Precise arrangement of metal atoms at the interface by a thermal printing strategy.

The kinetics and pathway of most catalyzed reactions depend on the existence of interface, which makes the precise construction of highly active single-atom sites at the reaction interface a desirable goal. Herein, we propose a thermal printing strategy that not only arranges metal atoms at the silica and carbon layer interface but also stabilizes them by strong coordination. Just like the typesetting of Chinese characters on paper, this method relies on the controlled migration of movable nanoparticles between two contact substrates and the simultaneous emission of atoms from the nanoparticle surface at high temperatures. Observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy, a single Fe3O4 nanoparticle migrates from the core of a SiO2 sphere to the surface like a droplet at high temperatures, moves along the interface of SiO2 and the coated carbon layer, and releases metal atoms until it disappears completely. These detached atoms are then in situ trapped by nitrogen and sulfur defects in the carbon layer to generate Fe single-atom sites, exhibiting excellent activity for oxygen reduction reaction. Also, sites' densities can be regulated by controlling the size of Fe3O4 nanoparticle between the two surfaces. More importantly, this strategy is applicable to synthesize Mn, Co, Pt, Pd, Au single-atom sites, which provide a general route to arrange single-atom sites at the interface of different supports for various applications.

Hedgehog signaling is required for larval muscle development and larval metamorphosis of the mussel Mytilus coruscus.

Understanding the developmental processes and signaling pathways involved in larval myogenesis and metamorphosis is crucial for comprehending the life history and adaptive strategies of marine organisms. In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial patterns of myogenesis in the mussel Mytilus coruscus (Mc), focusing on the emergence and transformation of major muscle groups during different larval stages. We also explored the role of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in regulating myogenesis and larval metamorphosis. The results revealed distinct developmental stages characterized by the emergence of specific muscular components, such as velum retractor muscles and anterior adductor muscles, in D-veliger and umbo larvae, which are responsible for the planktonic stage. In the pediveliger stage, posterior ventral, posterior adductor, and foot muscles appeared. After larval metamorphosis, the velum structure and its corresponding retractor muscles degenerate, indicating the transition from planktonic to benthic life. We observed a conserved pattern of larval musculature development and revealed a high degree of conservation across bivalve species, with comparable emergence times during myogenesis. Furthermore, exposure to the Hh signaling inhibitor cyclopamine impaired larval muscle development, reduced larval swimming activity, and inhibited larval metamorphosis in M. coruscus. Cyclopamine-mediated inhibition of Hh signaling led to reduced expression of four key genes within the Hh signaling pathway (McHh, McPtc, McSmo, and McGli) and the striated myosin heavy chain gene (McMHC). It is hypothesised that the abnormal larval muscle development in cyclopamine-treated groups may be an indirect effect due to disrupted McMHC expression. We provide evidence for the first time that cyclopamine treatment inhibited larval metamorphosis in bivalves, highlighting the potential involvement of Hh signaling in mediating larval muscle development and metamorphosis in M. coruscus. The present study provides insights into the dynamic nature of myogenesis and the regulatory role of the Hh signaling pathway during larval development and metamorphosis in M. coruscus. The results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary significance of Hh signaling in bivalves and shed light on the mechanisms underlying larval muscle development and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates.

Dual-Ligand Red Perovskite Ink for Electrohydrodynamic Printing Color Conversion Arrays over 2540 dpi in Near-Eye Micro-LED Display.

The lack of stability of red perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) remains the main problem that restricts their patterning application. In this work, the dual-ligand passivation strategy was introduced to stabilize PeNCs and inhibit their halogen ion migration during high-voltage electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing. The as-printed red arrays exhibit the highest emisson intensity and least blue shift compared with samples with other passivation strategies under a high electric field during EHD inkjet printing. Combining with blue and green PeNC inks, single-color and tricolor color conversion layer arrays were successfully printed, with minimum pixel size of 5 µm and the highest spatial resolution of 2540 dpi. The color coordinate of CsPbBrI2 NCs arrays are located close to the red point, with a color gumat of 97.28% of Rec. 2020 standard. All of these show great potential in the application of color conversion layers in a near-eye micro-LED display.

Organ dependency on fascia connective tissue.

