Recognizing and Responding to the Needs of Future Child and Adult Neurology Care Through the Evolution of Residency Training.

Recent insights into the frequency of occurrence and the genetic and mechanistic basis of nervous system disease have demonstrated that neurologic disorders occur as a spectrum across all ages. To meet future needs of patients with neurologic disease of all ages and prepare for increasing implementaton of precision therapies, greater integration of child and adult neurology residency training is needed. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1005-1007.

Poststroke acute dysexecutive syndrome, a disorder resulting from minor stroke due to disruption of network dynamics.

Stroke patients with small central nervous system infarcts often demonstrate an acute dysexecutive syndrome characterized by difficulty with attention, concentration, and processing speed, independent of lesion size or location. We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to show that disruption of network dynamics may be responsible. Nine patients with recent minor strokes and eight age-similar controls underwent cognitive screening using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and MEG to evaluate differences in cerebral activation patterns. During MEG, subjects participated in a visual picture-word matching task. Task complexity was increased as testing progressed. Cluster-based permutation tests determined differences in activation patterns within the visual cortex, fusiform gyrus, and lateral temporal lobe. At visit 1, MoCA scores were significantly lower for patients than controls (median [interquartile range] = 26.0 [4] versus 29.5 [3], P = 0.005), and patient reaction times were increased. The amplitude of activation was significantly lower after infarct and demonstrated a pattern of temporal dispersion independent of stroke location. Differences were prominent in the fusiform gyrus and lateral temporal lobe. The pattern suggests that distributed network dysfunction may be responsible. Additionally, controls were able to modulate their cerebral activity based on task difficulty. In contrast, stroke patients exhibited the same low-amplitude response to all stimuli. Group differences remained, to a lesser degree, 6 mo later; while MoCA scores and reaction times improved for patients. This study suggests that function is a globally distributed property beyond area-specific functionality and illustrates the need for longer-term follow-up studies to determine whether abnormal activation patterns ultimately resolve or another mechanism underlies continued recovery.

Shorter Intensive Care Unit Stays? The Majority of Post-Intravenous tPA (Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator) Symptomatic Hemorrhages Occur Within 12 Hours of Treatment.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) is a life-threatening complication after treatment with intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) for acute stroke. Currently, patients are monitored for sICH in a neurocritical care unit or intensive care unit-like setting for 24 hours post-treatment-a costly and resource intensive practice. Because the half-life of tPA is much shorter than 24 hours, it is possible that the majority of patients do not require such intensive monitoring. In this study, we evaluate the time period of the highest risk for sICH post-tPA. METHODS: All patients receiving intravenous tPA for acute stroke between 2004 and 2017 at our institution were prospectively followed for sICH for 36 hours after treatment. The mean time from tPA administration to hemorrhage was calculated. Additional data were collected regarding: patient demographics, medical variables, and stroke characteristics. Variables significant in univariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression models to determine factors associated with symptomatic hemorrhage. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-five patients were administered intravenous tPA. Twenty-one (5.5%) developed sICH. The mean time from administration to hemorrhage was 8.5 hours. Greater than 80% of sICHs occurred before 12 hours post-treatment. The only variable significantly associated with sICH was combination therapy (intravenous tPA and intra-arterial thrombectomy). CONCLUSIONS: sICH associated with the administration of intravenous tPA typically occurs within the first 12 hours of treatment. Longer monitoring in an intensive care unit-like setting may be unnecessary for most individuals.

Cerebral microbleeds shouldn't dictate treatment of acute stroke: a retrospective cohort study evaluating risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) after acute ischemic stroke carries the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) may indicate increased risk of hemorrhage and can be seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we examined the association between CMBs and sICH, focusing on the predictive value of their presence, burden, and location. METHODS: Records from all patients presenting to two academic stroke centers with acute ischemic stroke treated with IV tPA over a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, medical, and imaging variables were evaluated. The presence, number, and location (lobar vs nonlobar) of CMBs were noted on gradient echo MRI sequences obtained during the admission. Univariable and multivariable statistical models were used to determine the relationship between CMBs and hemorrhagic (symptomatic and asymptomatic) transformation. RESULTS: Of 292 patients (mean age 62.8 years (SD 15.3), 49% African-American, 52% women), 21% (n = 62) had at least one CMB, 1% (n = 3) had > 10 CMBs, and 1% (n = 3) were diagnosed with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy. After treatment, 16% (n = 46) developed hemorrhagic transformation, of which 6 (2%) were sICH. There was no association between CMB presence (p = .135) or location (p = .325) with sICH; however, those with a high CMB burden (> 10 CMB) were more likely to develop sICH (OR 37.8; 95% CI: 2.7-539.3; p = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support prior findings that a high CMB burden (> 10) in patients with acute stroke treated with IV tPA are associated with a higher risk of sICH. However, the overall rate of sICH in the presence of CMB is very low, indicating that the presence of CMBs by itself should not dictate the decision to treat with thrombolytics.

