Systolic and diastolic functional reserve of the subpulmonary and systemic right ventricles as assessed by pharmacologic and exercise stress: A systematic review.

We performed a systematic review of the literature on the assessment of subpulmonary and systemic right ventricular (RV) functional reserve during pharmacological and exercise stress in congenital heart patients and patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from their inception up to August 2020. Of 913 records identified, 56 studies with a total of 1730 patients were included. Of the 56 studies, 23 assessed subpulmonary RV functional reserve in repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients, 19 assessed systemic RV reserve in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) after atrial switch and those with congenitally corrected TGA, and 14 assessed subpulmonary RV research in patients with PAH. Pharmacological and exercise stress was used, respectively, in 22 and 34 studies. The main findings were (1) impairment of RV systolic and diastolic functional reserve, (2) associations between impaired functional reserve and worse baseline functional parameters, and (3) prognostic implications of RV systolic functional reserve on clinical outcomes in patients with volume and/or pressure-loaded subpulmonary and systemic right ventricles. Further studies are required to establish the incremental value of incorporating stress studies of RV systolic and diastolic function in the clinical management algorithm of congenital heart patients and patients with PAH.

Right Ventricular-Pulmonary Arterial Coupling in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

We assessed right ventricular (RV)-pulmonary arterial (PA) coupling in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Sixty patients (34 males) aged 18.6 ± 8.3 years at 14.8 ± 7.4 years after repair and 60 controls were studied. Two-dimensional, tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography and colour flow mapping were performed to assess RV end-systolic (ESA) and -diastolic areas, tricuspid valve Doppler and myocardial velocities, left ventricular (LV) and RV deformation and pulmonary (PR), tricuspid regurgitation (TR), respectively. The ratios of RV area change to ESA and peak tricuspid annular systolic (s) velocity to RV ESA indexed to body surface area reflected RV-PA coupling. Patients had greater RV areas and reduced tricuspid annular and myocardial velocities, LV and RV myocardial mechanics compared to controls (all p < 0.05). Both RV area change/ESA ratio and peak tricuspid annular s velocity/indexed RV ESA ratio were reduced in patients (all p < 0.001). Sixty-one and 100% of patients had, respectively, RV area change/ESA ratio and peak tricuspid annular s velocity/indexed RV ESA ratio < -2SD of controls. Indices of RV-PA coupling correlated positively with tricuspid myocardial velocities, LV and RV deformation and inversely with PR and TR (all p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed RV systolic strain rate, PR and TR as independent predictors of both RV-PA coupling indices, whilst age, gender and LV systolic strain were also predictors of peak tricuspid annular s velocity/indexed RV ESA ratio (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, RV-PA coupling is impaired and is associated with RV and LV mechanics and severity of PR and TR in patients with repaired TOF.

Circulating high-sensitivity troponin T and microRNAs as markers of myocardial damage during childhood leukaemia treatment.

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether plasma high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and circulating heart-associated microRNA (miRs) are increased in children with leukaemias during anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic treatment. METHODS: In vitro human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte model showed that miR-1, miR-133a, miR-208a, miR-208b, and miR-499 are released from cells into culture medium in a time- and dose-dependent manner on doxorubicin exposure. Left ventricular (LV) myocardial deformation and circulating heart-associated miRs and plasma hs-cTnT during and after completion of chemotherapy were determined in 40 children with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia. RESULTS: Significant reduction of LV global longitudinal strain and strain rates were found within 1 week after completion of anthracycline therapy in the induction phase of treatment (all p < 0.05). Hs-cTnT level peaked and miR-1 increased significantly at this time point. Log-transformed hs-cTnT correlated negatively with LV global systolic longitudinal strain (r = -0.38, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that area under the curve for changes in plasma hs-cTnT from baseline and plasma miR-1 levels in detecting a reduction in ≥20% of global longitudinal strain were respectively 0.62 (95% CI 0.38-0.87) and 0.62 (95% CI 0.40-0.84). CONCLUSION: Plasma hs-cTnT and circulating miR-1 may be useful markers of myocardial damage during chemotherapy in children with leukaemias. IMPACT: Heart-associated miRNAs including miR-1, miR-133a, miR-208a, miR-208b,and miR-499 were increased in the culture medium upon exposure of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to doxorubicin. Only miR-1 increased significantly during anthracycline-based therapy in paediatric leukaemic patients. In paediatric leukaemic patients, plasma hs-cTnT and circulating level of miR-1 showed the most significant increase within 1 week after completion of anthracycline therapy in the induction treatment phase. The study provides the first evidence of progressive increase in circulating miR-1 and plasma hs-cTnT levels during the course of anthracycline-based therapy in children with leukaemias, with hs-cTnT level also associated with changes in LV myocardial deformation.