Fascia is a specialized connective tissue system that encapsulates and interconnects between tissues and organs throughout the body. The fascia system regulates pain sensation, organ inflammation, trauma, and fibrotic diseases. This mini-review summarizes recent findings from animal models, which reveal the inter-dependency between tissues/organs and the fascia system. Special mechanisms are explored of fascia response to skin inflammatory processes and fibrotic microenvironments in trauma models. We highlight the functionally diverse communities of its fascia-born fibroblasts and the significance of their stage-specific differentiation and communication to disease progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes within the fascia microenvironment may serve as a basis for future clinical translation.

Highly Crystalline Iridium-Nickel Nanocages with Subnanopores for Acidic Bifunctional Water Splitting Electrolysis.

Developing efficient bifunctional materials is highly desirable for overall proton membrane water splitting. However, the design of iridium materials with high overall acidic water splitting activity and durability, as well as an in-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanism, is challenging. Herein, we successfully developed subnanoporous Ir3Ni ultrathin nanocages with high crystallinity as bifunctional materials for acidic water splitting. The subnanoporous shell enables Ir3Ni NCs optimized exposure of active sites. Importantly, the nickel incorporation contributes to the favorable thermodynamics of the electrocatalysis of the OER after surface reconstruction and optimized hydrogen adsorption free energy in HER electrocatalysis, which induce enhanced intrinsic activity of the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Together, the Ir3Ni nanocages achieve 3.72 A/mgIr(η=350 mV) and 4.47 A/mgIr(η=40 mV) OER and HER mass activity, which are 18.8 times and 3.3 times higher than that of commercial IrO2 and Pt, respectively. In addition, their highly crystalline identity ensures a robust nanostructure, enabling good catalytic durability during the oxygen evolution reaction after surface oxidation. This work provides a new revenue toward the structural design and insightful understanding of metal alloy catalytic mechanisms for the bifunctional acidic water splitting electrocatalysis.

Interfacial Charge-Transfer Excitonic Insulator in a Two-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Superlattice.

Excitonic insulators are long-sought-after quantum materials predicted to spontaneously open a gap by the Bose condensation of bound electron-hole pairs, namely, excitons, in their ground state. Since the theoretical conjecture, extensive efforts have been devoted to pursuing excitonic insulator platforms for exploring macroscopic quantum phenomena in real materials. Reliable evidence of excitonic character has been obtained in layered chalcogenides as promising candidates. However, owing to the interference of intrinsic lattice instabilities, it is still debatable whether those features, such as the charge density wave and gap opening, are primarily driven by the excitonic effect or by the lattice transition. Herein, we develop an intercalation chemistry strategy for obtaining a novel charge-transfer excitonic insulator in organic-inorganic superlattice interfaces that serves as an ideal platform to decouple the excitonic effect from the lattice effect. In this system, we observe a narrow excitonic gap, formation of a charge density wave without periodic lattice distortion, and metal-insulator transition, providing visualized evidence of exciton condensation occurring in thermal equilibrium. Our findings identify self-assembly intercalation chemistry as a new strategy for developing novel excitonic insulators.

Breaking Low-Strain and Deep-Potassiation Trade-Off in Alloy Anodes via Bonding Modulation for High-Performance K-Ion Batteries.

Alloy anode materials have garnered unprecedented attention for potassium storage due to their high theoretical capacity. However, the substantial structural strain associated with deep potassiation results in serious electrode fragmentation and inadequate K-alloying reactions. Effectively reconciling the trade-off between low-strain and deep-potassiation in alloy anodes poses a considerable challenge due to the larger size of K-ions compared to Li/Na-ions. In this study, we propose a chemical bonding modulation strategy through single-atom modification to address the volume expansion of alloy anodes during potassiation. Using black phosphorus (BP) as a representative and generalizing to other alloy anodes, we established a robust P-S covalent bonding network via sulfur doping. This network exhibits sustained stability across discharge-charge cycles, elevating the modulus of K-P compounds by 74%, effectively withstanding the high strain induced by the potassiation process. Additionally, the bonding modulation reduces the formation energies of potassium phosphides, facilitating a deeper potassiation of the BP anode. As a result, the modified BP anode exhibits a high reversible capacity and extended operational lifespan, coupled with a high areal capacity. This work introduces a new perspective on overcoming the trade-off between low-strain and deep-potassiation in alloy anodes for the development of high-energy and stable potassium-ion batteries.

Charge Density-Regulated Microchannel-Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection with a Highly Efficient Accumulation Strategy.