Collaterals Predict Outcome Regardless of Time Last Known Normal.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies suggest that patients with large-vessel ischemic strokes (large-vessel occlusion [LVO]) with favorable imaging may benefit from mechanical thrombolysis even when treated outside the standard 6-hour window. However, many patients in these studies presented with unknown times of onset. We compare outcomes in thrombectomy patients treated at less than versus greater than 6 hours from last known well (LKN), and evaluate whether "unknown time of onset" alters prognosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients at 2 comprehensive stroke centers. Student's t and chi-square tests evaluated the association between predetermined clinical and radiographic variables, including unknown time of onset, and outcome (discharge and follow-up National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score) for LVOs treated after greater than 6 hours versus 6 hours or less from LKN. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the odds of good outcome (mRS score 0-2). RESULTS: A total of 113 patients were treated over 2 years; 31 were treated at greater than 6 hours. Those who were treated at greater than 6 hours and experienced poor outcomes were more likely to have large-artery atherosclerosis (P = .033). There was no difference in outcome for patients outside the window with known (39.1%) versus unknown (60.9%) time of onset. mRS scores at discharge were higher among those outside the window (odds ratio 3.78; 95% confidence interval 1.20-11.89) but not at follow-up. After multivariable regression, favorable collaterals alone were associated with a mRS score of 0-2. CONCLUSIONS: When imaging is favorable, the mRS score at follow-up is comparable regardless of time LKN. Functional outcomes appear to be driven most significantly by the presence of collaterals.

ICAT: a simple score predicting critical care needs after thrombolysis in stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for acute ischemic stroke are at risk of developing complications, commonly necessitating admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). At present, most IVT is administered in the Emergency Department or in dedicated stroke units, but no evidence-based criteria exist that allow for early identification of patients at increased risk of developing ICU needs. The present study describes a novel prediction score aiming to identify a subpopulation of post-IVT patients at high risk for critical care interventions. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 301 patients undergoing IVT at our institutions during a 5-year period. Two hundred and ninety patients met inclusion criteria. The sample was randomly divided into a development and a validation cohort. Logistic regression was used to develop a risk score by weighting predictors of critical care needs based on strength of association. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients (24.8%) required critical care interventions. Black race (odds ratio [OR] 3.81, p=0.006), male sex (OR 3.79, p=0.008), systolic blood pressure (SBP; OR 1.45 per 10 mm Hg increase in SBP, p<0.001), and NIH stroke scale (NIHSS; OR 1.09 per 1 point increase in NIHSS, p=0.071) were independent predictors of critical care needs. The optimal model for score development, predicting critical care needs, achieved an AUC of 0.782 in the validation group. The score was named the ICAT (Intensive Care After Thrombolysis) score, assigning the following points: black race (1 point), male sex (1 point), SBP (2 points if 160-200 mm Hg; 4 points if >200 mm Hg), and NIHSS (1 point if 7-12; 2 points if >12). Each 1-point increase in the score was associated with 2.22-fold increased odds for critical care needs (95% CI 1.78-2.76, p<0.001). A score ≥ 2 was associated with over 13 times higher odds of critical care needs compared to a score <2 (OR 13.60, 95% CI 3.23-57.19), predicting critical care with 97.2% sensitivity and 28.0% specificity. CONCLUSION: The ICAT score, combining information about race, sex, SBP, and NIHSS, predicts critical care needs in post-IVT patients and may be helpful when triaging post-IVT patients to the appropriate monitoring environment.

Keep it simple: vascular risk factors and focal exam findings correctly identify posterior circulation ischemia in "dizzy" patients.