Left ventricular stiffness in paediatric patients with end-stage kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that myocardial stiffness is altered in paediatric patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and explored its association with clinical parameters of chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: Thirty-five patients with ESKD (16 males) aged 17.5 ± 3 years old, 18/35 of whom were receiving dialysis and 17 post kidney transplant, were studied. Left ventricular (LV) myocardial stiffness was determined by measurement of diastolic wall strain (DWS) and stiffness index (SI), while LV diastolic function was interrogated by pulsed-wave and tissue Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with available literature data, both dialysis and transplanted patients had significantly lower DWS and greater SI, reduced transmitral early (E) to late diastolic velocity ratio and septal and lateral mitral annular early (e') diastolic velocities, and greater septal and lateral E/e' ratios (all p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that z score of diastolic blood pressure (ß = 0.43, p = 0.004) and the duration of renal replacement therapy (ß = 0.55, p < 0.001) were significant determinants of LV SI. Subgroup analysis in post-transplant patients showed z score of diastolic blood pressure (ß = 0.54, p = 0.025) remained as a significant determinant of LV SI. CONCLUSION: Increased LV myocardial stiffness is evident in paediatric dialysis and transplanted patients with ESKD, and is associated with blood pressure and duration of renal replacement therapy.

Tricuspid Regurgitation in Adults after Repair of Right Ventricular Outflow Obstructive Lesions.

We determined the prevalence and factors associated with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in adults with repair of right ventricular (RV) outflow obstruction. A total of 256 patients (128 males) were studied at 25.7 ± 7.2 years after surgery, of whom 179 had repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 31 had pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS), and 46 had pulmonary stenosis (PS). The mitral and tricuspid annulus diameters, maximum right atrial (RA) area, RV end-systolic and end-diastolic areas, and tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation were assessed using echocardiography. The prevalence of moderate-to-severe TR was 20.7%. Subgroup analysis revealed that prevalence was greater in patients with repaired TOF (20.7%) and PAIVS (35.5%) than PS patients (10.9%). As a group, severity of TR was found to be correlated with RA area (r = 0.35, p < 0.001), RV end-diastolic (r = 0.28, p < 0.001) and end-systolic (r = 0.22, p = 0.001) areas, and tricuspid valve annulus diameter (r = 0.15, p = 0.022). Moderate-to-severe TR was associated with development of cardiac arrhythmias with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 1.1 to 8.1, p = 0.031). Multivariate analysis revealed maximum RA area (ß = 0.36, p = 0.016) as an independent determinant of severity of TR. Moderate-to-severe TR occurs in about one-fifth of adults with repaired TOF, PAVIS, and PS and is associated with RA dilation and risk of development of cardiac arrhythmias.

Left Ventricular Stiffness in Adolescents and Young Adults After Arterial Switch Operation for Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries.

We tested the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) myocardial stiffness is altered in patients with transposition of great arteries (TGA) after arterial switch operation (ASO) and explored its associations with myocardial calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) and LV myocardial deformation. Thirty-one patients and twenty-two age-matched controls were studied. LV myocardial stiffness was assessed by diastolic wall strain (DWS) and stiffness indices including (E/e)/LV end-diastolic dimension, (E/LV global longitudinal early diastolic strain rate)/LV end-diastolic volume, and (E/LV global circumferential early diastolic strain rate)/LV end-diastolic volume, where E and e are early diastolic transmitral and mitral annular velocities, respectively. LV myocardial cIB and longitudinal and circumferential myocardial deformation were determined by conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography. Patients had significantly lower DWS, higher stiffness indices, and greater myocardial cIB than controls (all p < 0.05). The LV longitudinal and circumferential systolic strain and systolic and diastolic strain rates were significantly lower in patients than controls (all p < 0.05). Greater average myocardial cIB was associated with lower DWS (r = - 0.44, p = 0.002). Worse DWS and LV stiffness indices were found to correlate with lower mitral annular systolic velocity, mitral annular late diastolic velocity, and LV longitudinal late diastolic strain rate (all p < 0.05). LV longitudinal and circumferential systolic strain and strain rate were also found to correlate with DWS (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, LV myocardial stiffening occurs in adolescents and young adults with TGA after ASO and is associated with impairment of ventricular systolic and diastolic myocardial deformation and myocardial fibrosis.

