Association of Valve Size and Hemodynamic Performance With Clinical Outcomes in Aortic Valve Replacement　- A Long-Term Follow-up in an Asian Population.

BACKGROUND: Studies of the influence of smaller body type on the severity of prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) after small-sized surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) are few, but the issue is particularly relevant for Asian patients.Methods and Results: 695 patients who underwent SAVR with bioprosthetic valves had their hemodynamic valve performance analyzed at 3 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after operation, and clinical outcomes were assessed. The patients were stratified into 3 valve size groups: 19/21, 23, and 25/27 mm. A smaller valve was associated with higher mean pressure gradients at the 4 time points after operation (P trend <0.05). However, the 3 valve size groups demonstrated no significant differences in the risk of clinical events. At none of the time points did patients with projected PPM show increased mean pressure gradients (P>0.05), whereas patients with measured PPM did (P<0.05). Compared with patients with projected PPM, those with measured PPM demonstrated higher rates of infective endocarditis readmission (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-10.39) and a higher risk of composite outcomes (aHR 1.45, 95% CI 0.95-2.22, P=0.087). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to those receiving larger valves, patients receiving small bioprosthetic valves had poorer hemodynamic performance but did not demonstrate differences in clinical events in long-term follow-up.

Sex Differences in Epidemiological Distribution and Outcomes of Surgical Mitral Valve Disease.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve (MV) disease is the most common form of valvular heart disease. Findings that indicate women have a higher risk for unfavorable outcomes than men remain controversial. This study aimed to determine the sex-based differences in epidemiological distributions and outcomes of surgery for MV disease.Methods and Results: Overall, 18,572 patients (45.3% women) who underwent MV surgery between 2001 and 2018 were included. Outcomes included in-hospital death and all-cause mortality during follow up. Subgroup analysis was conducted across different etiologies, including infective endocarditis (IE), degenerative, ischemic, and rheumatic mitral pathology. The overall MV repair rate was lower in women than in men (20.5% vs. 30.6%). After matching, 6,362 pairs (woman : man=1 : 1) of patients were analyzed. Women had a slightly higher risk for in-hospital death than men (10.8% vs. 9.8%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.24; P=0.075). Women tended to have a higher incidence of de novo dialysis (9.8% vs. 8.6%; P=0.022) and longer intensive care unit stay (8 days vs. 7.1 days; P<0.001). Women with IE had poorer in-hospital outcomes than men; however, there were no sex differences in terms of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Sex-based differences of MV intervention still persist. Although long-term outcomes were comparable between sexes, women, especially those with IE, had worse perioperative outcomes than men.

Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment for Infective Aortic Aneurysms　- A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: In Taiwan, infective native aortic aneurysms (INAAs) are relatively common, so the aim of present study was to demonstrate the comparative outcomes of endovascular repair for thoracic and abdominal INAAs.Methods and Results: Patients with naïve thoracic or abdominal INAAs managed with endovascular repair between 2001 and 2018 were included in this multicenter retrospective cohort. The confounding factors were adjusted with propensity score (PS). Of the 39 thoracic and 43 abdominal INAA cases, 41 (50%) presented with aneurysmal rupture, most of which were at the infrarenal abdominal (n=35, 42.7%) or descending thoracic aorta (n=25, 30.5%). Salmonella spp. was the most frequently isolated pathogen. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 18.3%. The risks of in-hospital death and death due to rupture were significantly lower with thoracic INAAs (12.8% vs. 23.3%; PS-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06-0.96; 0.1% vs. 9.3%; PS-adjusted OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01-0.90). During a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher with thoracic INAAs (35.3% vs. 15.2%; PS-adjusted HR 6.90, 95% CI 1.69-28.19). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with thoracic INAAs, endovascular repair of abdominal INAAs was associated with a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate. However, long-term outcomes were worse for thoracic INAAs, with CKD and infections being the most important predictor and cause of death, respectively.