BACKGROUND: Dizziness is a common chief complaint of patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). Physicians must quickly and accurately identify patients whose etiology is most likely ischemia. Additional tools are available, but often require further training (vestibular testing) or are costly and not always readily available (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)). This study evaluates the ability of a routine history and simple physical examination to correctly identify dizzy patients with posterior circulation ischemia, and the added utility of CT angiography (CTA). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all individuals presenting to the ED with a reported chief complaint of dizziness. Neurology was consulted and CTA ordered at the discretion of the ED provider. Demographic, medical, and radiographic variables were evaluated along with final diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to determine factors associated with ischemia, the sensitivity of vascular risk factors and focal exam findings in predicting ischemia, and the additional benefit, if any, of CTA. RESULTS: One thousand two-hundred sixteen individuals meeting inclusion criteria presented to the ED over a 2 year period and were included in analysis. One hundred (8.2 %) were diagnosed with posterior circulation ischemia. For the entire cohort, age (OR 1.4 per 10 years, p < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.3 per 10 mmHg, p < 0.0001), and focal exam findings (OR 28.69, p < 0.0001) were most significantly associated with ischemia in multivariable modeling. When age, race, sex, presence of vascular risk factors, and focal neurologic findings were entered into ROC analysis, the AUC for correctly identifying posterior circulation ischemia was 0.90. In the subset of patients who underwent CTA (n = 87), the AUC did not improve (0.78 with and without CTA in ROC analysis, p = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS: A vascular risk assessment and neurological examination are adequate for risk stratification of ischemia in the dizzy patient and should remain the standard evaluation.

Novel score predicting gastrostomy tube placement in intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dysphagia after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) contributes significantly to morbidity, often necessitating placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. This study describes a novel risk prediction score for PEG placement after ICH. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 234 patients with ICH presenting during a 4-year period. One hundred eighty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. The sample was randomly divided into a development and a validation cohort. Logistic regression was used to develop a risk score by weighting predictors of PEG placement based on strength of association. RESULTS: Age (odds ratio [OR], 1.64 per 10-year increase in age; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.65), black race (OR, 3.26; 95% CI, 0.96-11.05), Glasgow Coma Scale (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.62-1.03), and ICH volume (OR, 1.38 per 10-mL increase in ICH volume) were independent predictors of PEG placement. The final model for score development achieved an area under the curve of 0.7911 (95% CI, 0.6931-0.8892) in the validation group. The score was named the GRAVo score: Glasgow Coma Scale ≤12 (2 points), Race (1 point for black), Age >50 years (2 points), and ICH Volume >30 mL (1 point). A score >4 was associated with ≈12× higher odds of PEG placement when compared with a score ≤4 (OR, 11.81; 95% CI, 5.04-27.66), predicting PEG placement with 46.55% sensitivity and 93.13% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The GRAVo score, combining information about Glasgow Coma Scale, race, age, and ICH volume, may be a useful predictor of PEG placement in ICH patients.

Infarct volume predicts critical care needs in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis.

INTRODUCTION: Patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IVT) for ischemic stroke are monitored in an intensive care unit (ICU) or a comparable unit capable of ICU interventions due to the high frequency of standardized neurological exams and vital sign checks. The present study evaluates quantitative infarct volume on early post-IVT MRI as a predictor of critical care needs and aims to identify patients who may not require resource intense monitoring. METHODS: We identified 46 patients who underwent MRI within 6 h of IVT. Infarct volume was measured using semiautomated software. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were used to determine factors associated with ICU needs. RESULTS: Infarct volume was an independent predictor of ICU need after adjusting for age, sex, race, systolic blood pressure, NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and coronary artery disease (odds ratio 1.031 per cm(3) increase in volume, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.004-1.058, p = 0.024). The ROC curve with infarct volume alone achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.766 (95% CI 0.605-0.927), while the AUC was 0.906 (95% CI 0.814-0.998) after adjusting for race, systolic blood pressure, and NIHSS. Maximum Youden index calculations identified an optimal infarct volume cut point of 6.8 cm(3) (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 76.7%). Infarct volume greater than 3 cm(3) predicted need for critical care interventions with 81.3% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity. CONCLUSION: Infarct volume may predict needs for ICU monitoring and interventions in stroke patients treated with IVT.

