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1.
Nature ; 611(7936): 512-518, 2022 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36261519

RESUMEN

Long-term analyses of biodiversity data highlight a 'biodiversity conservation paradox': biological communities show substantial species turnover over the past century1,2, but changes in species richness are marginal1,3-5. Most studies, however, have focused only on the incidence of species, and have not considered changes in local abundance. Here we asked whether analysing changes in the cover of plant species could reveal previously unrecognized patterns of biodiversity change and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms. We compiled and analysed a dataset of 7,738 permanent and semi-permanent vegetation plots from Germany that were surveyed between 2 and 54 times from 1927 to 2020, in total comprising 1,794 species of vascular plants. We found that decrements in cover, averaged across all species and plots, occurred more often than increments; that the number of species that decreased in cover was higher than the number of species that increased; and that decrements were more equally distributed among losers than were gains among winners. Null model simulations confirmed that these trends do not emerge by chance, but are the consequence of species-specific negative effects of environmental changes. In the long run, these trends might result in substantial losses of species at both local and regional scales. Summarizing the changes by decade shows that the inequality in the mean change in species cover of losers and winners diverged as early as the 1960s. We conclude that changes in species cover in communities represent an important but understudied dimension of biodiversity change that should more routinely be considered in time-series analyses.


Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Plantas , Alemania , Plantas/clasificación , Especificidad de la Especie , Factores de Tiempo , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto
2.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(13)2024 Jun 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39000012

RESUMEN

Identification of drug targets and biochemical investigations on mechanisms of action are major issues in modern drug development. The present article is a critical review of the classical "one drug"-"one target" paradigm. In fact, novel methods for target deconvolution and for investigation of resistant strains based on protein mass spectrometry have shown that multiple gene products and adaptation mechanisms are involved in the responses of pathogens to xenobiotics rather than one single gene or gene product. Resistance to drugs may be linked to differential expression of other proteins than those interacting with the drug in protein binding studies and result in complex cell physiological adaptation. Consequently, the unraveling of mechanisms of action needs approaches beyond proteomics. This review is focused on protozoan pathogens. The conclusions can, however, be extended to chemotherapies against other pathogens or cancer.


Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios , Proteómica , Proteómica/métodos , Humanos , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Animales , Proteínas Protozoarias/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(15)2024 Aug 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39125999

RESUMEN

Elastin, a key structural protein essential for the elasticity of the skin and elastogenic tissues, degrades with age. Replenishing elastin holds promise for anti-aging cosmetics and the supplementation of elastic activities of the cardiovascular system. We employed RiboScreenTM, a technology for identifying molecules that enhance the production of specific proteins, to target the production of tropoelastin. We make use of RiboScreenTM in two crucial steps: first, to pinpoint a target ribosomal protein (TRP), which acts as a switch to increase the production of the protein of interest (POI), and second, to identify small molecules that activate this ribosomal protein switch. Using RiboScreenTM, we identified ribosomal protein L40, henceforth eL40, as a TRP switch to boost tropoelastin production. Drug discovery identified a small-molecule hit that binds to eL40. In-cell treatment demonstrated activity of the eL40 ligand and delivered increased tropoelastin production levels in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, we demonstrate that RiboScreenTM can successfully identify a small-molecule hit capable of selectively enhancing tropoelastin production. This compound has the potential to be developed for topical or systemic applications to promote skin rejuvenation and to supplement elastic functionality within the cardiovascular system.


Asunto(s)
Elastina , Proteínas Ribosómicas , Ribosomas , Tropoelastina , Tropoelastina/metabolismo , Tropoelastina/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Ribosómicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribosómicas/genética , Elastina/metabolismo , Elastina/genética , Ribosomas/metabolismo , Ribosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Ligandos , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología
4.
Nat Chem Biol ; 17(2): 196-204, 2021 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33106661

RESUMEN

The calcium release activated calcium channel is activated by the endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium sensor protein STIM1. On activation, STIM1 C terminus changes from an inactive, tight to an active, extended conformation. A coiled-coil clamp involving the CC1 and CC3 domains is essential in controlling STIM1 activation, with CC1 as the key entity. The nuclear magnetic resonance-derived solution structure of the CC1 domain represents a three-helix bundle stabilized by interhelical contacts, which are absent in the Stormorken disease-related STIM1 R304W mutant. Two interhelical sites between the CC1α1 and CC1α2 helices are key in controlling STIM1 activation, affecting the balance between tight and extended conformations. Nuclear magnetic resonance-directed mutations within these interhelical interactions restore the physiological, store-dependent activation behavior of the gain-of-function STIM1 R304W mutant. This study reveals the functional impact of interhelical interactions within the CC1 domain for modifying the CC1-CC3 clamp strength to control the activation of STIM1.


