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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We compared the safety and efficacy of bintrafusp alfa (BA) in combination with gemcitabine+cisplatin (GemCis), to those of GemCis alone, in patients with biliary tract cancer. APPROACH AND RESULTS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive design phase 2/3 trial (NCT04066491) included adults who are treatment-naive with locally advanced/metastatic biliary tract cancer. Patients (N = 297) were randomized to receive an IV infusion of BA (2400 mg once/3 wk) plus GemCis (gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 +cisplatin 25 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 8/3 wk; 8 cycles) (BA group, n = 148) or placebo+GemCis (placebo group, n = 149). The primary end point was overall survival (OS). For adaptation analysis (phase 2-phase 3; data cutoff: May 20, 2021), efficacy was assessed in the first 150 patients who were antibiotic-naive when 80 progression-free survival events had occurred and ≥ 19 weeks of follow-up had been completed (BA, n = 73; placebo, n = 77). Median OS (95% CI) for the BA (11.5 mo [9.3-not estimable]) and placebo (11.5 mo [10.0-not estimable]) groups was comparable (hazard ration 1.23 [95% CI 0.66-2.28]; p = 0.7394); OS data maturity was 27.2% (41 events/151 patients). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse event was anemia (BA, 26.0%; placebo, 22.8%). Bleeding adverse events were reported more frequently in the BA group (28.8%) versus the placebo group (7.4%). Deaths within 60 days of the first dose were reported in 7.5% and 1.3% of patients in the BA and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BA+GemCis did not provide a clinically meaningful benefit compared with GemCis alone as first-line treatment for biliary tract cancer, and the study was discontinued early (terminated: August 20, 2021).
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This study aims to elucidate the cellular mechanisms behind the secretion of complement factor B (CFB), known for its dual roles as an early biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and as the initial substrate for the alternative complement pathway (ACP). Using parallel reaction monitoring analysis, we confirmed a consistent â¼2-fold increase in CFB expression in PDAC patients compared with that in both healthy donors (HD) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients. Elevated ACP activity was observed in CP and other benign conditions compared with that in HD and PDAC patients, suggesting a functional link between ACP and PDAC. Protein-protein interaction analyses involving key complement proteins and their regulatory factors were conducted using blood samples from PDAC patients and cultured cell lines. Our findings revealed a complex control system governing the ACP and its regulatory factors, including Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation, adrenomedullin (AM), and complement factor H (CFH). Particularly, AM emerged as a crucial player in CFB secretion, activating CFH and promoting its predominant binding to C3b over CFB. Mechanistically, our data suggest that the KRAS mutation stimulates AM expression, enhancing CFH activity in the fluid phase through binding. This heightened AM-CFH interaction conferred greater affinity for C3b over CFB, potentially suppressing the ACP cascade. This sequence of events likely culminated in the preferential release of ductal CFB into plasma during the early stages of PDAC. (Data set ID PXD047043.).