Predicting symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage versus lacunar disease in patients with longstanding hypertension.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hypertension results in a spectrum of subcortical cerebrovascular disease. It is unclear why some individuals develop ischemia and others develop hemorrhage. Risk factors may differ for each population. We identify factors that predispose an individual to subcortical symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) compared with ischemia. METHODS: Demographic and laboratory data were prospectively collected for hypertensive patients presenting with ischemic stroke or sICH during an 8.5-year period. Neuroimaging was retrospectively reviewed for acute (subcortical lacunes [<2.0 cm] versus subcortical sICH) and chronic (periventricular white matter disease and cerebral microbleeds) findings. We evaluated the impact of age, race, sex, serum creatinine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, low-density lipoprotein, presence of periventricular white matter disease or cerebral microbleeds, and other factors on the risk of sICH versus acute lacune using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-one patients had subcortical pathology. The presence of cerebral microbleeds (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.39; confidence interval [CI], 2.09-5.50) was a strong predictor of sICH, whereas severe periventricular white matter disease predicted ischemia (OR, 0.56 risk of sICH; CI, 0.32-0.98). This association was strengthened when the number of microbleeds was evaluated; subjects with >5 microbleeds had an increased risk of sICH (OR, 4.11; CI, 1.96-8.59). It remained significant when individuals with only cortical microbleeds were removed (OR, 1.77, CI, 1.13-2.76). An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR, 1.19 per 10 mm/h increase; CI, 1.06-1.34) was significantly associated with sICH, whereas low-density lipoprotein was associated with ischemic infarct (OR, 0.93 risk of sICH per 10 mg/dL increase; CI, 0.86-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical pathology is the strongest predictor of the nature of subsequent symptomatic event. Low-density lipoprotein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate may also have a role in risk stratification.

Simplifying venous outflow: Prolonged venous transit as a novel qualitative marker correlating with acute stroke outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged venous transit (PVT), defined as presence of time-to-maximum ≥ 10 s within the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and/or torcula, is a novel, qualitatively assessed computed tomography perfusion surrogate parameter of venous outflow with potential utility in pretreatment acute ischemic stroke imaging for neuroprognostication. We aim to characterize the correlation between PVT and neurological functional outcomes in thrombectomy-treated patients. METHODS: A prospectively-collected database of large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombectomy was retrospectively analyzed. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and point-biserial correlations were performed between PVT status (i.e., no region, either SSS or torcula, or both), 90-day modified Rankin score (mRS), mortality (mRS 6), and poor functional outcome (mRS 4-6 vs 0-3). RESULTS: Of 128 patients, correlation between PVT and 90-day mRS (ρ = 0.35, p < 0.0001), mortality (r = 0.26, p = 0.002), and poor functional outcome (r = 0.27, p = 0.002) were significant. CONCLUSION: There is a modest, significant correlation between PVT and severity of neurological functional outcome. Consequently, PVT is an easily-ascertained, qualitative metric that may be useful as an adjunct for anticipating a patient's clinical course. Future analyses will determine the significance of incorporating PVT in clinical decision-making.

Pretreatment parameters associated with hemorrhagic transformation among successfully recanalized medium vessel occlusions.

Although pretreatment radiographic biomarkers are well established for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) following successful mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes, they are yet to be explored for medium vessel occlusion (MeVO) acute ischemic strokes. We aim to investigate pretreatment imaging biomarkers representative of collateral status, namely the hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) index, and their association with HT in successfully recanalized MeVOs. A prospectively collected registry of acute ischemic stroke patients with MeVOs successfully recanalized with MT between 2019 and 2023 was retrospectively reviewed. A multivariate logistic regression for HT of any subtype was derived by combining significant univariate predictors into a forward stepwise regression with minimization of Akaike information criterion. Of 60 MeVO patients successfully recanalized with MT, HT occurred in 28.3% of patients. Independent factors for HT included: diabetes mellitus history (p = 0.0005), CBV index (p = 0.0071), and proximal versus distal occlusion location (p = 0.0062). A multivariate model with these factors had strong diagnostic performance for predicting HT (area under curve [AUC] 0.93, p < 0.001). Lower CBV indexes, distal occlusion location, and diabetes history are significantly associated with HT in MeVOs successfully recanalized with MT. Of note, HIR was not found to be significantly associated with HT.