Ventricular mechanics after repair of subarterial and perimembranous VSDs.

BACKGROUND: Emerging data suggest impaired biventricular function in adults late after repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD). We assessed and compared right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) mechanics in adolescents and adults after surgical closure of doubly committed subarterial and perimembranous VSDs. METHODS: A total of 75 subjects were studied: 29 patients after subarterial VSD repair (group I), 17 patients after perimembranous VSD repair (group II) and 29 age-matched controls (group III). RV and LV mechanics were assessed using tissue Doppler and speckle-tracking echocardiography, while RV outflow systolic function was quantified by systolic excursion and fractional shortening (FS). RESULTS: Compared with group III, groups I and II had significantly reduced tricuspid annular systolic and diastolic velocities, isovolumic myocardial acceleration, RV global longitudinal systolic and diastolic deformation parameters and RV outflow systolic excursion (all P < .05). Group I, but not II, had reduced RV outflow FS (P = .008) and the lowest global LV longitudinal systolic strain (P = .008) and systolic strain rate (P = .014). In group I, postoperative aortic regurgitation was associated with lower LV longitudinal systolic strain (P = .009) and early diastolic strain rate (P = .002), while right bundle branch block was associated with lower RV systolic strain rate (P = .048). As a group, RV outflow excursion (P < .001) and FS (P = .001) were correlated with LV global systolic strain. CONCLUSION: Adolescents and adults late after repair of subarterial and perimembranous VSDs show impairment of RV systolic and diastolic myocardial deformation. The RV outflow function and LV systolic deformation appear to be worse after repair of subarterial defects.

Myocardial iron load and fibrosis in long term survivors of childhood leukemia.

BACKGROUND: We sought to assess myocardial iron load and fibrosis, which may potentially affect cardiac function, in adult survivors of childhood leukemias and their relationships with left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function. PROCEDURE: Fifty-eight (33 males) adult survivors, aged 24.5 ± 4.4, underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) at 16.6 ± 5.8 years after completion of treatment. Myocardial iron load and fibrosis were quantified using respectively T2* scan and late gadolinium enhancement. Right and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was measured by CMR, while myocardial function was assessed using tissue Doppler imaging. RESULTS: None of the survivors had significant myocardial iron overload (T2*<20 msec). The prevalence of LV and RV fibrosis was 9% (5/58) and 38% (22/58), respectively. Left ventricular EF was subnormal (EF 45-<55%) in 9% (5/58), while RV EF was abnormal (EF <45%) in 12% (7/58) and subnormal in 34% (20/58) of survivors. Patients with LV fibrosis had significantly lower mitral annular early diastolic velocity (P = 0.01) and smaller LV end-systolic volume (P = 0.02), while those with RV fibrosis had significantly lower tricuspid late diastolic annular velocity (P = 0.02) and early to late diastolic annular velocity ratio (P = 0.02) compared to those without. Cumulative anthracycline dose correlated with early diastolic mitral (r = -0.28, P = 0.038) and tricuspid (r = -0.40, P = 0.002) annular velocities, but not LV and RV EF or fibrosis (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ventricular fibrosis may occur in long term survivors of childhood leukemias and is related to diastolic function in the absence of significant myocardial iron overload.

Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Pediatric Cancer Patients Receiving Anthracycline Chemotherapy: A Sham-Controlled Single-Blind Randomized Trial.

