Long-term effects on swallowing and laryngeal function after treatment for severe COVID-19 disease in intensive care.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess swallowing and laryngeal function at long-term follow-up in patients treated for severe COVID-19 in the ICU. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with severe COVID-19 were prospectively examined with fiberendoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) about 6 and 12 months after ICU discharge. Comparison with initial FEES examinations during the time in hospital was performed in 17 patients. Analysis of swallowing function and laryngeal features was performed from video recordings. Twenty-five participants responded to Eating Assessment Tool, Voice Handicap Index, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at follow-up. RESULTS: Penetration to the laryngeal vestibule (PAS ≥ 3) was seen in 22% and silent aspiration (PAS = 8) in 11% of patients on at least one swallow at follow-up. Fourteen percent had obvious residue in the vallecula and/or pyriform sinuses after swallowing thick liquid or biscuits. Self-reported eating and swallowing difficulties were found in 40% of patients. Abnormal findings in the larynx were present in 53% at follow-up. Thirty-three percent had reduced or impaired vocal fold movement, of whom 22% had bilateral impaired abduction of the vocal folds. Possible anxiety and depression were found in 36% and 24% of responders, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although a majority of patients appear to regain normal swallowing function by 1 year after treatment for severe COVID-19, our results indicate that dysphagia, abnormal laryngeal function, and anxiety/depression may remain in a substantial proportion of patients. This suggests that swallowing and laryngeal function, and emotional symptoms, should be followed up systematically over time in this patient group.

TTCOV19: timing of tracheotomy in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: a multicentre, single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Critically ill COVID-19 patients may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and the need for respiratory support, including mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. Previous observational studies have suggested early tracheotomy to be advantageous. The aim of this parallel, multicentre, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the optimal timing of tracheotomy. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2-infected patients within the Region Västra Götaland of Sweden who needed intubation and mechanical respiratory support were included and randomly assigned to early tracheotomy (≤ 7 days after intubation) or late tracheotomy (≥ 10 days after intubation). The primary objective was to compare the total number of mechanical ventilation days between the groups. RESULTS: One hundred fifty patients (mean age 65 years, 79% males) were included. Seventy-two patients were assigned to early tracheotomy, and 78 were assigned to late tracheotomy. One hundred two patients (68%) underwent tracheotomy of whom sixty-one underwent tracheotomy according to the protocol. The overall median number of days in mechanical ventilation was 18 (IQR 9; 28), but no significant difference was found between the two treatment regimens in the intention-to-treat analysis (between-group difference: - 1.5 days (95% CI - 5.7 to 2.8); p = 0.5). A significantly reduced number of mechanical ventilation days was found in the early tracheotomy group during the per-protocol analysis (between-group difference: - 8.0 days (95% CI - 13.8 to - 2.27); p = 0.0064). The overall correlation between the timing of tracheotomy and days of mechanical ventilation was significant (Spearman's correlation: 0.39, p < 0.0001). The total death rate during intensive care was 32.7%, but no significant differences were found between the groups regarding survival, complications or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The potential superiority of early tracheotomy when compared to late tracheotomy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 was not confirmed by the present randomized controlled trial but is a strategy that should be considered in selected cases where the need for MV for more than 14 days cannot be ruled out. Trial registration NCT04412356 , registered 05/24/2020.

Dizziness and health-related quality of life among older adults in an urban population: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Dizziness is a common complaint among older adults and may affect quality of life in a negative way. The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQL), sense of coherence (SOC), self-rated health (SRH) and comorbidity in relation to dizziness, among older persons from an urban population. METHODS: The study is part of the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies (H70). A cross-sectional population-based sample including 662 79-years-olds (404 women, 258 men, 62% response rate) were surveyed with questions regarding dizziness, imbalance, comorbidities and general health. HRQL was assessed using the 36-item Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) and SOC with the 13-items questionnaire Sense of Coherence (SOC-13). RESULTS: Half of the participants reported problems with dizziness (54%). Dizziness was negatively associated with HRQL, including after adjusting for comorbidities, especially in the physical domains of SF-36. Having dizziness was also associated with poorer SRH, tiredness and comorbidity among both men and women. SOC (mean total score), however, did not differ between dizzy and non-dizzy participants. CONCLUSIONS: Dizziness was negatively associated with HRQL, also after adjusting for comorbidities. Identification and treatment of dizziness, when possible, are important because reduction of dizziness symptoms may potentially help to enhance overall well-being in this age group.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, dizziness, and health-related quality of life among older adults in a population-based setting.

