Life-threatening hemothorax due to azygos vein rupture after chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Hemothorax is not an uncommon cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)­related complication. But hemothorax related to azygos vein injury (AVI) is a rare condition following blunt chest trauma, with no report of CPR-related AVI in the literature. We present a case of azygosve in rupture in a middle-aged woman after repeated chest compression during 1 hour of CPR. She eventually presented with massive hemothorax due to azygos vein rupture diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). When faced with a patient with massive hemothorax after chest compression, azygos vein rupture should be considered as a complication.

The value of cerebrospinal fluid ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 protein as a prognostic predictor of neurologic outcome in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management.

AIM: We evaluated the prognostic value of serum- and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 protein (UCHL1) measurements in post- post-out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients treated with target temperature management (TTM), to predict neurologic outcome. METHODS: This was a prospective single-centre observational cohort study, conducted from April 2018 to September 2019. Serum- and CSF-UCHL1 were obtained immediately (UCHL1initial), 24 h (UCHL124), 48 h (UCHL148), and 72 h (UCHL172) after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) and Delong method were used to identify cut-off values of serum- and CSF-UCHL1initial, UCHL124, UCHL148, UCHL172 for predicting neurologic outcomes. RESULTS: Of 38 patients enrolled, 16 comprised the poor outcome group. The AUROCs for serum- and CSF-UCHL1initial were 0.71 and 0.93 in predicting poor neurological outcomes, respectively (p = 0.01). The AUROCs for serum- and CSF-UCHL124 were 0.85 and 0.91 (p = 0.24). The AUROCs for serum- and CSF-UCHL148 were 0.90 and 0.97 (p = 0.07). The AUROCs for serum- and CSF-UCHL172 were 0.94 and 0.98 (p = 0.25). CONCLUSION: Findings of this study demonstrate that CSF-UCHL1 measured immediately, 24, 48, and 72 h after ROSC is a valuable predictor for evaluating neurologic outcomes, whereas serum-UCHL1 measured at 24, 48, and 72 h after ROSC showed a significant performance in the prognostication of poor outcomes in post-OHCA patients treated with TTM.

Liver Donation After Brain Death Following Intentional Ingestion of 99% E-Cigarette Liquid Nicotine 10 mL.

Incidences of brain death due to nicotine overdose by e-cigarettes have been increasing. In such cases, liver donation has been not reported because of the secondary damage to the liver due to metabolism of large amounts of nicotine. However, kidneys have been considered acceptable for transplant. Here, we present a successful case of liver transplant from a brain-dead donor due to intentional nicotine ingestion who did not have extensive steatosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a case.

Study on the timing of severe blood-brain barrier disruption using cerebrospinal fluid-serum albumin quotient in post cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management.

AIM: We aimed to evaluate the onset of severe blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption using cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin quotient (Qa) in cardiac arrest patients treated with target temperature management (TTM). METHODS: This was a prospective single-centre observational cohort study from October 2017 to September 2018 with the primary endpoint being the onset of severe BBB disruption, determined based on Qa in cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM. Enrolled patients were grouped according to neurologically good and poor outcomes using the cerebral performance category (CPC) at 3 months after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Severe BBB disruption was evaluated using Qa measured immediately (Qa0) and at 24 h (Qa24), 48 h (Qa48), 72 h (Qa72) after ROSC. RESULTS: Of 21 patients enrolled, poor outcome group had 10 patients. Qa0 was 0.019 (0.008∼0.024) in the poor outcome group and 0.006 (0.003∼0.008) in the good outcome group (p = 0.09). Qa24 was 0.045 (0.025∼0.115) in the poor outcome group and 0.006 (0.003∼0.006) in the good outcome group (p = 0.03). Qa48 was 0.055 (0.023∼0.276) in the poor outcome group and 0.006 (0.006∼0.009) in the good outcome group (p = 0.02). Qa72 was 0.047 (0.026∼0.431) in the poor outcome group and 0.007 (0.005∼0.011) in the good outcome group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Qa was significantly higher in the poor outcome group at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Severe BBB disruption indicated by Qa ≥ 0.02 in poor outcome group treated with TTM occurred within the first 24 h after ROSC.

Optimal timing to measure optic nerve sheath diameter as a prognostic predictor in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management.

AIM: We evaluated the optimal timing of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement to predict neurologic outcome in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with target temperature management (TTM). METHODS: This was a prospective single-centre observational study from April 2018 to March 2019. Good outcome was defined as the Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance categories (CPC) 1 or 2, and poor outcome as a CPC between 3 and 5. ONSD was measured initially after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (ONSDinitial), at 24 h (ONSD24), 48 h (ONSD48), and 72 h (ONSD72) using ultrasonography. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and DeLong method were used to compare the values for predicting neurologic outcomes. RESULTS: Out of the 36 patients enrolled, 18 had a good outcome. ONSD24, ONSD48, and ONSD72 were higher in the poor outcome group. The area under ROC curve of ONSD24 was 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.98) in predicting poor neurologic outcomes. With a cut off value of 4.90 mm, ONSD24 had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 94.4% in predicting poor neurologic outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate ONSD24 as a valuable tool to predict the neurologic outcome in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM. Therefore, we recommend performing ONSD measurement using ultrasonography at 24 h after ROSC, rather than immediately after ROSC, to predict neurologic outcome in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM.