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Factor B del Complemento/genética , Factor B del Complemento/metabolismo , Vía Alternativa del Complemento , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Biliary tract cancers are rare, heterogeneous cancers with poor prognoses. Bintrafusp alfa, a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of TGF-ßRII (a TGF-ß "trap") fused to a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody blocking programmed death ligand 1, was evaluated in patients with locally advanced/metastatic chemorefractory biliary tract cancers. APPROACH AND RESULTS: This multicenter, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study (NCT03833661) enrolled adults with locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer that was intolerant to or had failed first-line systemic platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients received 1200 mg bintrafusp alfa intravenously Q2W. The primary endpoint was confirmed objective response according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 assessed by IRC. Secondary endpoints included duration of response, durable response rate, safety, progression-free survival, and overall survival.Between March 2019 and January 2020, 159 patients were enrolled. Median follow-up was 16.1 (range, 0.0-19.3) months; 17 patients (10.7%; 95% CI: 6.4%-16.6%) achieved an objective response. Median duration of response was 10.0 (range, 1.9-15.7) months; 10 patients (6.3%; 95% CI: 3.1%-11.3%) had a durable response (≥6 mo). Median progression-free survival was 1.8 months (95% CI: 1.7-1.8 mo); median overall survival was 7.6 months (95% CI: 5.8-9.7 mo). Overall survival rates were 57.9% (6 mo) and 38.8% (12 mo). Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 26.4% of patients, including one treatment-related death (hepatic failure). Frequent grade ≥3 adverse events included anemia (3.8%), pruritus (1.9%), and increased alanine aminotransferase (1.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Although this study did not meet its prespecified primary endpoint, bintrafusp alfa demonstrated clinical activity as second-line treatment in this hard-to-treat cancer, with durable responses and a manageable safety profile.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar , Adulto , Humanos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Supervivencia sin Progresión , Factores Inmunológicos , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/patología , Criterios de Evaluación de Respuesta en Tumores Sólidos , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We conducted a trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nivolumab and paclitaxel as second-line therapy for immune-related biomarker-enriched advanced gastric cancer (AGC). METHODS: This open-label, single-arm, phase Ib/II study was a part of multi-institutional, biomarker-integrated umbrella study conducted in Korea. In phase Ib, patients received nivolumab (3 mg/kg) on Days 1 and 15 and paclitaxel (dose level 1, 70 mg/m2 or dose level 2, 80 mg/m2) on Days 1, 8, 15 every four weeks. In phase II, patients with Epstein-Barr virus-related, deficient mismatch repair or programmed cell death-ligand-1-positive AGC were enrolled. The primary endpoints were recommended phase II dose (RP2D, phase Ib) and progression-free survival (PFS, phase II). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), safety, and exploratory biomarker analysis. RESULTS: Dose level 2 was selected as RP2D. In phase II, 48 patients were enrolled. The median PFS and OS were 3.9 and 11.2 months, respectively. The ORR was 23.3%, and the median response duration was 16.7 months. Grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events, mainly neutropenia, occurred in 20 patients (41.7%). Targeted sequencing revealed that patients with RTK/RAS pathway alterations or the HLA-A02 supertype had better survival. Patients with elevated baseline interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels had worse survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although the study did not meet its primary end point, nivolumab and paclitaxel for AGC demonstrated a durable response with manageable toxicity profiles. Genomic analysis or plasma cytokine analysis may provide information for the selection of patients who would benefit more from immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy.
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Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Biomarcadores , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Inmunoterapia , Nivolumab/uso terapéutico , Nivolumab/efectos adversos , PaclitaxelRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is a condition in which healthy individuals have somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells. It has been reported with increased risk of hematologic malignancy and cardiovascular disease in the general population, but studies of Korean populations with comorbid disease entities are scarce. METHODS: White blood cells (WBCs) from patients with gastric cancer (GC) (n=121) were analyzed using a DNA-based targeted (531 genes) panel with customized pipeline designed to detect single nucleotide variants and small indels with low-allele-frequency of ≥0.2â¯%. We defined significant CH variants as having variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥2â¯% among variants found in WBCs. Matched cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples were also analyzed with the same pipeline to investigate the false-positive results caused by WBC variants in cfDNA profiling. RESULTS: Significant CH variants were detected in 29.8â¯% of patients and were associated with age and male sex. The number of CH variants was associated with a history of anti-cancer therapy and age. DNMT3A and TET2 were recurrently mutated. Overall survival rate of treatment-naïve patients with stage IV GC was higher in those with CH, but Cox regression showed no significant association after adjustment for age, sex, anti-cancer therapy, and smoking history. In addition, we analyzed the potential interference of WBC variants in plasma cell-free DNA testing, which has attracted interest as a complementary method for tissue biopsy. Results showed that 37.0â¯% (47/127) of plasma specimens harbored at least one WBC variant. VAFs of interfering WBC variants in the plasma and WBC were correlated, and WBC variants with VAF ≥4â¯% in WBC were frequently detected in plasma with the same VAF. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the clinical impact of CH in Korean patients and suggests the potential for its interference in cfDNA tests.