PURPOSE: Dizziness may affect quality of life in a negative way and contribute to falls. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare 75 years old with dizziness caused by benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) to those with general dizziness/impaired balance (non-BPPV related) and to those reporting no dizziness, regarding health-related quality of life (HRQL), falls, tiredness, and walking speed in a population-based setting. METHOD: A cross-sectional population-based sample, including 671 75 years old (398 women, 273 men), was investigated for BPPV, dizziness symptoms, falls, and walking speed. HRQL was assessed using the 36-item Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). RESULT: A total of 67 persons (10%) had symptoms of BPPV with 11 (1.6%) having nystagmus when tested for BPPV. Having BPPV as well as general dizziness/impaired balance was associated with reduced HRQL, more tiredness, enhanced number of falls, and lower walking speed. Furthermore, the risk of having BPPV increased fourfold if symptoms of dizziness when turning in bed was reported. CONCLUSION: Having problems with dizziness is common among senior citizens where BPPV can be an unrecognized cause of dizziness that may impact HRQL and overall well-being. As BPPV is common among older adults, and is potentially curable through reposition maneuvers, it is important to liberally test for, and treat the condition. Information about dizziness when turning in bed can help to pinpoint persons with enhanced risk for BPPV also on a population-based level.

Dizziness and its association with walking speed and falls efficacy among older men and women in an urban population.

BACKGROUND: Dizziness is common among older people and falling is a feared complication. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of dizziness and its association with falls, walking speed and fear of falling, including sex differences, among 79-year-olds. Secondary purposes were to describe the relationship between dizziness and falls to number of medications and diseases. METHOD: The study consisted of the fifth cohort of Gothenburg's H70 birth cohort studies. A sample of 662 79-year-olds (404 women, 258 men) were investigated with questions regarding dizziness, previous falls and falls efficacy [estimated according to the falls efficacy scale Swedish version (FES (S))]. Functional tests included self-selected and maximal walking speed over 20 m. RESULTS: Dizziness was reported among 51% of the women and by 58% of the men (p = 0.12). Approximately, 40% had fallen during the past 12 months (41% women, 38% of the men, p = 0.48). Dizziness was related to a higher risk of falls among women (OR 2.63 (95% CI 1.67-4.14, p < 0.0001), but not among men (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.63-1.82, p = 0.8). Dizzy individuals had lower scores on FES (S) (p < 0.01), more medications (p < 0.001) and diseases (p < 0.001) than those without dizziness. Participants who reported dizziness walked 10% slower than participants without dizziness (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Women with dizziness more often reported falls compared to women without dizziness-a trend that was not seen among men. Persons with dizziness walked slower. Many medications increased risk of falling; hence, number of medications alone might help pinpoint risk groups for falling.

Living with dizziness impacts health-related quality of life among older adults.

Objective: This study aimed to compare older adults reporting dizziness to those not reporting dizziness regarding health-related quality of life (HRQL), distress due to dizziness, and balance confidence. A secondary aim was to investigate potential association between HRQL, number of falls, balance confidence, and distress due to dizziness. Methods: Patients coming for bone density measurements answered questions regarding occurrence of dizziness. Patients reporting dizziness on a daily or weekly basis were considered eligible and invited for investigation at the Ear, Nose and Throat clinic at Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Sweden. Patients not reporting dizziness were considered eligible as controls. All patients answered the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Activity Balance Confidence Scale (ABC-scale), and Euro-QoL-5D-3L questionnaires. Results: A total of 55 dizzy patients came for physical investigation and answered the questionnaires and 47 non-dizzy participants only answered the questionnaires. The dizzy participants reported lower levels of balance confidence, lower HRQL, more prior falls, and higher levels of distress due to dizziness than the non-dizzy controls. Lower levels of balance confidence and higher level of distress due to dizziness were each associated with lower HRQL. Conclusion: Dizziness, unsteadiness, and low balance confidence are associated with HRQL in a negative way. This is important to consider when measuring HRQL in a senior population, since a sensation of unsteadiness may indirectly contribute to low HRQL together with other symptoms. Level of evidence: 2b.

Prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in a population-based setting among 75-year-olds.