Background: Anthracycline cardiotoxicity is a concern in survivors of childhood cancers. Recent evidence suggests that remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) may offer myocardial protection. Objectives: This randomized sham-controlled single-blind study tested the hypothesis that RIC may reduce myocardial injury in pediatric cancer patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. Methods: We performed a phase 2 sham-controlled single-blind randomized controlled trial to determine the impact of RIC on myocardial injury in pediatric cancer patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Patients were randomized to receive RIC (3 cycles of 5-minute inflation of a blood pressure cuff placed over 1 limb to 15 mm Hg above systolic pressure) or sham intervention. The intervention was applied within 60 minutes before initiation of the first dose and before up to 4 cycles of anthracycline therapy. The primary outcome was the plasma high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) level. The secondary outcome measures included echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Results: A total of 68 children 10.9 ± 3.9 years of age were randomized to receive RIC (n = 34) or sham (n = 34) intervention. Plasma levels of hs-cTnT showed a progressive increase across time points in the RIC (P < 0.001) and sham (P < 0.001) groups. At each of the time points, there were no significant differences in hs-cTnT levels or LV tissue Doppler and strain parameters between the 2 groups (all P > 0.05). None of the patients developed heart failure or cardiac arrhythmias. Conclusions: RIC did not exhibit cardioprotective effects in childhood cancer patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy. (Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning in Childhood Cancer [RIPC]; NCT03166813).

Myocardial Deformation Imaging by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography for Assessment of Cardiotoxicity in Children during and after Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Children with cancer and childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at risk for developing chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. Myocardial deformation imaging has shown potential in the early detection of subclinical myocardial damage with implications on therapeutic interventions and improvement of outcomes. The aim of this study was to perform a systemic review and meta-analysis of literature on the assessment of left ventricular and right ventricular myocardial deformation by speckle-tracking echocardiography at rest and during stress in children with cancer during and in survivors after chemotherapy. METHODS: A systematic review was performed through searching MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus. Search hedges were created to cover the concepts of childhood cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anthracycline, cardiotoxicity, speckle-tracking, myocardial strain, and myocardial deformation. Two independent investigators reviewed the eligibility of articles for inclusion. The weighted mean difference in ventricular strain between pre- and postchemotherapy treatment and that between long-term CCS and healthy subjects were estimated using random-effect models with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2 statistics and the Egger test, respectively. RESULTS: Of the total of 8,703 records initially identified, 42 studies with a total of 5,430 children with cancer were included. Of these 42 studies that showed heterogeneities, nine assessed early myocardial injury during chemotherapy, 30 assessed late myocardial injury after chemotherapy with no publication bias, and three studied myocardial mechanics during stress. The main findings were as follows: (1) left ventricular systolic deformation is impaired in children with cancer during the initial treatment phase and among long-term CCS, while data on changes in right ventricular deformation are limited and inconclusive; (2) the predictive value of early reduction of myocardial strain imaging in forecasting subsequent development of cardiotoxicity is unknown, as it has not been studied; (3) limited data suggest the possibility of impaired left ventricular contractile mechanics during stress in CCS; and (4) cumulative anthracycline dose and chest-directed radiotherapy are consistently identified as factors associated with impaired myocardial deformation. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial strain imaging by speckle-tracking echocardiography unveils early evidence of myocardial injury in children with cancer and long-term CCS. To support its adoption for clinical use, more data are required for the better understating of myocardial deformation parameters in the risk stratification of children with cancer and prediction of development of cardiomyopathy among CCS.

Interplay between right atrial function and liver stiffness in adults with repaired right ventricular outflow obstructive lesions.

AIMS: This study determined the associations between right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) mechanics and liver stiffness in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAVIS), and pulmonary stenosis (PS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety subjects including 26 repaired TOF, 24 PAIVS, and 20 PS patients and 20 controls were studied. Hepatic shear wave velocity and tissue elasticity (E), measures of liver stiffness, were assessed by two-dimensional shear wave elastography, while RA and RV mechanics were assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography. Deformation analyses revealed worse RV systolic strain and strain rate, and RA peak positive and total strain, and strain rates at ventricular systole and at early diastole in all of the patient groups compared with controls (all P < 0.05). Compared with controls, all of the patient groups had significantly greater shear wave velocity and hepatic E-value (all P < 0.05). Shear wave velocity and hepatic E-value correlated negatively with RV systolic strain rate, and RA positive strain, total strain, and strain rate at ventricular systole and at early diastole (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed RA strain rate at early diastole (P = 0.015, P < 0.001), maximum RA size (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and severity of pulmonary regurgitation (P = 0.05, Pp = 0.014) as significant correlates of shear wave velocity and hepatic E-value. CONCLUSION: In adults with repaired TOF, PAIVS, and PS, RA dysfunction and pulmonary regurgitation are associated with liver stiffness.

