Effects of moderate intensity endurance training and high-intensity interval training on the reproductive parameters of wistar rats overfed in infancy.

Studies indicate that rapid weight gain at critical development stages, such as the lactation period, is associated with the development of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes in the long term. In addition to metabolic changes during adulthood, overweight/obesity may influence reproductive function. Human and animal studies suggest that lifestyle changes through exercise and/or controlled diet result in improved semen quality in obese individuals. However, the relationship between exercise volume/intensity and reproductive capacity effects remains inconclusive. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity endurance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the reproductive parameters of lactating overfed male Wistar rats. Postnatal overfeeding was induced by applying the litter size reduction method. Forty males Wistar rats were used, divided into four groups: one with control litters (CLs) (10 animals/litter-sedentary) and three with small litters (SLs) (4 animals/litter), divided into sedentary, moderate endurance training, and HIIT. Morphologic, metabolic, and reproductive variables were analyzed. SL sedentary group showed increased body weight, adiposity, and decreased relative weight of the seminal vesicle, prostate, and epididymis as well as changes in the insulin tolerance and oral glucose tolerance tests glycemic tests compared to CL sedentary group. Endurance and HIIT protocols were efficient in improving the glycemic metabolism, central fat accumulation of trained groups and did not affect reproductive parameters. Endurance and HIIT protocols proved to be effective in reversing these metabolic changes without impairing the evaluated reproductive parameters.

Psychological and Cognitive Profile of Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients.

Chronic disorders such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus are often associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as cognitive decline. Once developed, psychological support is essential for improving the quality of life. This study is aimed at identifying impaired mental health in connection with these systemic metabolic disorders. A total of 34 patients were included in this cross-sectional study: 17 hypertensive individuals with a mean age of 59 ± 10 years, and 17 diabetic patients aged 54 ± 10 years. The following psychometric tests were used: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20). A large number of patients with high blood pressure or diabetes was associated with mental health problems (82% or 65%, respectively; p = 0.246). Affective disorder, especially moderate to severe depression, was seen mainly in diabetic patients (76%), whereas hypertensive individuals had higher prevalence of anxiety (64%). There was no cognitive impairment in this middle-aged population. This study shows a high proportion of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus, reinforcing the importance of psychiatric support for appropriate control of these metabolic disorders.

Effects of moderate intensity endurance training vs. high intensity interval training on weight gain, cardiorespiratory capacity, and metabolic profile in postnatal overfed rats.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may have its origin in early life stages, such as in the lactation period, through metabolic programming. Physical activity aids in decreasing the chances of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, even with small weight losses and, in children, can play an essential role in preventing weight gain and other health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity endurance training and high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on obesity-related parameters and cardiorespiratory capacity in overfed Wistar rats throughout the breastfeeding period. METHODS: Two days after birth, forty male and female Wistar rats were clustered into two groups: Control Litter Group (CL; ten animals/litter) and Reduced Litter Group (RL; four animals/litter). At weaning, RL animals were distributed randomly into three experimental groups: sedentary, moderate intensity endurance training and HIIT, while CL animals were clustered into a sedentary group. RESULTS: RL male and female body weight, before weaning, was significantly higher when compared with CL animals. This difference was maintained between CLSed and RLSed groups after weaning during all assessed periods. Adiposity was significantly higher in RLSed males when compared to CLSed males, and alterations in glycaemic metabolism were also observed. Endurance and HIIT protocols were efficient in improving maximal cardiorespiratory capacity, as well as concerning the glycemic metabolism and central fat accumulation of males and females submitted to childhood overfeeding by the litter reduction method. CONCLUSIONS: Both moderate endurance training and HIIT protocols included in early life were efficient in reverting or preventing certain metabolic alterations as a consequence of overfeeding during breastfeeding in male and female Wistar rats.