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Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Masculino , Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células/genética , Hematopoyesis Clonal , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Relevancia Clínica , Dermatoglifia del ADN , Mutación , Hematopoyesis/genéticaRESUMEN
WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: This is a summary describing the results of a Phase III study called TOPAZ-1. The study looked at treatment with durvalumab (a type of immunotherapy) and chemotherapy to treat participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). Advanced BTC is usually diagnosed at late stages of disease, when it cannot be cured by surgery. This study included participants with advanced BTC who had not received previous treatment, or had their cancer come back at least 6 months after receiving treatment or surgery that aimed to cure their disease. Participants received treatment with durvalumab and chemotherapy or placebo and chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to find out if treatment with durvalumab and chemotherapy could increase the length of time that participants with advanced BTC lived, compared with placebo and chemotherapy. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY?: Participants who took durvalumab and chemotherapy had a 20% lower chance of experiencing death at any point in the study compared with participants who received placebo and chemotherapy. The side effects experienced by participants were similar across treatment groups, and less than 12% of participants in either treatment group had to stop treatment due to treatment-related side effects. WHAT DO THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY MEAN?: Overall, these results support durvalumab and chemotherapy as a new treatment option for people with advanced BTCs. Based on the results of this study, durvalumab is now approved for the treatment of adults with advanced BTCs in combination with chemotherapy by government organizations in Europe, the United States and several other countries.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar , Adulto , Humanos , Gemcitabina , Desoxicitidina , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Cisplatino , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ultra-deep sequencing to detect low-frequency mutations in circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) increases the diagnostic value of liquid biopsy. The demand for large ctDNA panels for comprehensive genomic profiling and tumor mutational burden (TMB) estimation is increasing; however, few ctDNA panels for TMB have been validated. Here, we designed a ctDNA panel with 531 genes, named TMB500, along with a technical and clinical validation. METHODS: Synthetic reference cell-free DNA materials with predefined allele frequencies were sequenced in a total of 92 tests in 6 batches to evaluate the precision, linearity, and limit of detection of the assay. We used clinical samples from 50 patients with various cancers, 11 healthy individuals, and paired tissue samples. Molecular barcoding and data analysis were performed using customized pipelines. RESULTS: The assay showed high precision and linearity (coefficient of determination, r2 =0.87) for all single nucleotide variants, with a limit of detection of 0.24%. In clinical samples, the TMB500 ctDNA assay detected most variants present and absent in tissues, showing that ctDNA could assess tumor heterogeneity in different tissues and metastasis sites. The estimated TMBs correlated well between tissue and blood, except in 4 cases with extreme heterogeneity that showed very high blood TMBs compared to tissue TMBs. A pilot evaluation showed that the TMB500 assay could be used for disease monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The TMB500 assay is an accurate and reliable ctDNA assay for many clinical purposes. It may be useful for guiding the treatment of cancers with diverse genomic profiles, estimating TMB in immune therapy, and disease monitoring.