Redefining CT perfusion-based ischemic core estimates for the ghost core in early time window stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke patients, relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF)<30% volume thresholds are commonly used in treatment decisions. In the early time window, nearly infarcted but salvageable tissue volumes may lead to pretreatment overestimates of infarct volume, and thus potentially exclude patients who may otherwise benefit from intervention. Our multisite analysis aims to explore the strength of relationships between widely used pretreatment CT parameters and clinical outcomes for early window stroke patients. METHODS: Patients from two sites in a prospective registry were analyzed. Patients with LVOs, presenting within 3 hours of last known well, and who were successfully reperfused were included. Primary short-term neurological outcome was percent National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) change from admission to discharge. Secondary long-term outcome was 90-day modified Rankin score. Spearman's correlations were performed. Significance was attributed to p-value ≤.05. RESULTS: Among 73 patients, median age was 66 (interquartile range 54-76) years. Among all pretreatment imaging parameters, rCBF<30%, rCBF<34%, and rCBF<38% volumes were significantly, inversely correlated with percentage NIHSS change (p<.048). No other parameters significantly correlated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our multisite analysis shows that favorable short-term neurological recovery was significantly correlated with rCBF volumes in the early time window. However, modest strength of correlations provides supportive evidence that the applicability of general ischemic core estimate thresholds in this subpopulation is limited. Our results support future larger-scale efforts to liberalize or reevaluate current rCBF parameter thresholds guiding treatment decisions for early time window stroke patients.

Prolonged venous transit on perfusion imaging is associated with higher odds of mortality in successfully reperfused patients with large vessel occlusion stroke.

BACKGROUND: Poor venous outflow (VO) profiles are associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO), despite achieving successful reperfusion. The objective of this study is to assess the association between mortality and prolonged venous transit (PVT), a novel visual qualitative VO marker on CT perfusion (CTP) time to maximum (Tmax) maps. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from consecutive adult patients with AIS-LVO with successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b/2c/3). PVT+ was defined as Tmax ≥10 s timing on CTP Tmax maps in at least one of the following: superior sagittal sinus (proximal venous drainage) and/or torcula (deep venous drainage). PVT- was defined as lacking this in both regions. The primary outcome was mortality at 90 days. In a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort, regressions were performed to determine the effect of PVT on 90-day mortality. RESULTS: In 127 patients of median (IQR) age 71 (64-81) years, mortality occurred in a significantly greater proportion of PVT+ patients than PVT- patients (32.5% vs 12.6%, P=0.01). This significant difference persisted after matching (P=0.03). PVT+ was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of 90-day mortality (OR 1.22 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.46), P=0.03) in the matched cohort. CONCLUSIONS: PVT+ was significantly associated with 90-day mortality despite successful reperfusion therapy in patients with AIS-LVO. PVT is a simple VO profile marker with potential as an adjunctive metric during acute evaluation of AIS-LVO patients. Future studies will expand our understanding of using PVT in the evaluation of patients with AIS-LVO.

Neuro-11: a new questionnaire for the assessment of somatic symptom disorder in general hospitals.