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity can be regulated by ionic current passing through the microchannel, which broadened the regulation of the ECL sensors. But in the early reported sensors, the electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance caused few targets to approach the interface of the microchannel driven by concentration difference, which reduced the detection efficiency and prolonged the detection period. In this study, different accumulation strategies, such as a positive electric field and different polarity electric fields, were designed to accumulate targets in the microchannel. The interaction of azide groups and hydrogen sulfide served as a research model. Hydrogen sulfide can react with the negatively charged azide groups in the microchannel surface to produce positively charged amino groups, decreasing the negative charge density of the microchannel and thus altering the ionic current and ECL intensity. The accumulation of hydrogen sulfide at the microchannel tip can increase the collision probability with azide groups to improve the detection efficiency, and the integration of accumulation and reaction can shorten the detection period to 28 min. The hydrogen sulfide concentration on the microchannel tip accumulated by applying different polarity electric fields was 22.3-fold higher than that accumulated by applying a positive electric field. The selected research model broadened the application range of a microchannel-based ECL sensor and confirmed the universality of the microchannel-based ECL sensor.

High-Sensitivity Homogeneous Detection of miRNA-155 Governed by DNA Walker-Regulated Surface DNA Density of Magnetic Electrochemiluminescence Nanoparticles.

Homogeneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has gained attention for its simplicity and stability. However, false positives due to solution background interference pose a challenge. To address this, magnetic ECL nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Ru@SiO2 NPs) were synthesized, offering easy modification, magnetic separation, and stable luminescence. These were utilized in an ECL sensor for miRNA-155 (miR-155) detection, with locked DNAzyme and substrate chain (mDNA) modified on their surface. The poor conductivity of long-chain DNA significantly impacts the conductivity and electron transfer capability of Fe3O4@Ru@SiO2 NPs, resulting in weaker ECL signals. Upon target presence, unlocked DNAzyme catalyzes mDNA cleavage, leading to shortened DNA chains and reduced density. In contrast, the presence of short-chain DNA has minimal impact on the conductivity and electron transfer capability of Fe3O4@Ru@SiO2 NPs. Simultaneously, the material surface's electronegativity decreases, weakening the electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged electrode, resulting in the system detecting stronger ECL signals. This sensor enables homogeneous ECL detection while mitigating solution background interference through magnetic separation. Within a range of 100 fM to 10 nM, the sensor exhibits a linear relationship between ECL intensity and target concentration, with a 26.91 fM detection limit. It demonstrates high accuracy in clinical sample detection, holding significant potential for clinical diagnostics. Future integration with innovative detection strategies may further enhance sensitivity and specificity in biosensing applications.

Photoelectrochemical Sensor for H2S Based on a Lead-Free Perovskite/Metal-Organic Framework Composite.

Halide perovskites have emerged as a highly promising class of photoelectric materials. However, the application of lead-based perovskites has been hindered by their toxicity and relatively weak stability. In this work, a composite material comprising a lead-free perovskite cesium copper iodide (CsCu2I3) nanocrystal and a metal-organic framework (MOF-801) has been synthesized through an in situ growth approach. The resulting composite material, denoted as CsCu2I3/MOF-801, demonstrates outstanding stability and exceptional optoelectronic characteristics. MOF-801 may serve a dual role by acting as a protective barrier between CsCu2I3 nanocrystals and the external environment, as well as promoting the efficient transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby mitigating their recombination. Consequently, CsCu2I3/MOF-801 demonstrates its utility by providing both stability and a notably high initial photocurrent. Leveraging the inherent reactivity between H2S and the composite material, which results in the formation of Cu2S and structural alteration, an exceptionally sensitive photoelectrochemical sensor for H2S detection has been designed. This sensor exhibits a linear detection range spanning from 0.005 to 100 µM with a remarkable detection limit of 1.67 nM, rendering it highly suitable for precise quantification of H2S in rat brains. This eco-friendly sensor significantly broadens the application horizon of perovskite materials and lays a robust foundation for their future commercialization.

Evaluation of a Cascaded Deep Learning-based Algorithm for Prostate Lesion Detection at Biparametric MRI.