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ADN Tumoral Circulante , Humanos , ADN Tumoral Circulante/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biopsia Líquida , Mutación , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto RendimientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Biliary tract cancer (BTC) exhibits diverse molecular characteristics. However, reliable biomarkers that predict therapeutic responses are yet to be discovered. We aimed to identify the molecular features of treatment responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy in BTCs. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We enrolled 121 advanced BTC patients (68 cholangiocarcinomas [33 intrahepatic, 35 extrahepatic], 41 gallbladder cancers, and 12 Ampulla of Vater cancers) whose specimens were analyzed by clinical sequencing platforms. All patients received first-line palliative chemotherapy; 48 patients underwent programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy after failed chemotherapy. Molecular and histopathological characterization was performed using targeted sequencing and immunohistochemical staining to investigate treatment response-associated biomarkers. Genomic analysis revealed a broad spectrum of mutational profiles according to anatomical location. Favorable responses to chemotherapy were observed in the small-duct type compared with the large-duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, with frequent mutations in BRCA1-associated protein-1/isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 and KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase/SMAD family member 4 genes, respectively. The molecular features were further analyzed in BTCs, and transforming growth factor beta and DNA damage response pathway-altered tumors exhibited poor and favorable chemotherapy responses, respectively. In PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-treated patients, KRAS alteration and chromosomal instability tumors were associated with resistance to immunotherapy. The majority of patients (95.0%) with these resistance factors show no clinical benefit to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and low tumor mutational burdens. Low tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density in tumors with these resistance factors indicated immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments, whereas high intratumoral TIL density was associated with a favorable immunotherapy response. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes predictive molecular features of chemotherapy and immunotherapy responses in advanced BTCs using clinical sequencing platforms. Our result provides an intuitive framework to guide the treatment of advanced BTCs benefiting from therapeutic agents based on the tumors' molecular features.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ampolla Hepatopancreática , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/genética , Conductos Biliares Extrahepáticos , Conductos Biliares Intrahepáticos , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/genética , Carcinoma/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Neoplasias del Conducto Colédoco/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Conducto Colédoco/genética , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/genética , Humanos , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteína Smad4/genética , Resultado del Tratamiento , Microambiente Tumoral , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genética , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Although plasma complement factor B (CFB, NX_P00751), both alone and in combination with CA19-9 (i.e., the ComB-CAN), previously exhibited a reliable diagnostic ability for pancreatic cancer (PC), its detectability of the early stages and the cancer detection mechanism remained elusive. We first evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ComB-CAN using plasma samples from healthy donors (HDs), patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), and patients with different PC stages (I/II vs III/IV). An analysis of the area under the curve (AUC) by PanelComposer using logistic regression revealed that ComB-CAN has a superior diagnostic ability for early-stage PC (97.1.% [95% confidence interval (CI): (97.1-97.2)]) compared with CFB (94.3% [95% CI: 94.2-94.4]) or CA19-9 alone (34.3% [95% CI: 34.1-34.4]). In the comparisons of all stages of patients with PC vs CP and HDs, the AUC values of ComB-CAN, CFB, and CA19-9 were 0.983 (95% CI: 0.983-0.983), 0.950 (95% CI: 0.950-0.951), and 0.873 (95% CI: 0.873-0.874), respectively. We then investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the detection of early-stage PC by using stable cell lines of CFB knockdown and CFB overexpression. A global transcriptomic analysis coupled to cell invasion assays of both CFB-modulated cell lines suggested that CFB plays a tumor-promoting role in PC, which likely initiates the PI3K-AKT cancer signaling pathway. Thus our study establishes ComB-CAN as a reliable early diagnostic marker for PC that can be clinically applied for early PC screening in the general public.
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Factor B del Complemento , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Antígeno CA-19-9 , Factor B del Complemento/metabolismo , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-QuinasasRESUMEN
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)-a new category of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with textured breast implants-has a distinct variation in incidence and is especially rare in Asia. We report the first case of BIA-ALCL in Korea and present its histological and genetic characteristics. A 44-year-old female patient presented with a typical clinical course and symptoms, including breast augmentation with textured breast implants, late-onset peri-implant effusion, and CD30+ALK- histology, followed by bilateral implant removal and total capsulectomy. For histological analysis, we performed immunohistochemistry of the bilateral breast capsules. For transcriptome analysis, we identified highly upregulated gene sets employing RNA-sequencing and characterized the lymphoma immune cell components. In the lymphoma-associated capsule, CD30+ cells infiltrated not only the lymphoma lesion but also the peritumoral lesion. The morphologies of the myofibroblasts and vessels in the peritumoral lesion were similar to those in the tumoral lesion. We observed strong activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway and expression of programmed death ligand-1 in the lymphoma. Unlike the molecular profiles of BIA-ALCL samples from Caucasian patients-all of which contained activated CD4+ T cells-the Asian patient's profile was characterized by more abundant CD8+ T cells. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of BIA-ALCL in Asian patients that will ultimately facilitate the development of clinical therapies.
