con miedo (13,8%, p < 0,001) y con una mayor demora en la ruptura de la relación (13,2 meses vs. 3,6; p < 0,05). Sufrir violencia técnica se asoció con menor número de apoyos (p < 0,05) y con menor autoestima social (p < 0,01). La formación en maltrato mejora su reconocimiento. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de situaciones de maltrato entre las futuras enfermeras es muy elevada y su reconocimiento deficiente. La formación académica podría mejorar la percepción del problema, por lo que sería deseable reforzar su inclusión en el currículo y el entrenamiento de habilidades concretas (AU)

Aim: To determine the prevalence of gender violence (GV) suffered by student nurses and to identify its relationship with some sociodemographic and personal variables (social support and self-esteem) and their perception about their role as primary care providers. Design: Cross-sectional study. Location: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (University of Oviedo). Participants: Nursing students. Main measurements: The CUVINO questionnaire was used. It measures 42 behavioral indicators and 8 GV factors and allows to identify technical and perceived violence during courtship and other related situations. The level of social self-esteem, support and variables related with the nursing role were also measured. Results: Using the standard of “zero tolerance”, 85.8% suffered technical violence, mainly by “detachment” and “coercion” (73.3%), while almost 1 in 5 also suffered “physical” violence (18.3%). A lower percentage (9.0%) reported having been really ill-treated, perception related to the global proportion of students who felt trapped (31.7%, P <0.001), felt fear (13.8%, P <0.001) and a further delay in breaking the relationship (13.2 months vs. 3.6; P <0.05). Suffering technical violence was associated with less social support (P <0.05) and less social self-esteem (P <0.01). Academic training in GV improves recognition. Conclusions: The prevalence of GV situations between student nurses is very high and recognition is poor. Academic training could improve the perception of the problem, thus it would be desirable to strengthen its inclusion in the university curriculum, together with specific skills training (AU)