Early Surgery for Infective Endocarditis Complicated With Neurologic Injury.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the association between early surgery and the risk of mortality in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis in the context of stroke. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: This study was a multiinstitution study based on the Chang Gung Research Database, which contains electronic medical records from 7 hospitals in northern and southern Taiwan; these include 2 medical centers, 2 regional hospitals, and 3 district hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with active left-sided infective endocarditis who underwent valve surgery between September 2002 and December 2018. INTERVENTIONS: The authors divided patients into 2 groups, with versus without preoperative neurologic complications, had undergone early (within 7 d) or later surgery, and with brain ischemia or hemorrhage. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-two patients with a median time from diagnosis to surgery of 6 days were included. No significant differences in postoperative stroke, in-hospital mortality, or follow-up outcomes were observed between the patients with and without neurologic complications. Among the patients with preoperative neurologic complications, patients who underwent early surgery had a lower 30-day postoperative mortality rate (13.1% v 25.8%; hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% CI 0.07-0.67). In the subgroup analysis of the comparison between brain ischemia and hemorrhage groups, there was no significant between-group difference in the in-hospital outcomes or outcomes after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Early cardiac surgery may be associated with more favorable clinical outcomes in patients with preoperative neurologic complications. Thus, preoperative neurologic complications should not delay surgical interventions.

High Triglyceride Variability Increases the Risk of First Attack of Acute Pancreatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common etiology of acute pancreatitis. Whether triglyceride variability, independent of absolute triglyceride levels, is a predictor of acute pancreatitis is unknown. METHODS: We identified 98,819 patients who were diagnosed with hyperlipidemia between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013, and had at least 1 triglyceride measurement annually for 4 consecutive years from the Chang Gung Research Database in Taiwan. Triglyceride variability, defined as variability independent of the mean, was calculated in the 4-year run-in period. The patients were stratified according to the quartiles of triglyceride variability and were followed until December 31, 2019, for first attack of acute pancreatitis. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 5.9 years, 825 (0.83%) patients were newly diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (14.1 events per 10,000 person-years; 95% confidence interval 13.2-15.1). Triglyceride variability was significantly associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis, independent of baseline triglyceride and mean triglyceride levels (hazard ratio, 1.28 [95% confidence interval 1.05-1.57] for the highest vs the lowest quartiles of triglyceride variability; P for trend = 0.006 over the quartiles of triglyceride variability). Subgroup analysis showed that this association was more pronounced among the patients with a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ( P for trend = 0.022). DISCUSSION: In this multi-institutional cohort study, high triglyceride variability was associated with an increased risk of first attack of acute pancreatitis, independent of baseline and mean triglyceride levels. The association between triglyceride variability and acute pancreatitis may be partly mediated by subclinical inflammation.

Endothelial dysfunction in subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there an association between post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) and ovarian stimulation in women with normoandrogenaemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? DESIGN: Women eligible for IVF at an academic fertility centre were invited to join this prospective study. Microvascular endothelial function was measured as PORH by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) before and after ovarian stimulation. Metabolic characteristics, hormone profiles and biochemical markers were analysed. RESULTS: Thirty-four normoandrogenaemic women with PCOS and 36 normoandrogenaemic women without PCOS were included. The PCOS group displayed higher C-reactive protein levels and insulin resistance (P = 0.048 and P = 0.025, respectively). No significant difference was found in microcirculatory function between the groups at baseline. After ovarian stimulation, PORH was enhanced in the control group (slope 7.1 ± 3.3 versus 9.7 ± 4.5; P = 0.007; peak flow 30.7 ± 16.3 versus 43.5 ± 17.3, P = 0.008; however, the PCOS group experienced a blunting response to supraphysiological hormone status (slope 8.2 ± 5.1 versus 7.2 ± 4.3, P = 0.212; peak flow, 38.8 ± 19.4 versus 37.0 ± 21.8, P = 0.895). CONCLUSIONS: Impaired microcirculatory function could be found using a non-invasive LDF technique in normoandrogenaemic women with PCOS undergoing IVF, indicating early changes in vascular endothelial dysfunction. Future observational studies should clarify whether PORH measurement might help predict IVF prognosis or obstetric complications.