Ventricular Myocardial Deformation Imaging of Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

In patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), dysfunction of the right and left ventricles remains an important issue. Adverse right ventricular (RV) remodeling has been related to RV dilation secondary to pulmonary regurgitation, electromechanical dyssynchrony, and myocardial fibrosis. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is attributed among other factors to altered ventricular-ventricular interaction. Advancements in echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have enabled direct interrogation of myocardial deformation of both ventricles in terms of myocardial strain and strain rate. Emerging evidence suggests that myocardial deformation imaging may provide incremental information for clinical use. In children and adults with repaired TOF, there is a growing body of literature on the use of myocardial deformation imaging in the assessment of ventricular mechanics and its clinical and prognostic values. The present review aims to provide an overview of impairment in RV and LV mechanics, associations between RV and LV deformation, changes in ventricular deformation after pulmonary valve replacement, and associations between measures of RV and LV deformation and outcomes and to highlight the clinical translational potential of myocardial deformation imaging in patients with repaired TOF.

Two- and three-dimensional myocardial strain imaging in the interrogation of sex differences in cardiac mechanics of long-term survivors of childhood cancers.

We aimed to interrogate sex differences in cardiac mechanics using two-(2D) and three-(3D) dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in survivors of childhood cancers. 83 survivors (43 males) aged 25.6 ± 6.1 years at 16.0 ± 6.1 years after anthracycline therapy and 42 healthy controls (21 males) were studied. 2D STE was performed to assess LV linear deformation in three principal directions, while 3D STE was performed to assess LV ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS), and global area strain (GAS). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to to determine the usefulness of 2D and 3D echocardiographic indices to discriminate between survivors and controls. Survivors of both sex had significantly lower 2D and 3D strain indices compared with sex-specific controls (all p < 0.05). Among survivors, 2D GLS and GRS and all of the 3D indices were similar between males and females (all p > 0.05). Among cancer survivors, multivariate analysis revealed age at study (ß = - 0.26, p = 0.022) as a significant determinant of 3D GLS. The area under the ROC curve for 3D GLS was the largest at 0.89 amongst all 3D and 2D strain parameters, while that of 2D GLS was 0.83. For 3D GLS, a cut-off of 16.4% had a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 80.7% of differentiating survivors from controls. Notwithstanding the finding of impaired LV myocardial mechanics, the present study did not reveal evidence of sexual dimorphism in cardiac mechanics in long term survivors of childhood cancers.

Resting and exercise arterial dysfunction in anthracycline-treated adult survivors of childhood cancers.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests potential arterial damage with the use of anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic regimens. We determined arterial function at rest and during exercise in anthracycline-treated adult survivors of childhood cancers. METHODS: Ninety-six adult survivors (54 males) aged 25.0 ± 5.9 years and 60 (30 males) healthy controls were studied. Central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and radial augmentation index (rAI) was determined by applanation tonometry. Carotid arterial stiffness and intima-media thickness (IMT) were assessed using high-resolution ultrasound. RESULTS: At rest, survivors had significantly greater carotid IMT (p < 0.001) and stiffness index (p < 0.001), and higher cSBP (p = 0.037), rAI (p = 0.004) and rAI adjusted for a heart rate of 75/min (p = 0.009) than controls. At submaximal supine exercise testing, survivors had significantly greater percentage increase in carotid stiffness than controls (p < 0.001). Among survivors, 32 and 53% had respectively carotid IMT and exercise stiffness index exceeding normal (> + 2SD of controls). The slopes of increase in carotid IMT (p < 0.001) and exercise-induced changes in carotid stiffness (p < 0.001) with age were significantly greater in survivors than controls. Multivariate analysis revealed carotid IMT (ß = 0.32, p < 0.001) to be an significant correlate of dynamic percentage increase in stiffness index during exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial dysfunction is evident at rest and worsens during exercise in anthracycline-treated adult survivors of childhood cancers.