Background: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) commonly presents in general hospital settings, posing challenges for healthcare professionals lacking specialised psychiatric training. The Neuro-11 Neurosis Scale (Neuro-11) offers promise in screening and evaluating psychosomatic symptoms, comprising 11 concise items across three dimensions: somatic symptoms, negative emotions and adverse events. Prior research has validated the scale's reliability, validity and theoretical framework in somatoform disorders, indicating its potential as a valuable tool for SSD screening in general hospitals. Aims: This study aimed to establish the reliability, validity and threshold of the Neuro-11 by comparing it with standard questionnaires commonly used in general hospitals for assessing SSD. Through this comparative analysis, we aimed to validate the effectiveness and precision of the Neuro-11, enhancing its utility in clinical settings. Methods: Between November 2020 and December 2021, data were collected from 731 patients receiving outpatient and inpatient care at Shenzhen People's Hospital in China for various physical discomforts. The patients completed multiple questionnaires, including the Neuro-11, Short Form 36 Health Survey, Patient Health Questionnaire 15 items, Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale. Psychiatry-trained clinicians conducted structured interviews and clinical examinations to establish a gold standard diagnosis of SSD. Results: The Neuro-11 demonstrated strong content reliability and structural consistency, correlating significantly with internationally recognised and widely used questionnaires. Despite its brevity, the Neuro-11 exhibited significant correlations with other questionnaires. A test-retest analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of 1.00, Spearman-Brown coefficient of 0.64 and Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.72, indicating robust content reliability and internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the validity of the three-dimensional structure (p<0.001, comparative fit index=0.94, Tucker-Lewis index=0.92, root mean square error of approximation=0.06, standardised root mean square residual=0.04). The threshold of the Neuro-11 is set at 10 points based on the maximum Youden's index from the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In terms of diagnostic efficacy, the Neuro-11 has an area under the curve of 0.67. Conclusions: (1) The Neuro-11 demonstrates robust associations with standard questionnaires, supporting its validity. It is applicable in general hospital settings, assessing somatic symptoms, negative emotions and adverse events. (2) The Neuro-11 exhibits strong content reliability and validity, accurately capturing the intended constructs. The three-dimensional structure demonstrates robust construct validity. (3) The threshold of the Neuro-11 is set at 10 points.

Differentiation of transverse sinus thrombosis from congenitally atretic cerebral transverse sinus with CT.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transverse sinus thrombosis can have nonspecific clinical and radiographic signs. We hypothesized that the novel "sigmoid notch sign" (on head CT) can help differentiate transverse sinus thrombosis from a congenitally atretic sinus among individuals with absent signal in 1 transverse sinus by MR venography. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 53 subjects with a unilaterally absent transverse sinus signal on MR venography. Eleven had true transverse sinus thrombosis and 42 had an atretic transverse sinus. Reviewers were trained in the sigmoid notch sign: "positive" if 1 of the sigmoid notches was asymmetrically smaller than the other, consistent with a congenitally absent transverse sinus on that side. This sign was scored on CT scans by 2 blinded reviewers to determine if signal dropout was clot or atretic sinus. A consensus rating was reached when the reviewers disagreed. Characteristics of the sigmoid notch sign as a diagnostic test were compared with a gold standard of full chart review by an independent reviewer. RESULTS: Each reviewer had a sensitivity of 91% (detecting 10 of 11 clots based on a negative sigmoid notch sign) and specificity of 71% to 81%; consensus specificity increased to 86% (36 of 42 individuals with an atretic sinus had a positive notch sign, detecting atretic sinuses based on presence of the sign). CONCLUSIONS: Asymmetries of the sigmoid notches on noncontrast brain CT is a very sensitive and specific measure of differentiating transverse sinus thrombosis from an atretic transverse sinus when absence of transverse sinus flow is visualized on MR venography.

The telemedicine experience: using principles of clinical excellence to identify disparities and optimize care.

ABSTRACT: The use of telemedicine has increased significantly during the Corona virus disease 2019 pandemic. This manuscript serves to identify the underlying principles of clinical excellence in telemedicine and to determine whether effective care practices can be generalized as a one-size-fits-all model or must instead be tailored to individual patient populations.A survey assessing care quality and patient satisfaction for patients using telemedicine was created and administered via email to 2 urban cohorts of varying demographics and socioeconomic backgrounds: a population of patients with prior stroke and cerebrovascular disease, and a cohort of patients followed for interstitial lung disease. Results were compared across groups to determine the generalizability of effective practices across populations.Individuals taking part in telemedicine were more likely to be White, more affluent, and woman, regardless of clinical diagnosis compared with a similar cohort of patients seen in-person the year prior. A lower-than-expected number of patients who were Black and of lower socioeconomic status followed up virtually, indicating potential barriers to access. Overall, patients who participated in televisits were satisfied with the experience and felt that the care met their medical needs; however, those who were older were more likely to experience technical difficulties and prefer in-person visits, while those with less education were less likely to feel that their questions were addressed in an understandable way.When thoughtfully designed, telemedicine practices can be an effective model for patient care, though implementation must consider population characteristics including age, education, and socioeconomic status, and strategies such as ease of access versus optimization of communication strategies should be tailored to meet individual patient needs.

Multidomain cognitive dysfunction after minor stroke suggests generalized disruption of cognitive networks.

