Biomimetic Multiscale Oriented PVA/NRL Hydrogel Enabled Multistimulus Responsive and Smart Shape Memory Actuator.

Shape memory hydrogels provide a worldwide scope for functional soft materials. However, most shape memory hydrogels exhibit poor mechanical properties, leading to low actuation strength, which severely limits their applications in smart biomimetic devices. Herein, a strategy for muscle-inspired shape memory-oriented polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-natural rubber latex (NRL) hydrogel (OPNH) with multiscale oriented structure is demonstrated. The shape memory function comes from the stretch-induced crystallization of natural rubber (NR), while PVA forms strong hydrogen bonding interactions with proteins and phospholipids on the surface of NRL particles. Meanwhile, the reconfigurable interactions of PVA and NR produce a multiscale-oriented structure during stretch-drying, improving the mechanical and shape memory properties. The resultant OPNH shows excellent interfacial compatibility, exhibiting outstanding mechanical performance (3.2 MPa), high shape fixity (≈80%) and shape recovery ratio (≈92%), high actuation strength (206 kPa), working capacity (105 kJ m- 3), extremely short response time (≈2 s), low response temperature (28 °C) and smart thermal responsiveness. It can even maintain muscle-like working capacity when lifting a load equivalent to 372 times its weight, providing a new class shape memory material for the application in smart biomimetic muscles and multistimulus responsive devices.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Heat Stress Response in Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis with Improved Thermotolerance through Exogenous Glycine Betaine.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) is sensitive to high temperature, which will cause the B. rapa to remain in a semi-dormancy state. Foliar spray of GB prior to heat stress was proven to enhance B. rapa thermotolerance. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of GB-primed resistance or adaptation towards heat stress, we investigated the transcriptomes of GB-primed and non-primed heat-sensitive B. rapa 'Beijing No. 3' variety by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 582 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from GB-primed plants exposed to heat stress relative to non-primed plants under heat stress and were assigned to 350 gene ontology (GO) pathways and 69 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways. The analysis of the KEGG enrichment pathways revealed that the most abundantly up-regulated pathways were protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (14 genes), followed by plant hormone signal transduction (12 genes), ribosome (8 genes), MAPK signaling pathway (8 genes), homologous recombination (7 genes), nucleotide excision repair metabolism (5 genes), glutathione metabolism (4 genes), and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (4 genes). The most abundantly down-regulated pathways were plant-pathogen interaction (14 genes), followed by phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (7 genes); arginine and proline metabolism (6 genes); cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis (4 genes); and tryptophan metabolism (4 genes). Several calcium sensing/transducing proteins, as well as transcription factors associated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), auxin, and cytokinin hormones were either up- or down-regulated in GB-primed B. rapa plants under heat stress. In particular, expression of the genes for antioxidant defense, heat shock response, and DNA damage repair systems were highly increased by GB priming. On the other hand, many of the genes involved in the calcium sensors and cell surface receptors involved in plant innate immunity and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were down-regulated in the absence of pathogen elicitors in GB-primed B. rapa seedlings. Overall GB priming activated ABA and SA signaling pathways but deactivated auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways while suppressing the innate immunity in B. rapa seedlings exposed to heat stress. The present study provides a preliminary understanding of the thermotolerance mechanisms in GB-primed plants and is of great importance in developing thermotolerant B. rapa cultivars by using the identified DEGs through genetic modification.

Elucidating the Role of Antisolvents on the Surface Chemistry and Optoelectronic Properties of CsPbBrxI3-x Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Colloidal lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs) have emerged over the past decade as leading candidates for efficient next-generation optoelectronic devices, but their properties and performance critically depend on how they are purified. While antisolvents are widely used for purification, a detailed understanding of how the polarity of the antisolvent influences the surface chemistry and composition of the NCs is missing in the field. Here, we fill this knowledge gap by studying the surface chemistry of purified CsPbBrxI3-x NCs as the model system, which in itself is considered a promising candidate for pure-red light-emitting diodes and top-cells for tandem photovoltaics. Interestingly, we find that as the polarity of the antisolvent increases (from methyl acetate to acetone to butanol), there is a blueshift in the photoluminescence (PL) peak of the NCs along with a decrease in PL quantum yield (PLQY). Through transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements, we find that these changes in PL properties arise from antisolvent-induced iodide removal, which leads to a change in halide composition and, thus, the bandgap. Using detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements along with density functional theory calculations, we propose that more polar antisolvents favor the detachment of the oleic acid and oleylamine ligands, which undergo amide condensation reactions, leading to the removal of iodide anions from the NC surface bound to these ligands. This work shows that careful selection of low-polarity antisolvents is a critical part of designing the synthesis of NCs to achieve high PLQYs with minimal defect-mediated phase segregation.