Fluoroquinolones and Risk of Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection in Patients With Congenital Aortic Disease and Marfan Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Fluoroquinolone use can be associated with an increased risk of aortic aneurysm (AA) or aortic dissection (AD). The US Food and Drug Administration recently warned against fluoroquinolone use for high-risk patients, such as those with Marfan syndrome. However, the association between fluoroquinolone use and AA/AD risk was unknown in these high-risk patients and therefore it was studied in this work.Methods and Results: Data were collected from a national database between 2000 and 2017 for 550 patients with AA/AD and any congenital aortic disease (mean age 41.5 years; 415 with Marfan syndrome). A case cross-over study was conducted to compare the risk of aortic events (AA/AD) associated with fluoroquinolone and amoxicillin use between the hazard period (from -60 days to -1 day) and a randomly selected reference period (-180 to -121 days; -240 to -181 days; and -300 to -241 days). Compared to the reference period without fluoroquinolone use, fluoroquinolone use during the hazard period was not associated with a greater risk of AA/AD (1.09% vs. 1.09%; odds ratio [OR] 1.000; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-3.10), AA (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.11-3.99), or AD (OR 1.33; 95% CI 0.30-5.96) in patients with congenital aortic disease or Marfan syndrome. This lack of association was maintained in subgroup analysis, including Marfan syndrome or not, age (≤50 vs. >50 years) and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroquinolone use was not associated with an increased risk of AA/AD in patients with congenital aortic disease, including Marfan syndrome. More evidence is required for a fluoroquinolone pharmacovigilance plan in these patients.

Effect of Hospital Volume on Outcome of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support　- Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: In modern critical care, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is crucial in the management of severe respiratory and cardiac failure. Nationwide studies of the relationship between hospital volume and outcomes of ECMO use are unavailable.Methods and Results: Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 11,734 adult patients who received ECMO support in 101 hospitals between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2017. Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, 1-year mortality, and ECMO-related complications. Cox proportional hazards model, locally estimated scatterplot smoothing, and restricted cubic spline regression were used to analyze the volume-outcome relationship. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 65.5%, and the 1-year mortality rate was 70.6% in this database. The 101 hospitals were divided into 4 groups based on annual volume. The in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates were significantly lower in the high-volume group (annual volume >40) than in the low-volume group (annual volume <10). CONCLUSIONS: For critical care, high-volume hospitals have superior short-term and mid-term outcomes. To make the medical system equitable and reasonable, establishing a rapid and efficient nationwide referral system should be considered.

Surgical volume and outcomes of surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrythmia and causes many complications. Sinus rhythm restoration could reduce late mortality of atrial fibrillation patients. The Maze procedure is the gold standard for surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Higher surgical volume has been documented with favorable outcomes of various cardiac procedures such as mitral valve surgery and aortic valve replacement. We aimed to determine the volume-outcome relationship (i.e., association between surgical volume and outcomes) for the concomitant Maze procedure during major cardiac surgeries. METHODS: This nationwide population-based cohort study retrieved data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Adult patients undergoing concomitant Maze procedures during 2010-2017 were identified; consequently, 2666 patients were classified into four subgroups based on hospital cumulative surgery volumes. In-hospital outcomes and late outcomes during follow-up were analyzed. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze the volume-outcome relationship. RESULTS: Patients undergoing Maze procedures at lower-volume hospitals tended to be frailer and had higher comorbidity scores. Patients in the highest-volume hospitals had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality than those in the lowest-volume hospitals [adjusted odds ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15-0.61; P < 0.001]. Patients in the highest-volume hospitals had lower rates of late mortality than those in the lowest-volume hospitals, including all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.53; 95% CI 0.40-0.68; P < 0.001] and all-cause mortality after discharge (aHR 0.60; 95% CI 0.44-0.80; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A positive hospital volume-outcome relationship for concomitant Maze procedures was demonstrated for in-hospital and late follow-up mortality. The consequence may be attributed to physician skill/experience, experienced multidisciplinary teams, and comprehensive care processes. We suggest referring patients with frailty or those requiring complicated cardiac surgeries to high-volume hospitals to improve clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: the institutional review board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital approved all data usage and the study protocol (registration number: 202100151B0C502).