Background Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) improves prostate cancer (PCa) detection compared with systematic biopsy, but its interpretation is prone to interreader variation, which results in performance inconsistency. Artificial intelligence (AI) models can assist in mpMRI interpretation, but large training data sets and extensive model testing are required. Purpose To evaluate a biparametric MRI AI algorithm for intraprostatic lesion detection and segmentation and to compare its performance with radiologist readings and biopsy results. Materials and Methods This secondary analysis of a prospective registry included consecutive patients with suspected or known PCa who underwent mpMRI, US-guided systematic biopsy, or combined systematic and MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy between April 2019 and September 2022. All lesions were prospectively evaluated using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.1. The lesion- and participant-level performance of a previously developed cascaded deep learning algorithm was compared with histopathologic outcomes and radiologist readings using sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results A total of 658 male participants (median age, 67 years [IQR, 61-71 years]) with 1029 MRI-visible lesions were included. At histopathologic analysis, 45% (294 of 658) of participants had lesions of International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group (GG) 2 or higher. The algorithm identified 96% (282 of 294; 95% CI: 94%, 98%) of all participants with clinically significant PCa, whereas the radiologist identified 98% (287 of 294; 95% CI: 96%, 99%; P = .23). The algorithm identified 84% (103 of 122), 96% (152 of 159), 96% (47 of 49), 95% (38 of 40), and 98% (45 of 46) of participants with ISUP GG 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 lesions, respectively. In the lesion-level analysis using radiologist ground truth, the detection sensitivity was 55% (569 of 1029; 95% CI: 52%, 58%), and the PPV was 57% (535 of 934; 95% CI: 54%, 61%). The mean number of false-positive lesions per participant was 0.61 (range, 0-3). The lesion segmentation DSC was 0.29. Conclusion The AI algorithm detected cancer-suspicious lesions on biparametric MRI scans with a performance comparable to that of an experienced radiologist. Moreover, the algorithm reliably predicted clinically significant lesions at histopathologic examination. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03354416 © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Self-Assembly of Super-Uniform Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Particles into Multi-Dimensional Ordered Superstructures.

Precise self-assembly of colloidal particles is crucial for understanding their aggregation properties and preparing macroscopic functional devices. It is currently very challenging to synthesize and self-assemble super-uniform covalent organic framework (COF) colloidal particles into well-organized multidimensional superstructures. Here, simple and versatile strategies are proposed for synthesis of super-uniform COF colloidal particles and self-assembly of them into 1D supraparticles, 2D ordered mono/multilayers, and 3D COF films. For this purpose, several self-assembly techniques are developed, including emulsion solvent evaporation, air-liquid interfacial self-assembly, and drop-casting. These strategies enable the superstructural self-assembly of particles of varying sizes and species without any additional surfactants or chemical modifications. The assembled superstructures maintain the porosity and high specific surface area of their building blocks. The feasibility of the strategies is examined with different types of COFs. This research provides a new approach for the controllable synthesis of super-uniform COF colloidal particles capable of self-assembling into multidimensional superstructures with long-range order. These discoveries hold great promise for the design of emerging multifunctional COF superstructures.

Cu-N Synergism Regulation to Enhance Anionic Redox Reversibility and Activity of Li- and Mn-Rich Layered Oxides Cathode.

Anionic redox chemistry enables extraordinary capacity for Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMROs) cathodes. Unfortunately, irreversible surface oxygen evolution evokes the pernicious phase transition, structural deterioration, and severe electrode-electrolyte interface side reaction with element dissolution, resulting in fast capacity and voltage fading of LMROs during cycling and hindering its commercialization. Herein, a redox couple strategy is proposed by utilizing copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to address the irreversibility of anionic redox. The Cu-N synergistic effect of CuPc could not only inhibit surface oxygen evolution by reducing the peroxide ion O2 2- back to lattice oxygen O2-, but also enhance the reaction activity and reversibility of anionic redox in bulk to achieve a higher capacity and cycling stability. Moreover, the CuPc strategy suppresses the interface side reaction and induces the forming of a uniform and robust LiF-rich cathode electrolyte, interphase (CEI) to significantly eliminate transition metal dissolution. As a result, the CuPc-enhanced LMRO cathode shows superb cycling performance with a capacity retention of 95.0% after 500 long-term cycles. This study sheds light on the great effect of N-based redox couple to regulate anionic redox behavior and promote the development of high energy density and high stability LMROs cathode.

Spatially resolved current density distribution in GaN-based flip-chip green mini-LEDs by microscopic hyperspectral imaging and modified two-level modeling.

