The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation in spinal cord injury and concomitant pathological pain.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling injury that is often accompanied by neuropathic pain (NeP), which severely affects patients' motor and sensory functions and reduces their quality of life. Currently, there is no specific treatment for treating SCI and relieving the accompanying pain, and we can only rely on medication and physical rehabilitation, both of which are ineffective. Researchers have recently identified a novel class of glial cells, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which originate from the olfactory system. Transplantation of OECs into damaged spinal cords has demonstrated their capacity to repair damaged nerves, improve the microenvironment at the point of injury, and They can also restore neural connectivity and alleviate the patient's NeP to a certain extent. Although the effectiveness of OECs transplantation has been confirmed in experiments, the specific mechanisms by which it repairs the spinal cord and relieves pain have not been articulated. Through a review of the literature, it has been established that the ability of OECs to repair and relieve pain is inextricably linked to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this regard, it is imperative to gain a deeper understanding of how OECs exert their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which OECs exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We aim to manipulate the immune microenvironment at the transplantation site through the intervention of cytokines and immune cells, with the goal of enhancing OECs' function or creating a conducive microenvironment for OECs' survival. This approach is expected to improve the therapeutic efficacy of OECs in clinical settings. However, numerous fundamental and clinical challenges remain to be addressed if OEC transplantation therapy is to become a standardized treatment in clinical practice.

Application and challenges of olfactory ensheathing cells in clinical trials of spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor, sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunction, cause serious psychosomatic injury to patients. There is no effective treatment for SCI at present. In recent years, exciting evidence has been obtained in the application of cell-based therapy in basic research. These studies have revealed the fact that cells transplanted into the host can exert the pharmacological properties of treating and repairing SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of special glial cells. The application value of OECs in the study of SCI lies in their unique biological characteristics, that is, they can survive and renew for life, give full play to neuroprotection, immune regulation, promoting axonal regeneration and myelination formation. The function of producing secretory group and improving microenvironment. This provides an irreplaceable treatment strategy for the repair of SCI. At present, some researchers have explored the possibility of treatment of OECs in clinical trials of SCI. Although OECs transplantation shows excellent safety and effectiveness in animal models, there is still lack of sufficient evidence to prove the effectiveness of their clinical application in clinical trials. There has been an obvious stagnation in the transformation of OECs transplantation into routine clinical practice, and clinical trials of cell therapy in this field are still facing major challenges and many problems that need to be solved. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed the clinical trials of OECs transplantation in the treatment of SCI, and discussed the problems and challenges of OECs transplantation in clinical trials.

The role of olfactory ensheathing cells in the repair of nerve injury.

Cell transplantation has brought about a breakthrough in the treatment of nerve injuries, and the efficacy of cell transplantation compared to drug and surgical therapies is very exciting. In terms of transplantation targets, the classic cells include neural stem cells (NSCs) and Schwann cells, while a class of cells that can exist and renew throughout the life of the nervous system - olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) - has recently been discovered in the olfactory system. OECs not only encircle the olfactory nerves but also act as macrophages and play an innate immune role. OECs can also undergo reprogramming to transform into neurons and survive and mature after transplantation. Currently, many studies have confirmed the repairing effect of OECs after transplantation into injured nerves, and safe and effective results have been obtained in clinical trials. However, the specific repair mechanism of OECs among them is not quite clear. For this purpose, we focus here on the repair mechanisms of OECs, which are summarized as follows: neuroprotection, secretion of bioactive factors, limitation of inflammation and immune regulation, promotion of myelin and axonal regeneration, and promotion of vascular proliferation. In addition, integrating the aspects of harvesting, purification, and prognosis, we found that OECs may be more suitable for transplantation than NSCs and Schwann cells, but this does not completely discard the value of these classical cells. Overall, OECs are considered to be one of the most promising transplantation targets for the treatment of nerve injury disorders.

Potential therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cells in neurological diseases: neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral nerve injuries.

Neurological diseases are destructive, mainly characterized by the failure of endogenous repair, the inability to recover tissue damage, resulting in the increasing loss of cognitive and physical function. Although some clinical drugs can alleviate the progression of these diseases, but they lack therapeutic effect in repairing tissue injury and rebuilding neurological function. More and more studies have shown that cell therapy has made good achievements in the application of nerve injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special type of glial cells, which have been proved to play an important role as an alternative therapy for neurological diseases, opening up a new way for the treatment of neurological problems. The functional mechanisms of OECs in the treatment of neurological diseases include neuroprotection, immune regulation, axon regeneration, improvement of nerve injury microenvironment and myelin regeneration, which also include secreted bioactive factors. Therefore, it is of great significance to better understand the mechanism of OECs promoting functional improvement, and to recognize the implementation of these treatments and the effective simulation of nerve injury disorders. In this review, we discuss the function of OECs and their application value in the treatment of neurological diseases, and position OECs as a potential candidate strategy for the treatment of nervous system diseases.

Ion channel P2X7 receptor in the progression of cancer.

P2X7 receptor (P2X7) is a non-selective and ATP-sensitive ligand-gated cation channel. Studies have confirmed that it is expressed in a variety of cells and correlates with their function, frequently in immune cells and tumor cells. We found increased expression of this receptor in many tumor cells, and it has a role in tumor survival and progression. In immune cells, upregulation of the receptor has a double effect on tumor suppression as well as tumor promotion. This review describes the structure of P2X7 and its role in the tumor microenvironment and presents possible mechanisms of P2X7 in tumor invasion and metastasis. Understanding the potential of P2X7 for tumor treatment, we also present several therapeutic agents targeting P2X7 and their mechanisms of action. In conclusion, the study of P2X7 is an important guideline for the use of clinical tumor therapy and may be able to provide a new idea for tumor treatment, but considering the complexity of the biological effects of P2X7, the drugs should be used with caution in clinical practice.