Electrodeposition of Defect-Rich Ternary NiCoFe Layered Double Hydroxides: Fine Modulation of Co3+ for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The low-cost, high-abundance and durable layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been considered as promising electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the easy agglomeration of lamellar LDHs in the aqueous phase limits their practical applications. Herein, a series of ternary NiCoFe LDHs were successfully fabricated on nickel foam (NF) via a simple electrodeposition method. The as-prepared Ni(Co0.5 Fe0.5 )/NF displayed an unique nanoarray structural feature. It showed an OER overpotential of 209 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline solution, which was superior to most systems reported so far. As evidenced by the XPS and XAFS results, such excellent performance of Ni(Co0.5 Fe0.5 )/NF was attributed to the higher Co3+ /Co2+ ratio and more defects exposed, comparing with Ni(Co0.5 Fe0.5 )-bulk and Ni(Co0.5 Fe0.5 )-mono LDHs prepared by conventional coprecipitation method. Furthermore, the ratio of Co to Fe could significantly tune the Co electronic structure of Ni(Cox Fe1-x )/NF composites (x=0.25, 0.50 and 0.75) and affect the electrocatalytic activity for OER, in which Ni(Co0.5 Fe0.5 )/NF showed the lowest energy barrier for OER rate-determining step (from O* to OOH*). This work proposes a facile method to develop high-efficiency OER electrocatalysts.

Solely 3-Coordinated Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Copper(I) Halide: Hexagonal Channel Structure, Turn-On Response to Mechanical Force, Moisture, and Amine.

Herein, we report a novel organic-inorganic hybrid CuI halide PyCs3Cu2Br6 (Py: pyridinium), where pyridinium and cesium ions coexist. We successfully develop a novel strategy for fabricating turn-on responsive materials. PyCs3Cu2Br6 has a higher single-crystal symmetry (no. 191) than its all-inorganic counterpart Cs3Cu2Br5 (no. 62), and the incorporation of organic pyridinium varied the coordination environment of CuI. PyCs3Cu2Br6 formed a triangle planar structure with solely 3-coordinated CuI ions, which quenched its luminescence. However, PyCs3Cu2Br6 presented a hexagonal channel structure, which enabled it with turn-on response upon mechanical force, heat, moisture, and amine vapor. Such structure offered channels for active molecules to diffuse and interact with pyridiniums, leading to the stimuli-triggered phase change to highly emissive Cs3Cu2Br5. To our best knowledge, for the first time, we discover a novel 3-coordinated organic-inorganic hybrid CuI halide with turn-on response to external stimuli. We believe that our study will contribute to expanding the landscape of smart stimulus-responsive materials and lay the foundation for their wide applications.

A Red-Emitting Hybrid Manganese Halide Perovskite C5H5NOMnCl2·H2O Featuring One-Dimensional Octahedron Chains.

Herein, we successfully synthesized a new organic-inorganic hybrid manganese halide perovskite C5H5NOMnCl2·H2O, in which organic molecules, water molecules (through O atoms), and Cl atoms coordinate with Mn atoms to form deformed [MnO3Cl3] octahedrons. Then, octahedrons form a chain through edge sharing, resulting in a 1D-chain single crystal structure. The high-quality C5H5NOMnCl2·H2O single crystal prepared by a simple solvent evaporation method produced bright red emission at 656 nm attributed to the d-d transition of Mn2+. Also, it has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 24.2%. Photoluminescence excitation and absorption spectra were both featured with multiple bands and were in good agreement with the Mn2+ 3d energy levels. The photoluminescence decay spectrum showed an average lifetime of 0.466 ms, which further proves the d-d transition mechanism. The C5H5NOMnCl2·H2O single crystal had a direct band gap of 1.43 eV. Moreover, a red light LED with a CCT of 1857 K was obtained based on the C5H5NOMnCl2·H2O powder, indicating its promising application in red-emitting LED.

Enhanced Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica rapa by Activating Host Immunity through Exogenous Verticillium dahliae Aspf2-like Protein (VDAL) Treatment.

Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive diseases in Brassica rapa. Verticillium dahliae Aspf2-like protein (VDAL) is a secretory protein of V. dahliae which has been shown to enhance the resistance against fungal infections in several plants. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms of VDAL-primed disease resistance are still poorly understood. In this study, we performed physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses of Brassica rapa in order to understand how VDAL confers resistance to S. sclerotiorumn infections in plants. The results showed that foliar application of VDAL significantly reduced the plaque area on leaves inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. It also enhanced antioxidant capacity by increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), and defense-related enzymes ß-1,3-glucanase and chitinase during the infection periods. This occurred in parallel with significantly reduced relative conductivity at different periods and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content as compared to sole S. sclerotiorum inoculation. Transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 146 (81 up-regulated and 65 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VDAL-treated leaves compared to the control. The most enriched three Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction, all of which were associated with plant immunity. DEGs associated with MAPK and hormone signal transduction pathways were ethylene response sensor ERS2, EIN3 (Ethylene Insensitive3)-binding F-box protein 2 (EBF2), ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF94, MAPK 9 (MKK9), protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C37), auxin-responsive proteins (AUX/IAA1 and 19), serine/threonine-protein kinase CTR1, and abscisic acid receptors (PLY 4 and 5). Among the DEGs linked with the plant-pathogen interaction pathway were calmodulin-like proteins (CML5, 24, 27), PTI1-like tyrosine protein kinase 3 (Pti13) and transcription factor MYB30, all of which are known to play key roles in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) for hypersensitive response (HR), cell wall reinforcement, and stomatal closure in plants. Overall, VDLA treatment triggered repression of the auxin and ABA signaling pathways and de-repression of the ethylene signaling pathways in young B. rapa seedlings to increase plant innate immunity. Our results showed that VDAL holds great potential to enhance fungal disease resistance in B. rapa crop.

Glutamic Acid and Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Enhanced the Heat Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) by Improving Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Photosynthesis, and ROS Signaling.

Heat stress is one of the most common agrometeorological risks in crop production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. This study aimed to investigate whether glutamic acid (Glu) or poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) biostimulants can improve the thermotolerance of a cool-season Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) crop. Priming with Glu (2.0 mM) or γ-PGA (20 mg·L-1) was conducted at the third leaf stage by applying as daily foliar sprays for 5 days before 5 days of heat stress (45 °C in 16-h light/35 °C in 8-h dark). Coupled with morpho-physiological and biochemical analyses, transcriptomes of Glu or γ-PGA-primed Chinese cabbage under heat stress were examined by RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that the thermotolerance conferred by Glu and γ-PGA priming was associated with the increased parameters of vegetative growth, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Compared with the control, the dry weights of plants treated with Glu and γ-PGA increased by 51.52% and 39.39%, respectively. Glu and γ-PGA application also significantly increased the contents of total chlorophyll by 42.21% and 23.12%, and carotenoid by 32.00% and 24.00%, respectively. In addition, Glu- and γ-PGA-primed plants markedly inhibited the levels of malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and super-oxide anion radical, which was accompanied by enhanced activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD). Enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) categories within the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) functional clusters of RNA-seq data indicated that the expression levels of the genes for DNA replication, DNA repair system, linoleic acid metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interaction were commonly up-regulated by both Glu and γ-PGA priming. Glu treatment enhanced the expression levels of the genes involved in aliphatic glucosinolate and 2-oxocarboxylic acid, while γ-PGA treatment activated carotenoid cleavage reaction to synthesize abscisic acid. Taken together, both Glu and γ-PGA have great potential for the preadaptation of Chinese cabbage seedlings to heat stress, with Glu being more effective than γ-PGA.

Selective Expression of a Carbazole-Phenothiazine Derivative Leads to Dual-mode AIEE, TADF and Distinctive Mechanochromism.

In this article, we report a newly designed D-A-D' derivative (CNCzPTZ), which displays selective expression of chromophores. This enables CNCzPTZ with solvatochromism, rare dual-mode AIEE properties, solid-state dual-emissions with phosphorescence and distinctive mechanochromism.CNCzPTZ exhibits dual-mode AIEE properties, since the emission band abruptly shifts from 550 nm to 500 nm as the water fraction increases. In the crystalline state, CNCzPTZ demonstrated dual emission bands of 478 nm and 538 nm.CNCzPTZ shows distinctive mechanochromic property in the solid state due to the planarization.