Asunto(s)
Canales de Calcio Activados por la Liberación de Calcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Molécula de Interacción Estromal 1/genética , Trastornos de las Plaquetas Sanguíneas/genética , Clonación Molecular , Dislexia/genética , Eritrocitos Anormales , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Ictiosis/genética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Trastornos Migrañosos/genética , Miosis/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Fatiga Muscular/genética , Mutación/genética , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , Proteína ORAI1/genética , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Bazo/anomalías
5.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(13)2023 Jun 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37445632

RESUMEN

In T. gondii, as well as in other model organisms, gene knock-out using CRISPR-Cas9 is a suitable tool to identify the role of specific genes. The general consensus implies that only the gene of interest is affected by the knock-out. Is this really the case? In a previous study, we generated knock-out (KO) clones of TgRH88_077450 (SRS29B; SAG1) which differed in the numbers of the integrated dihydrofolate-reductase-thymidylate-synthase (MDHFR-TS) drug-selectable marker. Clones 18 and 33 had a single insertion of MDHFR-TS within SRS29B. Clone 6 was disrupted by the insertion of a short unrelated DNA-sequence, but the marker was integrated elsewhere. In clone 30, the marker was inserted into SRS29B, and several other MDHFR-TS copies were found in the genome. KO and wild-type (WT) tachyzoites had similar shapes, dimensions, and vitality. This prompted us to investigate the impact of genetic engineering on the overall proteome patterns of the four clones as compared to the respective WT. Comparative shotgun proteomics of the five strains was performed. Overall, 3236 proteins were identified. Principal component analysis of the proteomes revealed five distinct clusters corresponding to the five strains by both iTop3 and iLFQ algorithms. Detailed analysis of the differentially expressed proteins revealed that the target of the KO, srs29B, was lacking in all KO clones. In addition to this protein, 20 other proteins were differentially expressed between KO clones and WT or between different KO clones. The protein exhibiting the highest variation between the five strains was srs36D encoded by TgRH_016110. The deregulated expression of SRS36D was further validated by quantitative PCR. Moreover, the transcript levels of three other selected SRS genes, namely SRS36B, SRS46, and SRS57, exhibited significant differences between individual strains. These results indicate that knocking out a given gene may affect the expression of other genes. Therefore, care must be taken when specific phenotypes are regarded as a direct consequence of the KO of a given gene.


Asunto(s)
Toxoplasma , Toxoplasma/genética , Proteómica/métodos , Secuencia de Bases , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/análisis , Células Clonales
6.
Brain Behav Immun ; 99: 281-288, 2022 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34699932

RESUMEN

Infectious pathogens may represent an environmental risk factor for chronic tic disorders (CTD). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) IgG positivity is associated with the presence or severity of tics. We compared M. pneumoniae IgG positivity across three groups: children and adolescents (3-16 years) with CTD (CTD group; n = 302); siblings (3-10 years) of people with CTD who developed tics within a seven-year follow-up period (tic onset group; n = 51); siblings (4-10 years) who did not develop tics within the study period and were ≥10-years-old at their last assessment (unaffected group; n = 88). The relationship between M. pneumoniae IgG positivity and the presence and severity of tics was analysed using multilevel models controlling for site, family relatedness, sex, age, presence of comorbid obsessive-compulsive and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and use of psychotropic medication. M. pneumoniae IgG positivity was not associated with the presence of CTD, or the first onset of tics as compared to siblings who remained unaffected. M. pneumoniae IgG positivity was associated with a higher tic severity score within the CTD group (ß = 2.64, s.e. = 1.15, p = 0.02). It is possible that M. pneumoniae infection influences tic severity in CTD or, that having more severe tics, increases the risk of infection. However, it is more likely that the association observed in this study reflects a propensity toward enhanced immune responses in people with CTD and that, rather than a causal relationship, infection and greater tic severity are indirectly linked via shared underlying immune mechanisms.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Tic , Tics , Síndrome de Tourette , Adolescente , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Trastornos de Tic/complicaciones , Tics/complicaciones
7.
Cell Mol Life Sci ; 78(7): 3673-3689, 2021 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33599799