BACKGROUND: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cause of dizziness among older adults. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of BPPV and positional symptoms of dizziness and nystagmus among 75-year-olds and to identify factors associated with BPPV and positional dizziness and nystagmus. METHODS: In this cross-sectional population-based study of 75-78-year-olds in Gothenburg, 887 participants were examined with questions regarding dizziness and health and social factors. A total of 681 participants underwent the Dix-Hallpike test or the side-lying test for BPPV using Video Frenzel goggles. RESULTS: In total 32% reported problems with dizziness (n = 887). The prevalence of BPPV was 4% in the unweighted and 4.5% in the weighted analyses, compensating for selective attrition of women and participants with previous positional dizziness. Positional dizziness without nystagmus was found in 2% and nystagmus without dizziness was found in 9%. Individuals with BPPV and positional dizziness experienced more dizziness in everyday life compared with those with normal tests, while those with positional nystagmus did not. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of BPPV among 75-year-olds was 4.5%. Despite weighted analyses, the true prevalence may be higher since many participants with dizziness refused testing. Dizziness was associated with fear and discomfort so strong that around 20% of the participants declined testing.

Dizziness Symptoms, Balance Confidence, and Vestibular Function in Older Women Reporting Dizziness and Unsteadiness.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to evaluate older women who report dizziness on a daily or weekly basis, but not seeking medical care for their problems, for levels of patient-reported outcome measures related to dizziness, balance confidence, vestibular impairment, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo walking speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), balance confidence, depression, and anxiety. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Secondary referral center. PATIENTS: Patients coming for bone density measurements answered questions regarding occurrence of dizziness. Women reporting dizziness on a daily or weekly basis were considered eligible and invited for investigation at the Ear, Nose, and Throat clinic at Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Patients completed the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and were investigated with the video Head Impulse Test, for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, walking speed, and TUG test. RESULTS: Fifty-two female patients were enrolled. Associations were found between high levels of DHI and high distress due to dizziness, and low levels of balance confidence and reduced walking speed and TUG test time. Participants with higher DHI levels reported higher levels of both depression and anxiety. No associations were found between levels of DHI and results on vestibular tests. CONCLUSION: Women reporting higher levels of distress due to dizziness had reduced walking speed and reported less balance confidence and higher levels of anxiety and depression. The findings support the theory that DHI captures aspects of overall self-rated wellbeing and function rather than structural vestibular deficits.

Internet-based vestibular rehabilitation versus standard care after acute onset vertigo: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Dizziness and vertigo affect around 15% of adults annually and represent common reasons for contacting health services, accounting for around 3% of all emergency department visits worldwide. Vertigo is also associated with excessive use of diagnostic imaging and emergency care and decreased productivity, primarily because of work absenteeism. Vestibular rehabilitation is an evidence-based treatment for chronic dizziness and supervised group exercise therapy has recently been shown to be effective after vestibular neuritis, a common cause of acute onset vertigo. However, such interventions are not readily available and there is a need for more easily accessible tools. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects on vestibular symptoms of a 6-week online vestibular rehabilitation tool after acute onset vertigo, with the aim of aiding vestibular rehabilitation by presenting a more accessible tool that can help to reduce recovery time. METHODS: Three hundred twenty individuals diagnosed with acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) will be recruited from multiple hospitals in Sweden and the effects of an online vestibular rehabilitation tool, YrselTräning, on vestibular symptoms after acute onset vertigo will be compared to standard care (written instructions leaflet) in a two-armed, evaluator-blinded, multicenter randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome will be the Vertigo Symptom Scale Short Form (VSS-SF) score at 6 weeks after symptom onset. Secondary outcomes include effects of the intervention on activities of daily living, mood and anxiety, vestibular function recovery, mobility measures, health economic effects, and the reliability of the Swedish VSS-SF translation. DISCUSSION: Participants using the online vestibular rehabilitation tool are expected to recover earlier and to a greater extent from their symptoms as compared to standard care. Since up to 50% of people with AVS without treatment develop persistent symptoms, effective treatment of AVS will likely lead to a higher quality of life and help reduce the societal costs associated with dizziness and vertigo. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05056324 . Registered on September 24, 2021.

[Tracheotomy earlier than recommended among patients with Covid-19]. / Trakeotomi hos covid-19-patienter kunde utföras tidigare än i riktlinjer.

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a sharp rise in intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and consequently a need to perform tracheotomies on patients with Covid-19. A number of guidelines have been published with recommendations for the timing of tracheostomy in Covid-19 patients, suggesting tracheotomy should be delayed until day 14-21 of mechanical ventilation.  We present the first 66 patients treated in the ICU at Södra Älvsborg hospital in Sweden as a result of Covid-19. A total of 29 patients received a tracheostomy, median time 9 days post oral intubation, which is earlier than recommended. The mortality rate was 21%, which is slightly lower than reported from The Swedish Intensive Care Registry (25%). None of the doctors performing tracheotomies developed Covid-19 linked to the tracheotomy procedure.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and vestibular impairment among older adults with dizziness.