Experimental Study of Split Grouting Reinforcement Mechanism in Filling Medium and Effect Evaluation.

In view of the deficiency of the split grouting theory for the filling area, a 3D simulated grouting test system was designed to explore the slurry diffusion law, reinforcement mechanism of split grouting in a filling soil, and effect of grouting reinforcement. The test system included an experiment bench system, grouting system, and information monitoring system, using which experimental research on split grouting in a filling soil was conducted. The grouting model experiment procedure was introduced first, following which the diffusion rule of slurry in the filling medium and the reinforcement mechanism of split grouting were analyzed according to the properties and distribution characteristics of grouting veins after grouting reinforcement. Finally, a uniaxial compression test, light dynamic contact test, permeability test, and laboratory geotechnical test were conducted on the soil before and after grouting. The relationship between the zoning characteristics of different properties of veins and the mechanical properties of filling soil were discussed. The results showed that there were three types of grouting veins: trunk grouting, branch grouting, and permeable grouting. The injected soil body was strengthened by the three-stage grouting vein network of the mentioned vein types and the compaction between soils. After the grouting, the uniaxial compressive strength of the filling soil increased by an average of 186%, and the permeability coefficient decreased by an average of 47 times. The cohesion and internal friction angle increased by 45.3% and 44.9%, respectively. Additionally, density, water content, and other indicators of filling were improved. The bearing characteristics reflected by a dynamic contact test were consistent with the distribution of grouting veins. The research results offer significant guidance for the reinforcement mechanism of split grouting and the evaluation of the grouting effect.

Network pharmacology based investigation into the effect and mechanism of Modified Sijunzi Decoction against the subtypes of chronic atrophic gastritis.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a common digestive disease without specific treatment. According to syndrome differentiation, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) classified it into different syndromes and has achieved significant therapeutic effects. In this study, immune repertoire sequencing techniques combined with symptom scores, electronic gastroscopy as well as pathologic changes were used to evaluate the effect and the underlying mechanism of Modified Sijunzi Decoction (MSD) in treating CAG. The results showed that MSD could relieve CAG symptoms, improve pathologic changes in CAG with fatigue and tiredness symptom, but with no help in CAG with reversal heat symptom. Moreover, MSD could regulate immune disorders in CAG with fatigue and tiredness symptom, and 7 TCR biomarkers were explored in CAG patients with immune disorders. All these results indicated that MSD is effective in treating CAG patients with fatigue and tiredness symptom by tonifying the spleen qi, suggesting that CAG treatment based on syndrome differentiation is reasonable.

Search of Somatic Mutations of NKX2-5 and GATA4 Genes in Chinese Patients with Sporadic Congenital Heart Disease.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) usually occurs sporadically, with only a minority of cases associated with a known genetic mechanism. Cardiac-specific transcription factors NKX2-5 and GATA4 play key roles in the mammalian heart development, and the affected cardiac tissues of CHD patients are prone to somatic mutations which thus participate in the pathogenesis of CHD. We collected 98 patients with sporadic CHD, extracted genomic DNA from cardiac tissues and blood, and then screened NKX2-5 and GATA4 genes using PCR-direct sequence analysis. A novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.907G > A, p.V303I) of NKX2-5 gene was identified in a patient with tetralogy of Fallots. Functional assay revealed that this mutant was associated with significantly reduced transcriptional activity. In addition, we found two known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2277923, rs3729753) in NKX2-5 and two known SNPs (rs56166237, rs3729856) in GATA4. All variations identified in cardiac tissues were consistent with those of peripheral blood, and no somatic mutations were found in cardiac tissues. Our study shows no evidence of NKX2-5 and GATA4 somatic mutations playing a role in the pathogenesis of sporadic CHD.

Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Novel Genetic Variation for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Pediatric Chinese Patients.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left or bilateral ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction without rational conditions, which can lead to progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Most of the pathogenic genes have been reported in adult population by locus mapping in familial cases and animal model studies. However, it still remains challenging to decipher the role of genetics in the etiology of pediatric DCM. We applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) for 30 sporadic pediatric DCM subjects and 100 non-DCM local controls. We identified the pathogenic mutations using bioinformatics tools based on genomic strategies synergistically and confirmed mutations by Sanger sequencing. We identified compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in DSP (c.3799C > T, p.R1267X; c.4444G > T, p.E1482X). In sporadic cases, the two heterozygous mutations in XIRP2 were identified. Then we performed an exome-wide association study with 30 case and 100 control subjects. Interestingly, we could not identify TTN truncating variants in all cases. Collectively, we observed a significant risk signal between carriers of TTN deleterious missense variants and DCM risk (odds ratio 4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.1-22.2, p = 3.12 × 10-2). Our observations expanded the spectrum of mutations and were valuable in the pre- and postnatal screening and genetic diagnosis for DCM.