Quantification of Pulmonary Regurgitation by Vector Flow Mapping in Congenital Heart Patients after Repair of Right Ventricular Outflow Obstruction: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Vector flow mapping (VFM) enables direct visualization of flow pattern and estimation of flow volume. The aim of this study was to determine its accuracy in the quantification of pulmonary regurgitation (PR) in congenital heart patients after repair of right ventricular (RV) outflow obstruction. METHODS: This study comprised two parts: (1) validation of VFM in the quantification of PR in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot by cardiac magnetic resonance and (2) clinical application of VFM to determine PR in patients after biventricular repair of pulmonary atresia and stenosis with intact ventricular septum. PR was quantified by calculation of VFM-derived pulmonary regurgitant ratio (PRVFM), defined as ratio of backward to forward flow volume. RESULTS: Coefficients of variations for intra- and interobserver variability in the measurements of PRVFM were 7.0% and 10.4%, respectively. Fourteen patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot aged 31.3 ± 7.3 years were studied. Their PRVFM correlated strongly with cardiac magnetic resonance-derived PR fraction (r = 0.95, P < .001) and RV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.84, P < .001). In the second part, 14 patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum aged 25.6 ± 6.0 years, 14 patients with pulmonary stenosis aged 24.2 ± 7.0 years, and 14 healthy control subjects were studied. PRVFM was found to increase across groups of subjects with absent (4.6 ± 3.3%), mild (11.1 ± 7.1%), moderate (29.6 ± 7.8%), and severe (50.1 ± 8.2%) PR as defined semiquantitatively by color flow mapping. Furthermore, PRVFM correlated strongly with the ratio of PR color jet to width of RV outflow (r = 0.92, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: VFM is a reproducible technique for accurate quantification of PR in congenital heart patients after repair of RV outflow obstruction.

Left Ventricular Stiffness in Adolescents and Young Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair may influence LV stiffness. We hypothesized that LV stiffness is altered after TOF repair and related to myocardial calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) and LV diastolic myocardial deformation. Seventy-seven TOF patients and 80 controls were studied. LV stiffness was assessed by diastolic wall strain (DWS) as defined by (LVPWsystole-LVPWdiastole)/LVPWsystole, where LVPW is LV posterior wall thickness, and stiffness index as defined by (E/e/LV end-diastolic dimension), where E and e are respectively early diastolic transmitral inflow and mitral annular velocities. Septal and LVPW cIB and LV diastolic strain rates were determined. Patients had significantly lower DWS (p < 0.001), higher stiffness index (p < 0.001), and greater cIB (p < 0.001). LV DWS correlated negatively with LV stiffness index (r = -0.31, p < 0.001), septal cIB (r = -0.21, p = 0.01), E/e ratio (r = -0.30, p < 0.001) and RV end-diastolic area (r = -0.31, p < 0.001), and positively with LV early (r = 0.33, p < 0.001) and late (r = 0.20, p = 0.01) diastolic strain rates and RV fractional area change (FAC) (r = 0.24, p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed E/e (ß = -0.26, p = 0.008), RV end-diastolic area (ß = -0.20, p = 0.02), and RV FAC (ß = 0.18, p = 0.01) as significant correlates of DWS. Left ventricular stiffening occurs after TOF repair and is related to impaired LV diastolic myocardial deformation, myocardial cIB, and RV volume overload.

Left Atrial Mechanics and Integrated Calibrated Backscatter in Anthracycline-Treated Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancers.

We tested the hypothesis that left atrial (LA) mechanics and myocardial calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) are altered in anthracycline-treated long-term survivors of childhood cancers. Forty-nine survivors and 25 controls were studied. Survivors had significantly smaller maximal (p = 0.009) and minimal (p = 0.017) LA volumes and lower peak negative LA strains (p = 0.011). For left ventricular (LV) indices, survivors had significantly lower shortening fraction (p < 0.001), ejection fraction (p < 0.001) and mitral annular late diastolic velocity (p = 0.003). Myocardial cIB of the LA posterior wall, ventricular septum and LV posterior wall was significantly greater in survivors than controls (all p values <0.05). Peak negative LA strain was related to late diastolic mitral annular velocity (r = 0.27, p = 0.018), whereas LA cIB was related to the average of septal and LV posterior wall cIB (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). In conclusion, LA remodeling as characterized by contractile dysfunction and increased cIB suggestive of fibrosis occurs in adult survivors of childhood cancers.

Myocardial stiffness as assessed by diastolic wall strain in adult survivors of childhood leukaemias with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.