OBJECTIVE: This article aimed to investigate older adults visiting a geriatric institution for a bone density measurement who reported dizziness on a daily or weekly basis (but who are not seeking care for dizziness), according to BPPV, vestibular function, walking abilities, and frequency of falls. METHODS: Patients coming for a bone density measurement answered questions regarding occurrence of dizziness. Patients having dizziness on a daily or weekly basis were considered eligible for the study and invited for investigation at the Ear, Nose, and Throat clinic at Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Sweden. The patients answered questions about history of dizziness, medications, and comorbidities. They were also investigated for BPPV, vestibular deficits using the video head impulse test (vHIT), walking speed, Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and for perception of verticality and horizontality and Romberg test. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients with dizziness were included. Fifteen (27%) were diagnosed with BPPV. Forty (73%) patients reported falling during the previous year, including 11 with BPPV. Dizziness when turning in bed was more common among patients with BPPV and increased the risk of BPPV 8-fold. CONCLUSION: BPPV is common among older adults with dizziness, including among those not seeking medical care. It is important to identify older adults with BPPV and treat the condition since BPPV may contribute to falls. Asking about dizziness when turning in bed can help to distinguish patients with increased risk for BPPV and older adults with dizziness should be investigated for BPPV even when typical history is lacking. Level of evidence: 4.

[Neonatal suppurative parotitis]. / Neonatal purulent parotit ovanlig men potentiellt allvarlig infektion - God prognos med intravenös antibiotikabehandling tidigt.

Neonatal suppurative parotitis is a rare condition characterized by swelling, pain and erythema over the parotid gland. There may be a purulent exsudate from the Stensen duct. The predominant etiology is Staphylococcus aureus but cases with gram negative bacteria and streptococci have been reported. Most cases are managed conservatively with intravenous antibiotic therapy, and early treatment reduces risks of complications like sepsis and intraglandular abscess. We report two cases of neonatal suppurative parotitis; two 14-days-old males, both with one day history of parotid swelling and erythema. In one of them purulent exudate could be extracted from the Stensen duct. One of them had positive blood culture with Staphylococcus aureus. Ultrasound examination showed an enlarged parotid gland but no abscess. Growth of Staphylococcus aureus was found in both cases and the patients responded well to intravenous antibiotic therapy.

Asking about dizziness when turning in bed predicts examination findings for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

BACKGROUND: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the single most common cause of vestibular vertigo and is characterised by short episodes of rotational vertigo precipitated by changes in head positions like lying down or turning in bed. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess useful questions when suspecting benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) caused dizziness as well as identifying if a single question can be useful in identify or distinguish patients with BPPV from other dizziness aetiology. METHOD: A total of 149 patients admitted due to dizziness were included. Patients answered a questionnaire and were investigated for BPPV with diagnostic manoeuvres. RESULT: Two of the 15 questions were of diagnostic importance. Dizziness when laying down or turning in bed, increased likelihood of BPPV by an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 60 (7.47-481.70). Continuous dizziness duration as opposed to lasting seconds decreased likelihood of BPPV with an odds ratio of 0.06 (0.01-0.27). CONCLUSION: Vertiginous attacks by turning or laying down in bed together with dizziness <1 minute, are important questions and strongly related to BPPV. Such questions are important when taking a medical history and may help to early identify BPPV, also for non-medical staff, as well as reduce the need of further investigations.

Voice Range Profile and Health-related Quality of Life Measurements Following Voice Rehabilitation After Radiotherapy; a Randomized Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of voice rehabilitation in patients treated with radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer. METHOD: A total of 42 patients with laryngeal cancer who are treated with radiotherapy with curative intent participated in a randomized controlled study. The collected data were voice range profiles (VPRs) and patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments for measurement of self-perceived communication function (Swedish Self-Evaluation for Communication Experiences after Laryngeal cancer (S-SECEL)) and health related quality of life (HRQL) (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30/Head and Neck module). Data were collected 1 month (pre voice rehabilitation), 6 months, and 12 months postradiotherapy. Of the patients, 19 received voice rehabilitation, whereas 23 constituted a control group. RESULTS: There were several statistically significant improvements in the study group concerning the HRQL and self-perceived communication function. The largest improvements occurred between occasions 1 (prevoice rehabilitation) and 2 (6-month postradiotherapy) and then remained constant. VRP area demonstrated a statistically significant difference when comparing changes over time, where the study group improved more than the control group. CONCLUSION: HRQL and self-perceived communication function showed improvement in the study group and trends of impairment in the control group. This result might suggest that it would be beneficial for the patients as well as in a health economic perspecitve, to receive voice rehabilitatiom to make a faster improvement of the HRQL and self-perceived communication function.