Models of Replicator Proliferation Involving Differential Replicator Subunit Stability.

Several models for the origin of life involve molecules that are capable of self-replication, such as self-replicating polymers composed of RNA or DNA or amino acids. Here we consider a hypothetical replicator (AB) composed of two subunits, A and B. Programs written in Python and C programming languages were used to model AB replicator abundance as a function of cycles of replication (iterations), under specified hypothetical conditions. Two non-exclusive models describe how a reduced stability for B relative to A can have an advantage for replicator activity and/or evolution by generating free A subunits. In model 1, free A subunits associate with AB replicators to create AAB replicators with greater activity. In simulations, reduced stability of B was beneficial when the replication activity of AAB was greater than two times the replication activity of AB. In model 2, the free A subunit is inactive for some number of iterations before it re-creates the B subunit. A re-creates the B subunit with an equal chance of creating B or B', where B' is a mutant that increases AB' replicator activity relative to AB. In simulations, at moderate number of iterations (< 15), a shorter survival time for B is beneficial when the stability of B is greater than the inactive time of A. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced stability for a replicator subunit can be advantageous under appropriate conditions.

Salmonella typhimurium Vaccine Candidate Delivering Infectious Bronchitis Virus S1 Protein to Induce Protection.

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious viral disease of chickens which causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. An effective vaccine against IB is urgently needed to provide both biosafety and high-efficiency immune protection. In this study, the S1 protein of the infectious bronchitis virus was delivered by a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vector to form the vaccine candidate χ11246(pYA4545-S1). S. typhimurium χ11246 carried a sifA- mutation with regulated delayed systems, striking a balance between host safety and immunogenicity. Here, we demonstrated that S1 protein is highly expressed in HD11 cells. Immunization with χ11246(pYA4545-S1) induced the production of antibody and cytokine, leading to an effective immune response against IB. Oral immunization with χ11246(pYA4545-S1) provided 72%, 56%, and 56% protection in the lacrimal gland, trachea, and cloaca against infectious bronchitis virus infection, respectively. Furthermore, it significantly reduced histopathological lesions in chickens. Together, this study provides a new idea for the prevention of IB.

Fabrication of a tough, long-lasting adhesive hydrogel patch via the synergy of interfacial entanglement and adhesion group densification.

Adhesive hydrogels (AHs) are considered ideal materials for flexible sensors. However, the lack of effective energy dissipation networks and sparse surface polar groups in AHs lead to poor mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion, which limit their practical application. Herein, a tough, long-lasting adhesive and highly conductive nanocomposite hydrogel (PACPH) was fabricated via the synergy of interfacial entanglement and adhesion group densification. PACPH was obtained by the in situ polymerization of highly carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (SCNCPA, surface pre-grafted polyacrylic acid chains, C-COOH = 11.5 mmol g-1) with the acrylic acid precursor. The unique tacticity of SCNCPA provides strong interface entanglement and multiple hydrogen bonds with the PACPH network, which further increases the energy dissipated during SCNCPA displacements, and enhances the mechanical properties of PACPH (tensile strength = 1.45 MPa, modulus = 332 kPa, and fracture toughness = 13.2 MJ m-3). Meanwhile, SCNCPA increases the density of surface polar groups in PAPCH and also acts as an anchor point to improve the adhesion strength (>2-3 times) of PACPH on various substrates. The combination of excellent mechanical, adhesive, and conductive properties of the PAPCH-integrated patches enables long-term monitoring of human daily activities and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, verifying that PAPCH is a promising material platform for the further development of flexible sensors and other health management devices.

Designing semiconductor materials and devices in the post-Moore era by tackling computational challenges with data-driven strategies.

In the post-Moore's law era, the progress of electronics relies on discovering superior semiconductor materials and optimizing device fabrication. Computational methods, augmented by emerging data-driven strategies, offer a promising alternative to the traditional trial-and-error approach. In this Perspective, we highlight data-driven computational frameworks for enhancing semiconductor discovery and device development by elaborating on their advances in exploring the materials design space, predicting semiconductor properties and optimizing device fabrication, with a concluding discussion on the challenges and opportunities in these areas.