Long-Term Survival of Patients with Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Single-Center Cohort.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but severe complication of connective tissue disease (CTD). CTD-associated PAH (CTD-PAH) is the most common subgroup of PAH in East Asia. We prospectively collected 41 patients with CTD-PAH and followed them for a mean period of 43 ± 36 months. The long-term survival rates of the CTD-PAH patients at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years were 90%, 80%, 77%, and 60%, respectively. The non-survivors had more dilated main pulmonary arteries, higher pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). PAH-specific therapy resulted in improvements in functional class, 6-minute walk distance, serum uric acid, right ventricular function and PVR. Increased C-reactive protein during follow-up, indicating inflammatory processes, was also crucial for the management of CTD-PAH. Therefore targeting both PAH and inflammation is important in this specific subgroup of PAH. The results of this study may help develop treatment strategies for CTD-PAH patients.

Arrhythmia Detection is Improved by 14-Day Continuous Electrocardiography Patch Monitoring and CHA2DS2-VASc Score.

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmias are not always easy to capture because they are often paroxysmal or asymptomatic. METHODS: Using the CHA2DS2-VASc score for arrhythmia risk assessment, a 14-day electrocardiography monitor patch was used to evaluate patients with no documented history of arrhythmia. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients (mean age 59.8 ± 12.0 years, 46.2% female) received 14-day electrocardiography telemonitoring, and 14 patients (15%) were diagnosed with arrhythmias during a follow-up of 1004.4 person-days (mean recorded days 10.8 ± 4.1). The patients who were detected to have arrhythmias were older and had a higher prevalence of heart failure and chronic kidney disease. The result showed that arrhythmias were more likely to develop during a 14-day monitoring period in the patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 3 or ≥ 4. Atrioventricular block was more likely to be detected in the patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 3 or ≥ 4 during 7-day or 14-day monitoring periods. Ventricular tachycardia was also more likely to be detected in the patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 4 or ≥ 5 during a 14-day monitoring period. When evaluating the risk of arrhythmia, a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 3 or ≥ 4 was associated with a higher risk of any arrhythmias during a 14-day monitoring period, while a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 4 was associated with a higher risk of any arrhythmias during a 7-day monitoring period. CONCLUSIONS: The results may suggest that a 14-day monitoring period is more favorable to detect arrhythmias. Atrioventricular block and ventricular tachycardia were more likely to develop in the patients with a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Lipoprotein(a) is Associated with Cardiovascular Events in Low Risk Males: Results from a Health Checkup Cohort with Long-Term Follow-Up.

Objective: Elevated lipoprotein(a) level is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the strength of this association in healthy individuals is unknown. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed medical records obtained from a Health Examination Program. The records, covering the period 2002-2015, were from 2,634 men at low risk, as indicated by their Framingham Risk Score and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) score, and included lipoprotein(a) data. We categorized the participants on the basis of their lipoprotein(a) level and analyzed the association of this level with cardiovascular events. Results: The study population had a mean age of 46 years. In total, 32 cardiovascular disease events - 6 strokes and 26 coronary artery events - were identified. An increase of 5 mg/dL in the lipoprotein(a) level (independent of low-density cholesterol) raised the cardiovascular disease risk by 8% over a period of 10 years (p = 0.014). Sensitivity analysis also yielded this result, even after excluding hypertension and diabetes. Conclusions: Elevated lipoprotein(a) may be a risk factor for coronary artery disease, even in male populations defined as having a low risk according to the Framingham Risk Score and SCORE.