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Implantación de Mama , Implantes de Mama , Neoplasias de la Mama , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes , Adulto , Asia , Implantación de Mama/efectos adversos , Implantes de Mama/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/etiología , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/genética , República de CoreaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Although adjuvant chemotherapy can have an impact on physical activity (PA), PA level has not been studied in patients with stage II-III colon cancer. This study investigated PA levels during and between chemotherapy cycles. METHODS: We objectively measured PA levels for 2 weeks during the 2nd and 11th chemotherapy cycles. In addition, self-reported PA levels were assessed before chemotherapy initiation, during 2nd, 6th, and 12th chemotherapy cycles. This study included 22 men and 33 women with stage II-III colon cancer patients (57 ± 9 years). RESULTS: Before the initiation of chemotherapy, most cancer patients were minimally active. Compared with the 1st week of chemotherapy, moderate- and light-intensity PA levels significantly increased during the 2nd week of chemotherapy. Patients increased moderate- and light-intensity PA from 217.4 to 290.3 min per week and from 585.7 to 657.8 min per week, respectively (p < 0.01). PA levels did not show any difference between the 2nd and 12th cycles when objectively measured, or between baseline and 2nd, 6th, and 12th cycles when self-reported. CONCLUSION: PA levels during chemotherapy cycles are initially low, and then increase towards the end of the cycle; however, PA levels do not change between chemotherapy cycles. Future work with broader and larger samples size is recommended.
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Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Acelerometría , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Leucovorina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Compuestos Organoplatinos/uso terapéutico , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We aimed to find the clinical value of metastatic tumor burden evaluated with F18-FDG PET/CT in gastric cancer patients, considering the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 124 patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer at Yonsei Cancer Center between January 2006 and December 2014 who had undergone baseline FDG PET/CT before first-line chemotherapy. We measured the maximum standardized uptake value from the primary tumor (SUVmax) and whole-body (WB) PET/CT parameters, including WB SUVmax, WB SUVmean, WB metabolic tumor volume (WB MTV), and WB total lesion glycolysis (WB TLG), in all metabolically active metastatic lesions (SUV threshold ≥2.5 or 40% isocontour for ≤2.5), and we determined their association with patient survival outcomes. RESULTS: SUVmax was higher in HER2-positive gastric cancers (median 12.1, range 3.4-34.6) compared to HER-2 negative (7.4, 1.6-39.1, P < 0.001). Among all patients, WB TLG > 600, which is indicative of a high metastatic tumor burden, showed worse progression-free survival (PFS) [hazard ratio (HR), 2.003; 95% CI, 1.300-3.086; P = 0.002] and overall survival (OS) (HR, 3.001; 95% CI, 1.950-4.618; P < 0.001) than did WB TLG ≤ 600. Among HER2-positive gastric cancer patients treated with trastuzumab, higher metabolic tumor burden predicted worse OS, but not PFS. CONCLUSIONS: HER2-positive gastric cancers had higher SUVmax compared to HER2-negative gastric cancers. In both HER2-negative patients and -positive patients receiving trastuzumab, FDG PET/CT volume-based parameters may have a role in further stratifying the prognosis of stage IV gastric cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Receptor ErbB-2/biosíntesis , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico por imagen , Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidad , Trastuzumab/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between metformin and survival of gastric cancer (GC) patients. BACKGROUND: Metformin has recently received attention as a potential anticancer treatment. However, no study has shown the survival benefit of metformin for GC patients. METHODS: A total of 1974 GC patients who underwent curative gastrectomy were compared for survival according to groups; 132 diabetic patients treated with metformin, 194 diabetic patients without metformin, and 1648 non-diabetic patients. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 6.2 years (interquartile range, 4.7-7.8 years), 381 patients (19.3%) died, including 302 (15.3%) who died from GC. The non-diabetic patients had significantly better recurrence-free survival (RFS; P < 0.0001), cancer-specific survival (CSS; P = 0.006), and overall survival (OS; P < 0.0001). However, the diabetic patients treated with metformin had a significantly better prognosis than those who were not (OS: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.584, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.369-0.926; CSS: HR = 0.57, 95% CI, 0.334-0.975; RFS: HR = 0.633, 95% CI, 0.410-0.977), and metformin treatment prolonged survival in diabetic patients to a rate comparable to that in non-diabetic patients. In multivariable analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model with time-dependent covariates, each cumulative 6 months of metformin use was significantly associated with a decreased risk of recurrence, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality (RFS: HR = 0.864, 95% CI, 0.797-0.937; CSS: HR = 0.865, 95% CI, 0.782-0.958; OS: HR 0.870, 95% CI, 0.801-0.945). CONCLUSIONS: The increased cumulative duration of metformin use decreased the recurrence, all-cause mortality, and cancer-specific mortality rates among GC patients with diabetes who underwent gastrectomy.