RESUMEN

The free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii occurs worldwide in soil and water and feeds on bacteria and other microorganisms. It is, however, also a facultative parasite and can cause serious infections in humans. The annotated genome of A. castellanii (strain Neff) suggests the presence of two different thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), of which one is of the small bacterial type and the other of the large vertebrate type. This combination is highly unusual. Similar to vertebrate TrxRases, the gene coding for the large TrxR in A. castellanii contains a UGA stop codon at the C-terminal active site, suggesting the presence of selenocysteine. We characterized the thioredoxin system in A. castellanii in conjunction with glutathione reductase (GR), to obtain a more complete understanding of the redox system in A. castellanii and the roles of its components in the response to oxidative stress. Both TrxRases localize to the cytoplasm, whereas GR localizes to the cytoplasm and the large organelle fraction. We could only identify one thioredoxin (Trx-1) to be indeed reduced by one of the TrxRases, i.e., by the small TrxR. This thioredoxin, in turn, could reduce one of the two peroxiredoxins tested and also methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA). Upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide and diamide, only the small TrxR was upregulated in expression at the mRNA and protein levels, but not the large TrxR. Our results show that the small TrxR is involved in the A. castellanii's response to oxidative stress. The role of the large TrxR, however, remains elusive.


Asunto(s)
Acanthamoeba castellanii/metabolismo , Disulfuro de Glutatión/metabolismo , Glutatión Reductasa/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/metabolismo , Tiorredoxinas/metabolismo , Acanthamoeba castellanii/crecimiento & desarrollo , Antioxidantes , Humanos , Oxidación-Reducción
8.
BMC Biol ; 19(1): 142, 2021 07 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34294116

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The opportunistic pathogen Naegleria fowleri establishes infection in the human brain, killing almost invariably within 2 weeks. The amoeba performs piece-meal ingestion, or trogocytosis, of brain material causing direct tissue damage and massive inflammation. The cellular basis distinguishing N. fowleri from other Naegleria species, which are all non-pathogenic, is not known. Yet, with the geographic range of N. fowleri advancing, potentially due to climate change, understanding how this pathogen invades and kills is both important and timely. RESULTS: Here, we report an -omics approach to understanding N. fowleri biology and infection at the system level. We sequenced two new strains of N. fowleri and performed a transcriptomic analysis of low- versus high-pathogenicity N. fowleri cultured in a mouse infection model. Comparative analysis provides an in-depth assessment of encoded protein complement between strains, finding high conservation. Molecular evolutionary analyses of multiple diverse cellular systems demonstrate that the N. fowleri genome encodes a similarly complete cellular repertoire to that found in free-living N. gruberi. From transcriptomics, neither stress responses nor traits conferred from lateral gene transfer are suggested as critical for pathogenicity. By contrast, cellular systems such as proteases, lysosomal machinery, and motility, together with metabolic reprogramming and novel N. fowleri proteins, are all implicated in facilitating pathogenicity within the host. Upregulation in mouse-passaged N. fowleri of genes associated with glutamate metabolism and ammonia transport suggests adaptation to available carbon sources in the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: In-depth analysis of Naegleria genomes and transcriptomes provides a model of cellular systems involved in opportunistic pathogenicity, uncovering new angles to understanding the biology of a rare but highly fatal pathogen.


Asunto(s)
Naegleria fowleri , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Genómica , Ratones , Naegleria fowleri/genética , Transcriptoma , Trogocitosis
9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 115(47): 11891-11898, 2018 11 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30397145

RESUMEN

Hydropower has been the leading source of renewable energy across the world, accounting for up to 71% of this supply as of 2016. This capacity was built up in North America and Europe between 1920 and 1970 when thousands of dams were built. Big dams stopped being built in developed nations, because the best sites for dams were already developed and environmental and social concerns made the costs unacceptable. Nowadays, more dams are being removed in North America and Europe than are being built. The hydropower industry moved to building dams in the developing world and since the 1970s, began to build even larger hydropower dams along the Mekong River Basin, the Amazon River Basin, and the Congo River Basin. The same problems are being repeated: disrupting river ecology, deforestation, losing aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, releasing substantial greenhouse gases, displacing thousands of people, and altering people's livelihoods plus affecting the food systems, water quality, and agriculture near them. This paper studies the proliferation of large dams in developing countries and the importance of incorporating climate change into considerations of whether to build a dam along with some of the governance and compensation challenges. We also examine the overestimation of benefits and underestimation of costs along with changes that are needed to address the legitimate social and environmental concerns of people living in areas where dams are planned. Finally, we propose innovative solutions that can move hydropower toward sustainable practices together with solar, wind, and other renewable sources.