Effects of different exercise programs and minimal detectable changes in hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, resulting in a global epidemic. The most common type, the type 2 diabetes mellitus, constitutes of 90-95 % of the cases and is characterized by the action of and/or impaired insulin secretion. Regular exercise is a recommended strategy in several studies and guidelines for type 2 diabetes control and complications associated with it. Therefore, we evaluated and compared the effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs on the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The selected patients were divided into groups which performed moderate strength training (ST) and aerobic training (AT). The study lasted 20 weeks and was divided into two 10 week phases with anthropometric (body mass index, waist, abdomen and hips circumferences, waist/hip ratio) and biochemical (glycemic and lipid profile) assessments at baseline, 10 weeks and 20 weeks. For intra and inter analyses a mixed ANOVA model was used. Individual changes were calculated using the minimum detectable change, based on a 90 % confidence interval. RESULTS: Eleven patients (five men and six women) completed the 20 weeks of training; five from the ST group and six from the AT. No significant changes were observed in any anthropometric variable in either group. Statistically significant differences were found in mean hemoglobin A1c in both groups between baseline (AT: 8.6 ± 2.5; ST: 9.2 ± 1.9) and 10 weeks (AT: 7.2 ± 1.7; ST: 7.9 ± 1.2) (p = 0.03), and baseline (AT: 8.6 ± 2.5; ST: 9.2 ± 1.9) and 20 weeks (AT: 7.5 ± 1.7; ST: 7.4 ± 0.9) (p = 0.01). For the minimal detectable changes, 40 % of the ST and 33 % of AT achieved these changes for hemoglobin A1c. CONCLUSION: Both aerobic and strength exercises can help the metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, even without significant changes in anthropometry over the 20 weeks of training. However, this period was sufficient to cause changes in hemoglobin A1c values and the estimated average glucose, which are important parameters in controlling diabetes, thus signaling an important consequence of adhering to an exercise routine for type 2 diabetic patients.

Improved cognitive, affective and anxiety measures in patients with chronic systemic disorders following structured physical activity.

Mental illnesses are frequent co-morbid conditions in chronic systemic diseases. High incidences of depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment complicate cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle changes including regular exercise have been advocated to reduce blood pressure and improve glycaemic control. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of physical training on the most prevalent corollary psychiatric problems in patients with chronic organic ailments. This longitudinal study assessed the mental health of hypertensive (age: 57 ± 8 years) and/or diabetic (age: 53 ± 8 years) patients using mini-mental state examination, Beck's depression inventory, Beck's anxiety inventory and self-reporting questionnaire-20 before and after a 3-month supervised resistance and aerobic exercise programme comprising structured physical activity three times a week. Clinically relevant improvement was observed in the Beck's depression inventory and Beck's anxiety inventory scores following the 12-week training (61%, p = 0.001, and 53%, p = 0.02, respectively). Even though statistically not significant (p = 0.398), the cognitive performance of this relatively young patient population also benefited from the programme. These results demonstrate positive effects of active lifestyle on non-psychotic mental disorders in patients with chronic systemic diseases, recommending exercise as an alternative treatment option.

Aerobic and resistance exercise in patients with resistant hypertension / Exercício aeróbico e resistido em pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente / Ejercicio aeróbico y resistido en pacientes con hipertensión arterial resistente

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical training is recommended by current guidelines as a preventive measure and as a tool to supplement pharmacological therapy in the treatment of hypertension and its pathological manifestations. However, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the best training prescription for blood pressure control in patients with resistant hypertension. Objective: To evaluate the effect, over twelve weeks, of an aerobic and resistance exercise program on blood pressure, anthropometric and biochemical parameters of patients with resistant hypertension. Methods: Eleven patients with resistant hypertension were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training and aerobic training. Blood pressure was recorded by 24-hour outpatient monitoring before and after 12-week training. The Student t-test was used to compare resistance and aerobic exercise groups, while the paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze pre- and post-exercise data. The level of significance was 0.05. Results: In the group that underwent aerobic training, mean systolic, diastolic and total blood pressure readings were significantly lower over the 24 hours analyzed, dropping by 14 mmHg, 7 mmHg and 10 mmHg, respectively, and in the waking period. The resistance training group showed no significant change in blood pressure, despite the significant improvement in HDL levels. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of aerobic exercises resulted in significantly lowered blood pressure in individuals with resistant hypertension, while resistance exercises were more effective in increasing HDL. Level of evidence II, Therapeutic study.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento físico é recomendado pelas diretrizes atuais como medida preventiva e como ferramenta adicional à terapia farmacológica no tratamento da hipertensão e de suas manifestações patológicas. No entanto, são muitas as incertezas acerca da melhor prescrição de treinamento para controle da pressão arterial em portadores de hipertensão arterial resistente. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito, em 12 semanas, de um programa de exercícios aeróbicos e resistidos sobre parâmetros pressóricos, antropométricos e bioquímicos de pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente. Métodos: Onze pacientes com hipertensão resistente foram divididos em dois grupos aleatoriamente: treinamento resistido e treinamento aeróbico. A pressão arterial foi registrada por monitoramento ambulatorial de 24 horas antes e após o treinamento de 12 semanas. Para a comparação dos grupos com exercício resistido e aeróbico foi utilizado o teste t de Student. Para analisar os dados pré e pós-exercício foram utilizados os testes t-pareado e Wilcoxon. O nível de significância foi de 0,05. Resultados: No grupo que realizou o treinamento aeróbico, os valores médios de pressão sistólica e diastólica e sua média foram significativamente mais baixos no total das 24 horas analisadas, com quedas de 14 mmHg, 7 mmHg e 10 mmHg, respectivamente, e no período de vigília. O grupo de treinamento resistido não apresentou alteração significativa da pressão arterial, apesar da melhora significativa dos níveis de HDL. Conclusão: Doze semanas de exercícios aeróbicos resultaram em redução da pressão arterial de forma significativa em hipertensos resistentes, enquanto que os exercícios resistidos se mostraram mais eficazes no aumento do HDL. Nível de evidência II, Estudos terapêuticos.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento físico es recomendado por las directrices actuales como medida preventiva y como herramienta adicional a la terapia farmacológica en el tratamiento de la hipertensión y sus manifestaciones patológicas. Sin embargo, son muchas las incertidumbres sobre la mejor prescripción de entrenamiento para el control de la presión arterial en pacientes con hipertensión resistente. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto, en doce semanas, de un programa de ejercicios aeróbicos y resistidos sobre los parámetros de presión arterial, bioquímicos y antropométricos de los pacientes con hipertensión resistente. Métodos: Once pacientes con hipertensión resistente se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: entrenamiento resistido y entrenamiento aeróbico. La presión arterial se registró por monitoreo ambulatorio de 24 horas antes y después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento. Para la comparación de los grupos con ejercicio resistidos y ejercicios aeróbicos se utilizó la prueba t de Student. Para analizar los datos antes y después del ejercicio se utilizaron las pruebas t-pareado y de Wilcoxon. El nivel de significación fue de 0,05. Resultados: En el grupo que realizó el entrenamiento aeróbico, los valores promedios de presión sistólica diastólica y su media fueron significativamente más bajos en el total de las 24 horas analizadas, con caídas de 14 mm Hg, 7 mmHg y 10 mmHg, respectivamente, y en el periodo de vigilia. El grupo de entrenamiento resistido no presentó alteración significativa de la presión arterial, a pesar de la mejora significativa de los niveles de HDL. Conclusión: Doce semanas de ejercicio aeróbico resultaron en reducción de la presión arterial de manera significativa en la hipertensión resistente, mientras que los ejercicios resistidos fueron más eficaces en el aumento del HDL. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudios terapéuticos.