A modified two-level model is proposed to study the spatially resolved current density distribution of GaN-based green miniaturized light-emitting diodes (mini-LEDs), combining with microscopic hyperspectral imaging. We found that the spatially resolved current density distribution reveals both the radiative and non-radiative recombination mappings, which can also be provided separately by this model. In addition, higher current density is not necessarily correlated with higher photon emission, especially for the regions around the electrode edges, where the high current density suggests current crowding and defect-related non-radiative recombination. The current density distribution of mini-LEDs is further verified by the laser-beam-induced current (LBIC) and the spatially resolved mappings of peak wavelength and FWHM. The modified two-level model also offers radiative/non-radiative mappings and is proved to be beneficial to determine the micro-zone current density distribution and to reveal the intrinsic radiative/non-radiative recombination mechanism of mini-LEDs.

An integrated model incorporating deep learning, hand-crafted radiomics and clinical and US features to diagnose central lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of an integrated model incorporating deep learning (DL), hand-crafted radiomics and clinical and US imaging features for diagnosing central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 613 patients with clinicopathologically confirmed PTC from two institutions. The DL model and hand-crafted radiomics model were developed using primary lesion images and then integrated with clinical and US features selected by multivariate analysis to generate an integrated model. The performance was compared with junior and senior radiologists on the independent test set. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) plot and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) were used for the visualized explanation of the model. RESULTS: The integrated model yielded the best performance with an AUC of 0.841. surpassing that of the hand-crafted radiomics model (0.706, p < 0.001) and the DL model (0.819, p = 0.26). Compared to junior and senior radiologists, the integrated model reduced the missed CLNM rate from 57.89% and 44.74-27.63%, and decreased the rate of unnecessary central lymph node dissection (CLND) from 29.87% and 27.27-18.18%, respectively. SHAP analysis revealed that the DL features played a primary role in the diagnosis of CLNM, while clinical and US features (such as extrathyroidal extension, tumour size, age, gender, and multifocality) provided additional support. Grad-CAM indicated that the model exhibited a stronger focus on thyroid capsule in patients with CLNM. CONCLUSION: Integrated model can effectively decrease the incidence of missed CLNM and unnecessary CLND. The application of the integrated model can help improve the acceptance of AI-assisted US diagnosis among radiologists.

Synthesis of Spiro Polycyclic N-Heterocycles and Indolecarbazoles via Merging Oxidative Coupling and Cascade Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization.

We report a step-economic strategy for the direct synthesis of spiro polycyclic N-heterocycles and indolecarbazole-fused naphthoquinones by merging oxidative coupling and cascade palladium-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative cyclization. In the protocol, bi-indolylnaphthoquinones were first synthesized by oxidative coupling of indoles and naphthoquinones. Subsequent cascade palladium-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative cyclization of bi-indolylnaphthoquinones gave spiro polycyclic N-heterocycles and indolecarbazoles. The intramolecular oxidative cyclization approach could also be realized by the presence or absence of iron catalysts under standard conditions. This protocol is featured with moderate to excellent yields, a wide substrate scope, and divergent structures of products.

Dose-Dependent Effect on Plant Growth of Exposure to Metal-Organic Framework MIL-101(Cr).

With the increasing use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), they will inevitably enter the environment intentionally or unintentionally. However, the effects of MOFs on plant growth are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of exposure of the rhizosphere to MOFs on plant growth. MIL-101(Cr) was selected as a research model due to its commercial availability and wide use. Soybean plants at the two-leaf stage were subjected to various durations (1-7 days) and concentrations (0-1000 mg/L) of exposure in hydroculture with a control group treated with ultrapure water. We found that MIL-101(Cr) had a positive effect on soybean growth at a lower dose (i.e., 200 mg/L); however, at higher doses (i.e., 500 and 1000 mg/L), it exhibited significant toxicity to plant growth, which is evidenced by leaf damage. To investigate the mechanism of this effect, we used Cr as an indicator to quantify, track, and image MIL-101(Cr) in the plant with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Results indicated that MIL-101(Cr) primarily accumulated in the cortex of roots (up to 40 times higher than that in stems), with limited translocation to stems and negligible presence in leaves and cotyledons. In addition, metabolomic analysis of soybeans indicated that low-dose MIL-101(Cr) could increase the sucrose content of soybean roots to promote plant growth, while a high dose could induce lipid oxidation in roots. This study provides valuable insights into the ecological toxicology of MOFs and underscores the importance of assessing their environmental impact for sustainable agricultural practices.