AIMS: We tested the hypothesis that myocardial stiffness as assessed by diastolic wall strain (DWS) is altered in adult survivors of childhood leukaemias with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and explored its association with myocardial fibrosis and diastolic deformation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety-four (53 males) adult survivors of childhood leukaemias aged 22.2 ± 5.5 years and 66 (36 males) healthy controls were studied retrospectively. Diastolic wall strain and calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) were measured as indices of myocardial stiffness and fibrosis, respectively. Left and right ventricular (RV) diastolic and torsional mechanics were interrogated using speckle tracking echocardiography. Patients had significantly lower LV DWS, and hence stiffer LV myocardium, and greater myocardial cIB in patients than controls (all P < 0.001). Left ventricular longitudinal, radial, and circumferential early diastolic strain rates, circumferential late diastolic strain rate, and peak twisting and untwisting velocities, tricuspid annular early diastolic velocity, and RV-free wall longitudinal early diastolic strain rate were significantly lower in patients than controls (all P < 0.05). Diastolic wall strain correlated inversely with myocardial cIB, and positively with LV longitudinal, radial, and circumferential early diastolic strain rates (all P < 0.05), while myocardial cIB correlated inversely with LV radial and circumferential early diastolic strain rates, circumferential late diastolic strain rate, peak twisting and untwisting velocities, and tricuspid annular e velocity (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In adult survivors of childhood leukaemias, despite the preservation of LV ejection fraction, increased stiffness of the LV myocardium is evident and is associated with myocardial fibrosis and impaired ventricular diastolic function.

Arterial-left ventricular-left atrial coupling late after repair of aortic coarctation and interruption.

AIMS: This study aimed to explore the arterial-left ventricular (LV)-left atrial (LA) interaction in adolescents and young adults late after intervention for coarctation of the aorta (CoA) and interrupted aortic arch (IAA). METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-one (16 males) patients aged 23.4 ± 6.3, at 20.6 ± 5.2 years after intervention, and 31 controls were studied. Carotid arterial stiffness and intima-media thickness (IMT) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were determined by radiofrequency-based echocardiography and oscillometry, respectively. Tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) were performed to assess, respectively, LV myocardial tissue velocities and linear and torsional deformation. Left atrial positive, negative, and total strain and strain rate at ventricular systole (aSRs), early diastole (aSRed), and atrial contraction (aSRac) were also determined using STE. Patients had significantly greater arterial stiffness and IMT than controls (all P < 0.05). Mitral annular systolic and diastolic velocities, LV longitudinal and radial strain and early diastolic strain rates, peak torsion and untwisting velocity, and LA peak positive and total strain, aSRs, aSRed, and aSRac were significantly lower in patients than in controls (all P < 0.05). Arterial stiffness correlated inversely with LV longitudinal strain and systolic and early diastolic strain rate (all P < 0.05), while LA total strain and aSRed were associated positively with LV diastolic annular velocity, longitudinal SRe, and peak untwisting velocity (all P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression further revealed arterial stiffness as an independent determinant of LA total strain (ß = -1.3, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest impairment of arterial function and LV and LA mechanics in patients after CoA and IAA repair and implicate an abnormal arterial-LV-LA interaction.

Left ventricular contractile reserve in young adults long-term after repair of coarctation of the aorta.

We assessed the left ventricular (LV) contractile reserve in young adults with repaired coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch by determination of LV force-frequency relation (FFR). Eighteen (7 men) patients aged 24.2 ± 5.4 years and 20 (9 men) healthy controls were studied. Blood pressures in the right arm were measured by oscillometry. Transmitral early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities, tissue Doppler-derived mitral annular systolic (sm), early diastolic (em) and late diastolic (am) velocities, and myocardial isovolumic acceleration (IVA) were measured. The LV FFR and average slope were derived from the IVA measured at different heart rates during supine bicycle exercise. Blood pressures at rest were similar between patients and controls (all p >0.05). At baseline, patients compared with controls had significantly greater E velocity, E/A and E/em ratios, and lower sm and em velocities (all p <0.05) but similar IVA (p = 0.18). At submaximal exercise, diastolic (p = 0.001) and mean (p = 0.003) blood pressures became significantly higher in patients than controls, sm (p = 0.001) and em (p <0.001) velocities remained reduced, whereas the IVA became lower (p <0.001). The weighted average FFR was flattened (p <0.001), and average FFR slope was lower (p <0.001) in patients compared with controls. The average FFR slope correlated negatively with the magnitude of exercise-induced increase in systolic (r = -0.32, p = 0.050), mean (r = -0.41, p = 0.011), and diastolic (r = -0.40, p = 0.013) blood pressures. In conclusion, young adults after coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch repair exhibit reduced LV contractile reserve, which is related to the blood pressure response during exercise stress.