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Complicaciones de la Diabetes/tratamiento farmacológico , Gastrectomía , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Metformina/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Cohortes , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Gástricas/complicaciones , Tasa de Supervivencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rearrangement of ALK is an established driver aberration in lung cancer. Accordingly, this study attempted to determine the frequency and prognostic impact of ALK alterations in patients with surgically resected gastric cancer. METHODS: The study evaluated ALK alterations in whole tumor sections of 455 curatively resected gastric cancers via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Any expression of ALK protein (1+, 2+, 3+ by IHC) was considered as evidence of ALK positivity (ALK+), and the relationship between ALK positivity and clinicopathologic parameters, including survival outcome, was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 455 tumors, 38 (8.4 %) were ALK positive, as measured by IHC. Among the ALK+ patients, two displayed break-apart signals of 5 and 11 % on FISH, respectively. The ALK+ patients were younger (57 vs. 61 years; P = 0.02) and more likely to exhibit a signet ring cell component. Moreover, as ALK intensity measured by IHC increased, so did the proportion of signet ring cells in tumors (defined as ≥10 % of tumor cells; P = 0.02). In terms of survival outcome, the ALK+ patients displayed worse disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than the ALK- patients (P = 0.010 for DFS; P = 0.023 for OS). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ALK+ gastric cancer patients were at an increased risk of recurrence and death after adjustment for sex, age, tumor location, stage, adjuvant chemotherapy, histology, and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity (P = 0.04 for DFS; P = 0.02 for OS). CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed ALK positivity to be an independent negative prognostic factor in surgically resected gastric cancers associated with signet ring cell histology.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Unión Esofagogástrica , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Adenocarcinoma/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Gastrectomía , Reordenamiento Génico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/análisis , Receptor ErbB-2/análisis , Neoplasias Gástricas/química , Tasa de Supervivencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit (ICU) admission of advanced cancer patients is controversial because it is associated with poor short-term prognosis. However, ICU admission of these patients might also result in administration of specific anticancer treatments and evaluation of tumor characteristics, which could influence long-term outcomes. Herein, we investigate whether there is a relationship between ICU admission and long-term outcomes for advanced cancer patients. METHODS: We analyzed 116 advanced cancer patients who were admitted to the ICU at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, between January 2010 and December 2012. We excluded palliative care-only patients. We analyzed demographic, clinical, and survival data of patients admitted to the ICU, and we identified patient characteristics that were measured upon presentation to ICU to determine whether any of these are prognostic or predictive factors of short- or long-term survival. RESULTS: The median age of our study sample was 64 years. Sixty-nine (59.5 %) patients were male. Lung, breast, and stomach were the most common primary tumor sites. Eighty-seven (75 %) patients had received active anticancer treatment within the past 30 days. The main cause of ICU admission was acute respiratory failure (73 %); thus, 102 (87.9 %) patients were managed with conventional mechanical ventilation, 99 (85.3 %) patients in vasopressor and 31 (26.7 %) patients received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Twenty-four (20.7 %) patients were in postresuscitation status before ICU admission. The ICU, hospital, and 6-month survival rates were 51.7, 31.0, and 15.5 %, respectively. APACHE II score (HR 2.86, 95 % CI 1.00-8.15, P < 0.050) and need for CRRT (HR 2.14, 95 % CI 1.24-3.70, P < 0.007) were associated with ICU mortality in a Cox-regression model. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (HR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.03-2.62, P < 0.010) was associated with poor prognosis, and controlled disease status (HR 0.372, 95 % CI 0.21-0.67, P < 0.001) was found to be a good prognostic factor for 6-month survival after ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical factors associated with acute, critical status upon ICU admission, such as APACHE II score and need of CRRT, were associated with a higher risk of ICU mortality and short-term mortality than factors directly associated with the patient's cancer. To understand the relationship between ICU admission and long-term survival, however, we have to apply more comprehensive approach that also considers tumor characteristics and disease control status.