Análise de indicadores de saúde de pacientes com diabetes atendidos pelo Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa / Analysis of health indicators in patients with diabetes treated at Hiperdia Center of Viçosa

A prevalência de diabetes mellitus está sendo considerada uma epidemia global, com 382 milhões de pessoas atualmente afetadas em todo o mundo e previsão de aumento para 592 milhões para o ano 2035. Atualmente, o Brasil é o quarto país no mundo em número de diabetes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características epidemiológicas de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus atendidos no Centro Hiperdia da cidade de Viçosa-MG, considerando características sociodemográficos, fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo, documental e de corte transversal. Foram analisados 547 prontuários, sendo 218 inativos e 329 pacientes ativos. A análise dos pacientes ativos demonstrou que 51% do número total de pacientes apresentavam diabetes mellitus tipo 2 associada à hipertensão. Em relação aos pacientes ativos, 72% apresentavam baixa renda familiar, 74% apresentavam baixa escolaridade, 74%, 78% e 57% apresentavam hipertensão arterial, sobrepeso/obesidade, inatividade física, respectivamente. A presença de dois ou mais antecedentes familiares para doenças coronarianas e metabólicas foi encontrada em 79% dos pacientes. A análise da glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial demonstrou valores inadequados em mais de 50% dos pacientes ativos. Os pacientes com diabetes atendidos pelo Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa apresentaram tanto fatores de risco modificáveis quanto não modificáveis, sendo ambos complicadores para o controle do diabetes e de um bom estado de saúde.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is being considered a global epidemic, with 382 million people currently affected worldwide and increase forecast for 592 million for the year 2035. Currently, Brazil is the fourth country in the world in number of diabetes. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of individuals with diabetes mellitus treated at Hiperdia Center of Viçosa-MG, considering socio demographic, modifiable risk factors and not modifiable. This is a descriptive study, quantitative, documentary and cross-sectional. 547 records were analyzed, 218 retirees and 329 active patients. The analysis of the active patients showed that 51% of the total number of patients had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with hypertension. In relation to active patients, 72% had low family income, 74% had low education, 74%, 78 % and 57% had high prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, respectively. The presence of two or more family history of coronary and metabolic diseases was found in 79% of patients. The analysis of fasting and postprandial proved inadequate values by more than 50% of the active patients. Patients with diabetes attended by the Hiperdia Center of Viçosapresented in addition to the disease itself, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, both being complicating for diabetes control and a good health