Benzodiazepines in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Background: In patients with heart failure (HF), anxiety or insomnia is prevalent and associated with poor clinical outcomes. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are one of the most commonly prescribed medications for anxiety or insomnia in Taiwan. Evidence regarding the effects of BZDs on patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is inconclusive. Objectives: To evaluate whether BZDs can mitigate the adverse effects of anxiety or insomnia on the prognosis of patients with HFrEF. Methods: Patients with HFrEF were identified from the Chang Gung Research Database between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2018. Those who received BZD prescriptions were defined as the BZD group; patients in the BZD group were then paired with those who had never been prescribed BZDs after matching for age, sex, and baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, defined as the no-BZD group. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics. Cox proportional hazards model and the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model were used to examine the association between BZD prescription and the risks of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Results: After propensity score matching, there were 1,941 patients in both BZD and no-BZD groups. The composite of cardiovascular (CV) death or HF hospitalization (HFH) occurred in 64.4% and 54.4% of the patients in the BZD and no-BZD groups, respectively [hazard ratio (HR): 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-1.56], which was mainly driven by HFH (HR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.39-1.67). Conclusions: In the patients with HFrEF, those who received BZD were at a higher overall risk of CV death and HFH.

Beneficial Effects of Fixed-Dose Combination of Amlodipine and Atorvastatin in Patients with Concomitant Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia: A Multi-Institutional Cohort Study.

Background: Blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are important risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Although treating these factors simultaneously is recommended by current guidelines, only short-term clinical results are available. Objectives: To examine the longer-term efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination (FDC) versus free combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin in patients with concomitant hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were stratified into three groups [FDC of amlodipine 5 mg/atorvastatin 10 mg (Fixed 5/10), FDC of amlodipine 5 mg/atorvastatin 20 mg (Fixed 5/20), and free combination of amlodipine 5 mg/atorvastatin 10 mg (Free 5/10)]. After inverse probability of treatment weighting, the composite CV outcome, liver function, BP, LDL-C and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) changes were compared. Results: A total of 1,788 patients were eligible for analysis, and the mean follow-up period was 1.7 year. There was no significant difference in the composite CV outcome among the three groups (Fixed 5/10 6.1%, Fixed 5/20 6.3% and Free 5/10 6.0%). The LDL-C level was significantly reduced in the Fixed 5/20 group (-35.7 mg/dL) compared to the Fixed 5/10 (-23.6 mg/dL) and Free 5/10 (-10.3 mg/dL) groups (p = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). The changes in HbA1c were similar among the three groups. Conclusions: FDC of amlodipine and atorvastatin, especially the regimen with a higher dosage of statins, significantly reduced the mid-term LDL-C level compared to a free combination in patients with concomitant hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Blood sugar level was not significantly changed by this aggressive treatment strategy.

Effect of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Valve Surgery on Long-Term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Patients are prone to permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM) after valve surgery, yet current data on the effects of postoperative PPM are scarce and large-scale studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine rates and long-term outcomes of PPM after cardiac valve surgery.Methods and Results:A total of 24,014 patients who received valve surgery from 2000 to 2013 were identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The number of valve surgeries and the proportion of PPM implantations after valve surgery increased (P<0.001). After 1 : 5 propensity score matching, 602 and 3,010 patients were categorized to the PPM and non-PPM groups, respectively. Late outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, sepsis, and readmission due to any cause. The mean follow up was 4.3 years. PPM was associated with a higher all-cause mortality rate (33.6% vs. 29.8%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.32), though not significant at the threshold of P<0.05. PPM was also associated with higher all-cause mortality rates in subgroups that received mitral valve (MV) replacement surgery, combined aortic valve replacement (AVR) with MV surgeries, and combined AVR with tricuspid valve surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: The PPM rate after valve surgery is increasing, and is associated with short-term adverse effects. Patients with PPM may have a higher long-term mortality rate.