Comparison of right and left ventricular enhancement times using a microbubble contrast agent between proximal humeral intraosseous access and brachial intravenous access during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults.

AIM: The present study aimed to compare the ventricular enhancement time between humeral intraosseous access (HIO) and brachial intravenous access (BIV) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in adult humans. To our knowledge, this is the first such study during CPR in adult humans. METHODS: This prospective single-centre observational cohort study assessed the medical records of patients who underwent CPR between January 2018 and March 2018. The primary endpoints were the left and right ventricular enhancement (LVE and RVE, respectively) times after administration of a microbubble contrast agent via HIO or BIV. Continuous variables are reported as means and standard deviations depending on normal distribution, while categorical variables are reported as frequencies and percentages. The paired t-test and analysis of variance were used to compare HIO and BIV. Differences were considered significant at a P-value <0.05. RESULTS: The study included 10 patients. The HIO time (15.60 ±â€¯6.45 s) was significantly lower than the BIV time (20.80 ±â€¯7.05 s; P = 0.009). The RVE time was significantly lower with HIO (5.60 ±â€¯1.71 s) than with BIV (15.40 ±â€¯3.24 s; P < 0.001). Additionally, the LVE time was significantly lower with HIO (120.20 ±â€¯4.18 s) than with BIV (132.00 ±â€¯3.09 s; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the arrival times of a drug at the right and left ventricles are significantly lower with HIO than with BIV in an adult cardiac arrest model.

Relationship between time related serum albumin concentration, optic nerve sheath diameter, cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and neurological prognosis in cardiac arrest survivors.

AIM: The optimal time to measure serum albumin concentration (SAC) to predict prognosis in cardiac arrest (CA) survivors has not been elucidated. We aimed to compare the relationships between time-related SAC, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), intracranial pressure (ICP), and neurological prognosis in CA survivors. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective study examining CA patients treated with target temperature management (TTM). ICP was measured using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and ONSD was obtained before TTM. SAC was measured repeatedly at 4-6 h intervals from the hospital arrival time. We analysed CSF pressure, ONSD, and minimum SAC (MSAC) separately, or in combination, to predict poor neurological outcome. RESULTS: Of 83 patients enrolled, the good outcome group comprised 25 (34%) patients. MSAC at 24 h (MSAC24) had a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (0.687; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.668-0.926) than other time points. CSF pressure showed a higher AUC (0.973; 95% CI, 0.911-0.996) than MSAC24 and ONSD (0.677; 95% CI, 0.565-0.776). In contrast to using MSAC24 and ONSD separately, the combination of both modalities resulted in a better AUC, thus improving the prediction of the neurological outcome (0.734; 95% CI, 0.626-0.825) and ICP (0.758; 95% CI, 0.651-0.845) after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) from CA. CONCLUSION: A higher ICP was strongly associated with and seemed predictive of poor outcome. Furthermore, the MSAC24/ONSD combination may be a useful predictor of high ICP and poor neurological outcome. Prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these results.

Vasopressor requirement during targeted temperature management for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to an acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock required higher doses of vasopressors with low targeted temperature management (TTM) after return of spontaneous circulation. METHODS: We included consecutive comatose patients resuscitated from OHCA between January 2011 and December 2013. Patients with return of spontaneous circulation, regional wall motion abnormality on echocardiography, and coronary artery stenosis of ≥70% on percutaneous coronary artery angiography were enrolled. These patients received 36°C TTM or 33°C TTM following approval of TTM by patients' next-of-kin (36°C and 33°C TTM groups, respectively). The cumulative vasopressor index was compared between groups. RESULTS: During induction phase, dose of vasopressors did not differ between groups. In the maintenance phase, the norepinephrine dose was 0.37±0.57 and 0.26±0.91 µg·kg-1·min-1 in the 33°C and 36°C TTM groups, respectively (P<0.01). During the rewarming phase, the norepinephrine and dopamine doses were 0.49±0.60 and 9.67±9.60 mcg·kg-1·min-1 in the 33°C TTM group and 0.14±0.46 and 3.13±7.19 mcg·kg-1·min-1 in the 36°C TTM group, respectively (P<0.01). The median cumulative vasopressor index was 8 (interquartile range, 3 to 8) and 4 (interquartile range, 0 to 8) in the 33°C and 36°C TTM groups, respectively (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: In this study, patients with OHCA due to acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock had an elevated vasopressor requirement with 33°C TTM compared to 36°C TTM during the maintenance and rewarming phases.