Supine Position Popliteal Vein Puncture Under Ultrasound Guidance Is a Feasible and Effective Strategy to Establish Venous Access.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to introduce the clinical application value of popliteal vein puncture in the supine position under ultrasound guidance and compare this method with popliteal vein puncture in the prone position. METHODS: Endovascular operations for nonthrombotic iliac vein lesion patients using popliteal vein access were performed during the period from July 2019 to August 2022 at the Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, and Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital. Patients were randomly divided into supine position group and prone position group. All of the patients were punctured under ultrasound guidance. The procedure duration time for popliteal vein puncture, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and postoperative complications were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Totally 120 patients were included in this study, in which 60 patients were enrolled in the supine position group and 60 patients were enrolled in the prone position group. The median procedure time from puncture to iliofemoral venography was 5.97 min (interquartile range 5.78 min-6.03 min) and 28.76 min (interquartile range 26.84 min-29.83 min; P < 0.01 (in the supine position and prone position group, respectively. The median time from puncture to access sheath insertion was 5.05 min (interquartile range 4.88 min-5.13 min) and 5.03 min (interquartile range 4.93 min-5.12 min; P = 0.607) in the supine position and prone position groups, respectively. The median VAS value was 3 (interquartile range 2-3) and 8 (interquartile range 7-9, P < 0.01) in the supine position and prone position groups, respectively. In the supine position group, one case of arterial branch injury was observed after operation and was successfully managed by ultrasound-guided compression. CONCLUSIONS: Popliteal vein puncture in the supine position under ultrasound guidance is safe, significantly reduces the overall operation time without changing position, and relieves the discomfort of patients.

SHARPIN contributes to sevoflurane-induced neonatal neurotoxicity through up-regulating HMGB1 to repress M2 like-macrophage polarization.

Sevoflurane exposure can result in neurotoxicity especially among children, which remains an important complication after surgery. However, its related mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the biological roles of SHARPIN in sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity. As detected by qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, SHARPIN and HMGB1 expression was elevated in sevoflurane-stimulated mice as compared with the control mice. SHARPIN depletion attenuated hippocampus injury, repressed the expression of HMGB1 and M1-like macrophage markers (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6), but enhanced the expression of M2-like macrophage markers (ARG-1, IL-10). GST pull-down and Co-IP assays demonstrated that SHARPIN directly interacted with HMGB1 to enhance HMGB1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. The inhibitory effects of SHARPIN silencing on inflammatory reaction and M1-like macrophages were counteracted by HMGB1 overexpression. Finally, SHARPIN-HMGB1 pathway affected neuroinflammation triggered by sevoflurane via modulating macrophage polarization. Collectively, our data suggested that SHARPIN stimulated sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity via converting M2-like macrophages to M1-like macrophages by enhancing HMGB1 expression. SHARPIN intervention may be a promising therapeutic method to relieve sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.

Long-term outcomes of endovascular therapy for right subclavian artery occlusive lesions: A multi-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: To review our multi-institutional experience with endovascular therapy for right subclavian artery occlusive disease and to evaluate the long-term outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated all patients with right subclavian artery stenosis and occlusive disease who underwent endovascular therapy between March 2014 and September 2022 at two institutions. Patient baseline demographics, lesion characteristics, treatment strategies, and in-hospital and follow-up outcomes were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Between March 2014 and September 2022, 73 patients underwent endovascular treatment at the two institutions. The dominant cause of lesions in this cohort was atherosclerosis. Three different types of lesions were summarized, and the corresponding endovascular strategies were performed. 66 patients (90.4%) underwent successful endovascular treatment, and 62 patients (84.9%) underwent balloon-expandable stent deployment. The mean perioperative in-hospital stay was 4.0 days (range, 3-6 days). Two patients died due to myocardial infarction, and one died of cerebral hemorrhage resulting from a traffic accident within 30 days of the intervention. The median follow-up time was 31.6 months (range, 12-96 months). No complications, including death, stroke, stent fractures, or migration, were noted in any patient during the follow-up period. The overall complication rate was 7/73 (9.6%), and 5/7 (6.9%) of the complications required reintervention. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment of right subclavian artery lesions is safe, effective, and technically achievable. The reasonable use of balloon-expandable stents can achieve satisfactory outcomes with accurate orientation and promising patency.