Outcomes of Pulmonary Endarterectomy for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension at a Single Center in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is classified as group IV pulmonary hypertension. This study aimed to report our institutional experience in managing CTEPH. METHODS: We prospectively collected the data of 23 patients diagnosed with CTEPH between August 2001 and August 2017 in Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Baseline characteristics including functional class (FC), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), comorbidities, hematological and biochemical data, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and selective pulmonary angiography were recorded at diagnosis. All patients were referred to a cardiac surgeon for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) assessment. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 48.4 ± 16.1 years. Nineteen patients (83%) underwent PEA with mean postoperative follow-up of 37.7 ± 42.8 months. The in-hospital mortality rate of PEA was 11%. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 89%, 89%, 81%, and 50%, respectively. After 3 months of PEA, all patients had improvements in FC, 6MWD (from 326 ± 62 to 420 ± 63 m), B-type natriuretic peptide level (from 602 ± 599 to 268 ± 565 pg/mL), and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (from 79 ± 19 to 48 ± 19 mmHg). The patients with proximal disease (Jamieson type 1 or 2) had better survival than those with distal disease (Jamieson type 3 or 4), but there was no significant difference in mortality between FC III and IV. All of the four patients who did not undergo PEA survived for more than 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in symptoms, functional capacity, and hemodynamics were achieved in the CTEPH patients after PEA. However, the overall survival was still unsatisfactory.

2019 Consensus Statement of the Taiwan Hypertension Society and the Taiwan Society of Cardiology on Renal Denervation for the Management of Arterial Hypertension.

Sympathetic overactivity, an essential mechanism of hypertension, in driving sustained hypertension derives mostly from its effects on renal function. Percutaneous renal denervation (RDN) is designed to disrupt renal afferent and efferent sympathetic nerves to achieve sustained blood pressure (BP) reduction. Since 2017 onward, all three proof-of-concept, sham-controlled RDN trials demonstrated that RDN achieved consistent and clinically meaningful BP reductions [approximately 10 mmHg in office systolic BP (SBP) and 6-9 mmHg in 24-hour SBP] compared to sham operation in patients with mild to moderate or uncontrolled hypertension. There were no serious adverse events. The registry data in Taiwan showed similar 24-hour BP reductions at 12 months following RDN. The Task Force considers RDN as a legitimate alternative antihypertensive strategy and recommends 1) RDN should be performed in the context of registry and clinical studies (Class I, Level C) and 2) RDN should not be performed routinely, without detailed evaluation of various causes of secondary hypertension and renal artery anatomy (Class III, Level C). RDN could be performed in patients who fulfill either of the following BP criteria: 1) office BP ≥ 150/90 mmHg and daytime ambulatory SBP ≥ 135 mmHg or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 85 mmHg, irrespective of use of antihypertensive agents (Class IIa, Level B), or 2) 24-hour ambulatory SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and DBP ≥ 80 mmHg, irrespective of use of antihypertensive agents (Class IIa, Level B), with eligible renal artery anatomy and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. Five subgroups of hypertensive patients are deemed preferred candidates for RDN and dubbed "RDN i2": Resistant hypertension, patients with hypertension-mediated organ Damage, Non-adherent to antihypertensive medications, intolerant to antihypertensive medications, and patients with secondary (2ndary) causes being treated for ≥ 3 months but BP still uncontrolled. The Task Force recommends assessment of three aspects, dubbed "RAS" (R for renal, A for ambulatory, S for secondary), beforehand to ascertain whether RDN could be performed appropriately: 1) Renal artery anatomy eligibility assessed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance renal angiography if not contraindicated, 2) genuine uncontrolled BP confirmed by 24-hour Ambulatory BP monitoring, and 3) Secondary hypertension identified and properly treated. After the procedure, 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, together with the dose and dosing interval of all BP-lowering drugs, should be obtained 6 months following RDN. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance renal angiography should be obtained 12 months following RDN, given that renal artery stenosis might not be clinically evident.