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Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , República de Corea/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the global landscape of technology beyond natural language processing. Owing to their extensive pre-training on vast datasets, contemporary LLMs can handle tasks ranging from general functionalities to domain-specific areas, such as radiology, without additional fine-tuning. General-purpose chatbots based on LLMs can optimize the efficiency of radiologists in terms of their professional work and research endeavors. Importantly, these LLMs are on a trajectory of rapid evolution, wherein challenges such as "hallucination," high training cost, and efficiency issues are addressed, along with the inclusion of multimodal inputs. In this review, we aim to offer conceptual knowledge and actionable guidance to radiologists interested in utilizing LLMs through a succinct overview of the topic and a summary of radiology-specific aspects, from the beginning to potential future directions.
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Radiólogos , Radiología , HumanosRESUMEN
Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are rare but fatal, requiring systemic steroid use. Therefore, to examine the outcomes, incidence, timing, and risk factors of ICI-associated steroid-requiring severe irAEs, we conducted a nationwide, retrospective, cohort study utilizing the Korean Health Insurance and Review Assessment database. We identified 357,010 patients with lung cancer, bladder cancer, or skin melanoma, eligible for ICI reimbursement in Korea between January 2012 to June 2020. Steroid-requiring severe irAEs following ICI treatment or treatment-emergent AEs following cytotoxic chemotherapy were defined as moderate- or high-dose steroid administration for over 2 consecutive days, along with corresponding ICD-10 codes indicating affected organ systems. The ICI-exposed group (N = 10,118) was compared to a matched cohort of 55,436 ICI-unexposed patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Incidences of acute severe irAEs requiring moderate- and high-dose steroids were higher in the ICI-exposed group (1.95% and 6.42%, respectively). The ICI-exposed group also had a higher risk of developing delayed severe irAEs requiring moderate- and high-dose steroid use (3.89% and 7.39%). Male sex, high comorbidity index, or previously diagnosed autoimmune diseases were associated with an increased risk of severe irAEs. Notably, 27.4-38.8% of the patients experienced recurrent severe irAEs after re-challenge with ICIs following moderate- or high-dose steroid use, with the severity matching the initial episode. Steroid-requiring severe irAEs were significantly more prevalent among patients exposed to ICIs than among those treated with chemotherapy in acute and delayed periods.
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Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Factores de Riesgo , Incidencia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , República de Corea/epidemiología , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/inmunología , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/inmunología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/inmunología , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/epidemiología , Esteroides/uso terapéutico , Esteroides/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To explore the predictive potential of serial computed tomography (CT) radiology reports for pancreatic cancer survival using natural language processing (NLP). METHODS: Deep-transfer-learning-based NLP models were retrospectively trained and tested with serial, free-text CT reports, and survival information of consecutive patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in a Korean tertiary hospital was extracted. Randomly selected patients with pancreatic cancer and their serial CT reports from an independent tertiary hospital in the United States were included in the external testing data set. The concordance index (c-index) of predicted survival and actual survival, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for predicting 1-year survival were calculated. RESULTS: Between January 2004 and June 2021, 2,677 patients with 12,255 CT reports and 670 patients with 3,058 CT reports were allocated to training and internal testing data sets, respectively. ClinicalBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model trained on the single, first CT reports showed a c-index of 0.653 and AUROC of 0.722 in predicting the overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. ClinicalBERT trained on up to 15 consecutive reports from the initial report showed an improved c-index of 0.811 and AUROC of 0.911. On the external testing set with 273 patients with 1,947 CT reports, the AUROC was 0.888, indicating the generalizability of our model. Further analyses showed our model's contextual interpretation beyond specific phrases. CONCLUSION: Deep-transfer-learning-based NLP model of serial CT reports can predict the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. Clinical decisions can be supported by the developed model, with survival information extracted solely from serial radiology reports.