OBJECTIVE: Although small strokes typically result in "good" functional outcomes, significant cognitive impairment can occur. This longitudinal study examined a cohort of patients with minor stroke to determine the pattern of deficits, evolution over time, and factors associated with outcome. METHODS: Patients admitted to the hospital with their first clinical minor stroke (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤ 10, absence of severe hemiparesis, aphasia, or neglect) were assessed at 1 month post-infarct, and a subset were followed over time (with 6- and 12-month evaluations). Composite scores at each time point were generated for global cognition, verbal memory, spatial memory, motor speed, processing speed, and executive function. Paired t-tests evaluated change in scores over time. Regression models identified factors associated with initial performance and better recovery. RESULTS: Eighty patients were enrolled, evaluated at 1 month, and prospectively followed. The average age of the participants was 62.3 years, and mean education was 13.5 years. The average stroke volume was 6.6 cc; mean NIHSS score was 2.8. At 1 month, cognitive scores were below the normative range and > 1 standard deviation below the patient's peak ("recovery") score for every cognitive domain, strongly suggesting that they were well below patients' prestroke baselines. Forty-eight patients followed up at 6 months, and 39 at 12 months. Nearly all (98%) patients significantly improved in global cognition (averaged across domains) between 1 and 6 months. Between 6 and 12 months, recovery was variable. Higher education, occupational class, and Caucasian race were associated with higher recovery scores for most domains. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment across multiple domains is common following minor stroke regardless of infarct location, suggesting a global process such as network dysfunction that improves over 6 months. Degree of recovery can be predicted using baseline factors.

Phase IIB/III trial of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke: results of a prematurely terminated randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intravenous alteplase (rtPA) remains the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke, but its use remains limited. In a previous pilot dose-escalation study, intravenous tenecteplase showed promise as a potentially safer alternative. Therefore, a Phase IIB clinical trial was begun to (1) choose a best dose of tenecteplase to carry forward; and (2) to provide evidence for either promise or futility of further testing of tenecteplase versus rtPA. If promise was established, then the trial would continue as a Phase III efficacy trial comparing the selected tenecteplase dose to standard rtPA. METHODS: The trial began as a small, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial comparing 0.1, 0.25, and 0.4 mg/kg tenecteplase with standard 0.9 mg/kg rtPA in patients with acute stroke within 3 hours of onset. An adaptive sequential design used an early (24-hour) assessment of major neurological improvement balanced against occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage to choose a "best" dose of tenecteplase to carry forward. Once a "best" dose was established, the trial was to continue until at least 100 pairs of the selected tenecteplase dose versus standard rtPA could be compared by 3-month outcome using the modified Rankin Scale in an interim analysis. Decision rules were devised to yield a clear recommendation to either stop for futility or to continue into Phase III. RESULTS: The trial was prematurely terminated for slow enrollment after only 112 patients had been randomized at 8 clinical centers between 2006 and 2008. The 0.4-mg/kg dose was discarded as inferior after only 73 patients were randomized, but the selection procedure was still unable to distinguish between 0.1 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg as a propitious dose at the time the trial was stopped. There were no statistically persuasive differences in 3-month outcomes between the remaining tenecteplase groups and rtPA. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rates were highest in the discarded 0.4-mg/kg tenecteplase group and lowest (0 of 31) in the 0.1-mg/kg tenecteplase group. Neither promise nor futility could be established. CONCLUSION: This prematurely terminated trial has demonstrated the potential efficiency of a novel design in selecting a propitious dose for future study of a new thrombolytic agent for acute stroke. Given the truncation of the trial, no convincing conclusions can be made about the promise of future study of tenecteplase in acute stroke.

Eastchester clapping sign: a novel test of parietal neglect.

Hand clapping is a motor program mastered in infancy. Inspired by a question posed by an Eastchester High School AP Psychology class, we present a case series of 14 patients with hemispatial neglect who, when asked to clap, repeatedly performed one-handed motions stopping abruptly at the midline of the visual hemispace, as if pantomiming slapping an invisible board. In contrast, hemiplegic patients without neglect will reach across and clap against their plegic hands. This phenomenon provides an easy, rapid, and unambiguous test for neglect, applicable to patients of any ethnicity or age. Ann Neurol 2009;66:114-117.