Photo- and Oxygen- Synergistically Controlled Selective Expression of Organic Phosphorescence Units.

Dynamic control of ultralong organic room-temperature phosphorescence (UORTP) is a charming target. Herein, we report a stimuli-responsive phosphorescence unit 7H-indolo[2,3-c]quinoline (NBCz) and its derivatives (PCBNBCz, FSO2NBCz, and N2BCzSO2NBCz) that show photo- and oxygen- synergistically induced afterglow activation and afterglow color change in the PMMA film. PCBNBCz and FSO2NBCz feature a donor-acceptor (D-A) structure, and N2BCzSO2NBCz features acceptor-bridged two different phosphorescence units (NBCz and N2BCz). The photoactivated UORTP of PCBNBCz and FSO2NBCz arises from the photoinduced consumption of oxygen in the PMMA film. It is clear that the phosphorescence unit NBCz contributes to subsequent photoinduced UORTP color change because the NBCz-doped PMMA film shows the same UORTP color change process. ESR and HRMS measurements confirmed that oxidation of NBCz occurs at the nitrogen atom of the quinoline ring via photogenerated superoxide radicals, which results in the UORTP color change. TDDFT calculations proved that after oxidation of NBCz, the T1 energy level declines significantly. Furthermore, photocontrolled selective expression of phosphorescence units is achieved in the case of N2BCzSO2NBCz. After further UV irradiation, oxidation of NBCz happened, and the oxidized form N2BCzSO2NBCz-O emitted the intrinsic orange UORTP of NBCz-O selectively and screened the intrinsic yellowish-green UORTP of N2BCz. Finally, multilevel photolithography can be demonstrated based on the photoactivated UORTP and the photoinduced UORTP color change. This work may give a deep insight into organic phosphorescence and pave a simple way for the development of stimulus-responsive smart UORTP materials.

Effects of Investment Experience on the Stock Investment Task: The Mediating Role of Risk Perception.

Due to the limitations of traditional financial analysis and the non-specificity of laboratory-based gambling tasks, it is difficult for researchers to isolate the independent contributions of risk perception and initial investment experience on novice investors' behaviors. Thus, it is still necessary for researchers to describe the process by which investment experience affects the investment behavior of novice investors by employing the methods of psychological experiments that can control and eliminate these confounding variables in the laboratory. The current study created a stock investment task based on the balloon analogy risk task to simulate the stock market in the laboratory. Two hundred and twenty Chinese college students were recruited as participants. Chain intermediary model analysis showed that initial investment experience influences a novice investor's behavior through risk perception. In addition, risk perception displayed the characteristics of continuity, in which the initial risk perception would affect later risk perception. These results indicate that investment experience does influence investment behavior. Different early investment experiences have correspondingly significant effects on the novice investors' investment behavior through their risk perception. The results also suggest that novice investors can partly correct the effects of their initial investment experience through continuous feedback from the stock market.

Screening of immunogenic proteins and evaluation of vaccine candidates against Mycoplasma synoviae.

Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is a serious avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses to chicken and turkey producers worldwide. The currently available live attenuated and inactivated vaccines provide limited protection. The objective of this study was to identify potential subunit vaccine candidates using immunoproteomics and reverse vaccinology analyses and to evaluate their preliminary protection. Twenty-four candidate antigens were identified, and five of them, namely RS01790 (a putative sugar ABC transporter lipoprotein), BMP (a substrate-binding protein of the BMP family ABC transporter), GrpE (a nucleotide exchange factor), RS00900 (a putative nuclease), and RS00275 (an uncharacterized protein), were selected to evaluate their immunogenicity and preliminary protection. The results showed that all five antigens had good immunogenicity, and they were localized on the M. synoviae cell membrane. The antigens induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and the vaccinated chickens exhibited significantly greater body weight gain and lower air sac lesion scores and tracheal mucosal thicknesses. Additionally, the vaccinated chickens had lower M. synoviae loads in throat swabs than non-vaccinated chickens. The protective effect of the RS01790, BMP, GrpE, and RS00900 vaccines was better than that of the RS00275 vaccine. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of subunit vaccines as a new approach to developing M. synoviae vaccines, providing new ideas for controlling the spread of M. synoviae worldwide.