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Aprendizaje Profundo , Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Estudios Retrospectivos , Pronóstico , Curva ROCRESUMEN
Purpose: Varlitinib is a pan-human epidermal growth (HER) inhibitor targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, and HER4. We present a phase Ib/II study of a combination of varlitinib and weekly paclitaxel as a second-line treatment for patients with EGFR/HER2 co-expressing advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Materials and Methods: Patients whose tumors with EGFR and HER2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) (≥1+) were enrolled. Varlitinib and paclitaxel were investigated every 4 weeks. After determining the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) in phase Ib, a phase II study was conducted to evaluate the antitumor activity. Results: RP2D was treated with a combination of varlitinib (300 mg twice daily) and paclitaxel. Among 27 patients treated with RP2D, the median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.3 months and 7.9 months, respectively, with a median follow-up of 15.7 months. Among 16 patients with measurable disease, the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate were 31% and 88%, respectively. Patients with strong HER2 expression (n=8) had a higher ORR and longer OS, whereas those with strong EGFR expression (n=3) had poorer outcomes. The most common adverse events (AEs) of any grade were neutropenia (52%), diarrhea (27%), AST/ALT elevation (22%), and nausea (19%). No treatment-related deaths or unexpected AEs resulting from treatment cessation were observed in patients with RP2D. Conclusion: A combination of varlitinib and paclitaxel displayed manageable toxicity and modest antitumor activity in patients with EGFR/HER2 co-expressing AGC who progressed after first-line chemotherapy.
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PURPOSE: This study aimed to screen targeted agents as second-line treatment with a standard-of-care (SOC) controlled umbrella trial design in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with HER2-negative AGC from eight Korean cancer centers were screened for druggable targets using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization, and randomly assigned to the biomarker versus control group at a 4:1 ratio. In the biomarker group, patients were treated with specific targeted agent plus paclitaxel: pan-ERBB inhibitor for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 2+/3+ patients (afatinib; EGFR cohort), PIK3Cß inhibitor for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss/null patients (GSK2636771; PTEN cohort), and anti-PD-1 inhibitor for PD-L1+, deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high, or Epstein-Barr virus-related cases (nivolumab; NIVO cohort). NONE cohort in the biomarker group without predefined biomarkers and control group received SOC (paclitaxel with or without ramucirumab). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary end points were efficacy and safety. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients were randomly assigned into the control (n = 64) and biomarker (n = 254; EGFR, n = 67; PTEN, n = 37; NIVO, n = 48; NONE, n = 102) groups. Median follow-up was 35 months. Median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.7 (95% CI, 3.1 to 4.1) and 8.6 (95% CI, 7.6 to 9.8) months in the biomarker group and 4.0 (95% CI, 3.0 to 4.6) and 8.7 (95% CI, 7.1 to 9.9) months in the control group. Afatinib addition led to marginal survival benefits to patients with EGFR 3+ compared with SOC (PFS, 4.0 v 2.2 months; P = .09), but GSK2636771 did not prolong the survival of patients with PTEN loss. Addition of nivolumab showed a durable survival benefit (median OS, 12.0 v 7.6 months; P = .08). CONCLUSION: Although biomarker group did not show better survival than the control group, IHC-based screening and allocation of patients with AGC to the second-line treatment in an umbrella design were feasible for effective early screening of novel agents.