Efficiency Assessment of Hazardous Waste Disposal in EU Countries: A Three-Stage Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis Model.

Hazardous waste pollutes the air, soil, and water and adversely affects human health if not disposed of safely. Analysis of the efficiency of hazardous waste disposal is essential to sustainable development. This paper uses the three-stage super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model to measure the efficiency of 28 EU countries from 2004 to 2016. To ensure the reliability of the results, the article utilizes a one-way ANOVA statistical test to verify whether DEA results vary significantly across various EU countries. This article discusses "how inputs and outputs can be adjusted to eliminate inefficiencies" to suggest a targeted improvement. The third stage supper efficiency DEA results shows that the efficiency varies significantly across different EU countries. The main reasons for the low efficiency are high generated hazardous waste, management expenditure, greenhouse gas emissions, and inadequate waste disposal volume. Targeted proposals from three aspects are given for policymakers in EU countries: Build a resource recycling system to reduce hazardous waste. Establish a sound fee management system to reduce expenses. Optimization of disposal technology to improve incineration efficiency.

Foxp2 regulates anatomical features that may be relevant for vocal behaviors and bipedal locomotion.

Fundamental human traits, such as language and bipedalism, are associated with a range of anatomical adaptations in craniofacial shaping and skeletal remodeling. However, it is unclear how such morphological features arose during hominin evolution. FOXP2 is a brain-expressed transcription factor implicated in a rare disorder involving speech apraxia and language impairments. Analysis of its evolutionary history suggests that this gene may have contributed to the emergence of proficient spoken language. In the present study, through analyses of skeleton-specific knockout mice, we identified roles of Foxp2 in skull shaping and bone remodeling. Selective ablation of Foxp2 in cartilage disrupted pup vocalizations in a similar way to that of global Foxp2 mutants, which may be due to pleiotropic effects on craniofacial morphogenesis. Our findings also indicate that Foxp2 helps to regulate strength and length of hind limbs and maintenance of joint cartilage and intervertebral discs, which are all anatomical features that are susceptible to adaptations for bipedal locomotion. In light of the known roles of Foxp2 in brain circuits that are important for motor skills and spoken language, we suggest that this gene may have been well placed to contribute to coevolution of neural and anatomical adaptations related to speech and bipedal locomotion.

Systematic study of the stress-responsive Rboh gene family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-wide identification, evolution and role in disease resistance.

Plant respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) gene family encodes the key enzymatic subunits of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production pathways, and play crucial role in plant signaling, development and stress responses. In present work, twenty genes were identified in Nicotiana tabacum Rboh family (NtabRboh) and classified into four phylogenetic groups (I-IV). Fourteen NtabRboh genes were positioned on ten chromosomes (i.e., Ch1, 2, 4, 7-11, 14 and 21), and six scaffolds. Synteny and evolutionary analysis showed that most of the NtabRboh genes have evolved from the genomes of the ancestor species (N. tomentosiformis and N. sylvestris), which afterwards expanded through duplication events. The promoter regions of the NtabRboh genes contained numerous cis-acting regulatory elements for hormones, plant growth, and different biotic and abiotic factors. The NtabRbohF gene transcript comprised target sites for wounding and stress responsive microRNAs: nta-miR166a-d, g and h. The transcript abundance of NtabRboh genes in different tissues reflected their important for plant growth and organ development in tobacco. RT-qPCR-assays demonstrated that the expression of NtabRboh genes are regulated by viral and bacterial pathogens, drought, cold and cadmium stress. The expression levels NtabRbohA, B and C were significantly up-regulated in "black shank and tobacco mosaic virus-inoculated susceptible and transgenic tobacco cultivars, showing that these genes play important roles in disease resistance.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multilayered Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Composites Containing Various Thicknesses of Ti-Rich Laminates.

In order to optimize the balance between strength and toughness, a series of multilayered Ti-based bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) with varying thicknesses of Ti-rich layers were successfully fabricated. The findings reveal that with an increase in the thickness of the Ti-rich layers, both the flexural yield strength and ultimate strength decreased from 2066 MPa and 2717 MPa to 668 MPa and 1163 MPa, respectively. Conversely, there was a noticeable increase in flexural strain. The fracture toughness of these multilayered Ti-based BMGCs decreased as the thickness of the Ti-rich layers increased; nevertheless, it stabilized at approximately 80 MPa·m1/2 when the thickness reached 100 µm. It was observed that a shift in the dominant deformation mode may be accountable for this phenomenon. These noteworthy characteristics suggest that adjusting the thickness of Ti-rich layers in multilayered BMGCs can effectively optimize mechanical performance, shedding light on the manufacturing of novel BMGCs with high performance.

Cloning and characterization of a venom allergen-like protein gene cluster from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Pinewood nematode (PWN) is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease. Previous studies have suggested that secretions from the esophageal glands of PWN play an important role in pathogenicity. A cluster of three venom allergen-like protein genes and one pseudogene, Bx-vap-1, Bx-vap-2, Bx-vap-3 and Bx-vap-P, were identified within a 3.7-kb region. Additionally, three putative modification, transport and regulatory protein genes were also detected in the same flanking region of the Bx-vap gene cluster. Genes vap-1, -2 and -3 are functional and encode three major allelic variants of PWN venom allergen-like proteins. But Bx-vap-P is an untranscribed pseudogene. Genes vap-1, -2 and -3 produce predicted products of 204, 206 and 203 amino acid residues, respectively, including the putative signal peptide sequence at the amino termini. In situ mRNA hybridization analysis showed that the transcripts of genes vap-1, -2 and -3 accumulated exclusively within the esophageal gland cells of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Chinese construction industry energy efficiency analysis with undesirable carbon emissions and construction waste outputs.

As the construction industry generates more than 30% of global greenhouse gases and more than 40% of global urban waste every year, energy conservation and emission reduction has become extremely important. This study proposes an innovative output system that includes undesirable carbon dioxide and construction waste outputs. A three-stage DEA-Malmquist model is used to measure the energy efficiency of the construction industry in 30 Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2017, and a stochastic frontier method is used in the second stage to analyze and remove the energy efficiency influences of environmental factors and random errors. It was found that the total factor energy efficiency change (TFEECH) and technology change (TECH) in China's construction industry was underestimated because of the environmental factors and random errors. GRP per capita, energy consumption structures, industrial development degrees, and industrial concentrations were all found to play a positive role in improving energy efficiency; however, urbanization levels, technical equipment, policy support, and marketization were found to have a negative effect. Policy suggestions are given based on the empirical results.