Toxicological assessment of enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia extract: Oral toxicology and genotoxicity in rats.

Zizania latifolia Turcz. has long been used as a food source in Southeast Asia. The grains, stems, and leaves of Z. latifolia and its major component, tricin, have also been studied to determine their biological activities. Previously, we hydrolyzed the aerial part of Z. latifolia using an enzyme mixture to maximize the tricin content of the Z. latifolia extract. However, the safety of enzyme-treated Z. latifolia extract (ETZL; DermaNiA™) has not yet been determined. In this study, we performed an in vivo 90-day repeated-dose evaluation and genotoxicity study to assess the toxicological potential of ETZL. EZTL did not exhibit genotoxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, or in vivo micronucleus test. Moreover, no changes in body weight or hematological and serum biological parameters were observed in male or female rats under high-dose EZTL treatment (5000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 90 days with a 4-week recovery period. Significant changes were noted in the forestomach, kidneys, and adrenal glands in the test groups, but these changes, or tendency for recovery, were not observed in the recovery group. Based on these data, the no adverse effect level was determined to be 1250 mg/kg bw/day in rats.

Zizania latifolia and Its Major Compound Tricin Regulate Immune Responses in OVA-Treated Mice.

Tricin, a flavone belonging to the Gramineae family, has been confirmed to be the primary compound in a Zizania latifolia extract (ZLE) that prevents allergies. Various allergic reactions occur because of the unbalanced differentiation of T help cells (Th) and the consequent overproduction of IgE. Therefore, the regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses by T helper cell differentiation is essential for suppressing allergic responses. This study confirmed the immunomodulatory effects of ZLE and the major compound tricin in an OVA-sensitized mouse model. The IgE and OVA-specific production of tricin and ZLE in plasma were investigated in OVA-sensitized mice. The effects of tricin and ZLE on the amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and transcription factors released in splenocytes were investigated in OVA-sensitized mice. The skin roughness and the number of mast cells were confirmed by staining the skin surface with H&E and toluidine blue. Tricin and ZLE reduced the plasma IgE and OVA-specific-IgE levels significantly compared to the OVA group. On the other hand, tricin and ZLE promoted the release of the Th1 cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ and inhibited the release of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, -10, -13, and -5) in OVA-sensitized mice. Tricin and ZLE induced T-bet and NFATc2 expression, and-down regulated GATA-3 levels. The skin roughness and the number of mast cells decreased in the OVA-immunized mice. Overall, the data indicate that tricin and ZLE may prevent allergy-related diseases through immunomodulation.

Tricin Isolated from Enzyme-Treated Zizania latifolia Extract Inhibits IgE-Mediated Allergic Reactions in RBL-2H3 Cells by Targeting the Lyn/Syk Pathway.

Tricin, a flavone present in rice bran, is confirmed as the major efficacious compound present in the enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia extract (ETZL), which protects against UVB-induced skin-aging. However, the suppressive mechanism of tricin on allergic responses remains unknown. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine the mechanisms of tricin and ETZL on mast cell degranulation in IgE-activated rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-2H3) cells. We investigated the regulatory effects of tricin and ETZL on degranulation, production of cytokines and lipid mediators, and signaling proteins involved in the IgE-bound high-affinity IgE receptor activation, mitogen-activated protein kinase, arachidonic acid and Syk. The production of ß-hexosaminidase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4, leukotrienes (LT) B4, LTC4 and prostaglandin E2 in IgE-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells were significantly inhibited by exposure to tricin or ETZL. Moreover, tricin and ETZL inhibit the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, p38, JNK, protein kinase Cδ and phospholipase Cγ1 were effectively suppressed by both samples. Exposure to tricin or ETZL also significantly decreases the phosphorylation of Lyn and Syk, but has minimal effect on Fyn. Taken together, our data indicate that tricin and ETZL are potential anti-allergic materials that could be applied for the prevention of allergy-related diseases.

Amyloid-ß peptides inhibit the expression of AQP4 and glutamate transporter EAAC1 in insulin-treated C6 glioma cells.

Astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitates glutamate clearance via regulation of the glutamate transporter function, involved in the modulation of brain plasticity and cognitive function to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In in vitro studies, the C6 rat glioma cell line is a widely applied aging model system to investigate changes in glial cells associated with aging or AD. However, the neurotoxicity mechanism whether AQP4 mediate glutamate uptake in Aß-stimulated C6 cell remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the effects of Aß on the expression of AQP4, Glu transporters, Glu uptake, and cell viability in insulin-treated C6 cells. Our results showed that the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was significantly enhanced by insulin in older cultures (passage 45), and the expression was inhibited by Aß at 10 µM. In addition, the cell viability and glutamate uptake in Aß-treated C6 cells were decreased in dose-dependent manners. GFAP showed similar changes in gene and protein expression patterns as AQP4, but no significant alterations were seen in GLAST expression. In C6 cells, the glutamate transport was found to be EAAC1, not GLT-1. EAAC1 expression was decreased by the treatment of Aß. Taken together, our findings suggest that C6 cells may have astrocytic characteristics, and the astrocytic cytotoxicity induced by Aß was mediated by reduction of glutamate uptake through AQP4/EAAC1 pathway in C6 cells. This indicates that C6 glioma cells could be used to study the roles of AQP4 on astrocyte function in AD.

Simple and Novel Assay of the Host-Guest Complexation of Homocysteine with Cucurbit[7]uril.

This paper introduces three ways to determine host-guest complexation of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) with homocysteine (Hcy). After preincubating Hcy and cysteine (Cys) with CB[7], Ellman's reagent (DTNB) was used to detect Hcy and Cys. Only Cys reacted with DTNB and Hcy gave a retarded color change. This suggests that the -SH group of Hcy is buried inside CB[7]. Human cystathionine γ-lyase (hCGL) decreased the level of Hcy degradation after preincubating Hcy and CB[7]. These results suggest that the amount of free Hcy available was decreased by the formation of a Hcy-CB[7] complex. The immunological signal of anti-Hcy monoclonal antibody was decreased significantly by preincubating CB[7] with Hcy. The ELISA results also show that ethanethiol group (-CH2CH2SH) of Hcy, which is an epitope of anti-Hcy monoclonal antibody, was blocked by the cavity in CB[7]. Overall, CB[7] can act as a host by binding selectively with Hcy, but not Cys. The calculated half-complexation formation concentration of CB[7] was 58.2 nmol using Ellman's protocol, 97.9 nmol using hCGL assay and 87.7 nmol using monoclonal antibody. The differing binding abilities of Hcy and Cys towards the CB[7] host may offer a simple and useful method for determining the Hcy concentration in plasma or serum.