Crusade Microcatheter-Facilitated Reverse Wire Technique for Revascularization of Bifurcation Lesions of Coronary Arteries.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the lesion characteristics of bifurcations that required reverse wire technique and the efficacy and safety of this technique in approaching branches with a highly angulated take-off. METHODS: We enrolled patients in whom reverse wire technique was used after failed conventional antegrade wiring with the support of a Crusade catheter. The study endpoints were the technical success defined as succeeding in sending the reversely bent wire to the targeted branches without complications and the procedural success defined as succeeding in revascularization of the bifurcation lesions without complications. RESULTS: Among 158 patients with bifurcation lesions undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention using a Crusade catheter to facilitate wiring, 23 (14.6%) requiring the reverse wire technique in an attempt to access branches of the bifurcation lesions with an acutely angulated take-off were enrolled for analysis. The obtainable angle of take-off was 162.9 ± 4.7 degrees. For the parent vessel, the ostium of the targeted branch, and nontargeted branch, the minimal luminal diameters were 0.3 ± 0.5 mm, 0.4 ± 0.2 mm, and 1.8 ± 0.5 mm, respectively; the diameter stenosis were 88.8 ± 18.5%, 83.0 ± 7.3%, and 32.0 ± 14.5%, respectively. Technical and procedural success was achieved in 22 cases (96% for both). CONCLUSIONS: We showed in the present study that the reverse wire technique is effective and safe for approaching highly angulated branches of bifurcation lesions and consequently for complete revascularization of difficult bifurcation lesions.

Long-Term Survival of Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension at a Single Center in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have suggested predictive parameters in mortality risk assessment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. However, these studies predominantly include Caucasian population; information in Asian population is relatively deficient. In this study, we investigated the long-term survival of PAH patients and the predictors of mortality in our population. METHODS: We prospectively collected 70 patients with PAH at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between March 2002 and February 2015. Baseline data including functional class (FC), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), hematological and biochemical data, echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were obtained before commencing PAH- targeted treatment. The follow-up period for analyses of survivors ended in October 2015. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 40.7 ± 15.2 years. Mean follow-up period was 4.6 ± 3.4 years, with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of 93%, 88%, 84%, and 77%, respectively. The baseline FC was worse in non-survivors than in survivors. More frequent presence of pericardial effusion, higher serum glucose levels, higher estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) by echocardiography, and higher right atrial pressure (RAP) were found in non-survivors. Higher FC, lower 6MWD, and presence of pericardial effusion were associated with risk of mortality. Patients with worsening FC and increased serum uric acid had an increased risk of mortality during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The overall survival remained unsatisfactory in PAH patients. Baseline FC, 6MWD, pericardial effusion, RAP, and a worsening FC and an increased serum uric acid levels during follow-up were significant prognostic parameters.

Erectile Dysfunction Is Not a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-Based Propensity-Score Matched Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been regarded a marker of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the association between ED and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unknown. AIM: To determine the association between ED and incident AF. METHODS: This population-based cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. In total, 6,273 of patients with ED without a prior diagnosis of AF were enrolled from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2009, and a propensity-score matching method was used to identify 3,516 patients in the ED and control groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Newly incident AF at follow-up was recorded as the end point. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 40.0 ± 17.1 years, and the follow-up period was 8.0 ± 0.5 years. Compared with the control group, patients with ED were older and had more of the following comorbidities: D'Hoore Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, major depression disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, and hyperthyroidism. After adjusting for confounders, the ED group was not associated with more incident AF compared with the control group (hazard ratio = 1.031, 95% confidence interval = 0.674-1.578, P =.888). In these patients, ED of an organic origin was associated with a trend of having AF more often compared with ED of a psychosexual type (P =.272 by log-rank test). CONCLUSION: Although ED is known as a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, it is not independently associated with incident AF in men.