10.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol ; 34(4): 167-182, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33823521

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) describes a family of rare genetic blistering skin disorders. Various subtypes are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and a lethal postpartum form of EB is the generalized severe junctional EB (gs-JEB). gs-JEB is mainly caused by premature termination codon (PTC) mutations in the skin anchor protein LAMB3 (laminin subunit beta-3) gene. The ribosome in majority of translational reads of LAMB3PTC mRNA aborts protein synthesis at the PTC signal, with production of a truncated, nonfunctional protein. This leaves an endogenous readthrough mechanism needed for production of functional full-length Lamb3 protein albeit at insufficient levels. Here, we report on the development of drugs targeting ribosomal protein L35 (rpL35), a ribosomal modifier for customized increase in production of full-length Lamb3 protein from a LAMB3PTC mRNA. METHODS: Molecular docking studies were employed to identify small molecules binding to human rpL35. Molecular determinants of small molecule binding to rpL35 were further characterized by titration of the protein with these ligands as monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution. Changes in NMR chemical shifts were used to map the docking sites for small molecules onto the 3D structure of the rpL35. RESULTS: Molecular docking studies identified 2 FDA-approved drugs, atazanavir and artesunate, as candidate small-molecule binders of rpL35. Molecular interaction studies predicted several binding clusters for both compounds scattered throughout the rpL35 structure. NMR titration studies identified the amino acids participating in the ligand interaction. Combining docking predictions for atazanavir and artesunate with rpL35 and NMR analysis of rpL35 ligand interaction, one binding cluster located near the N-terminus of rpL35 was identified. In this region, the nonidentical binding sites for atazanavir and artesunate overlap and are accessible when rpL35 is integrated in its natural ribosomal environment. CONCLUSION: Atazanavir and artesunate were identified as candidate compounds binding to ribosomal protein rpL35 and may now be tested for their potential to trigger a rpL35 ribosomal switch to increase production of full-length Lamb3 protein from a LAMB3PTC mRNA for targeted systemic therapy in treating gs-JEB.


Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Epidermólisis Ampollosa de la Unión/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribosómicas/metabolismo , Artesunato/química , Sulfato de Atazanavir/química , Epidermólisis Ampollosa de la Unión/patología , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Unión Proteica/fisiología , Piel/patología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Piel , Kalinina
11.
Brain Behav Immun ; 87: 603-609, 2020 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32061905

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated a strong link between immune system abnormalities and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). High suicide risk is a major complication of MDD and has recently been linked to strong (neuro-)immune alterations, but little is known on the link between circulating immune cell composition and suicidal risk status. METHODS: Here, we assessed percentages of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with focus on T helper cell subsets (memory T helper cells, Th1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory cells) in a large and well-matched cohort of 153 patients diagnosed with MDD and 153 age and sex matched controls. We explored the association of these cell populations with suicide risk while accounting for age, sex, BMI, depression severity and childhood trauma. RESULTS: Patients with MDD had reduced percentages of NK cells, and higher percentages of B and T cells in line with current literature. Further exploration of T-cells revealed a robustly elevated number of memory T helper cells, regardless of age group. Patients at high risk for suicide had the highest memory T helper cells and additionally showed a robust increase of Th17 cells compared to other suicide risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: The higher abundance of memory T helper cells points towards premature aging of the immune system in MDD patients, even during young adulthood. Patients at high risk for suicide show the clearest immune abnormalities and may represent a clinically relevant subtype of depression.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento Prematuro , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Suicidio , Adulto , Envejecimiento , Niño , Depresión , Humanos , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Células TH1 , Células Th17 , Células Th2 , Adulto Joven
12.
Parasitology ; 147(9): 1008-1018, 2020 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32338227

RESUMEN

Giardia lamblia is a causative agent of persistent diarrhoea widespread in regions with low hygienic standards. Laboratory research is based on cloned lines issuing from various patient isolates typed in the late 1980s and 90s using restriction analysis and serology. In the present study, we compared the well-characterized strain WBC6 with another clone of the parent WB isolate termed WBA1 and with a clone from another isolate, GS/M-83-H7, using shotgun mass spectrometry proteomics. We identified 398 proteins differentially expressed between the GS and both WB isolates and 97 proteins differentially expressed between the two WB isolates. We investigated the expression levels of the predominant variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) in each clone and matched the previously described major VSPs of each strain to the corresponding open reading frame sequences identified by whole-genome sequencing efforts. Furthermore, since the original WB isolate comes from a patient treated with metronidazole, we compared the susceptibilities of the strains to nitro compounds, as well the expression levels of enzymes involved in nitro reduction and on the corresponding enzyme activities and found distinct differences between the three strains.


Asunto(s)
Variación Antigénica/genética , Giardia/genética , Proteoma/inmunología , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Genómica , Giardia/inmunología , Proteómica
13.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci ; 270(7): 911-919, 2020 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31760473

RESUMEN

For patients with depression treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the novel seizure quality index (SQI) can predict the risk of non-response (and non-remission)-as early as after the second ECT session-based the extent of several ictal parameters of the seizure. We aim to test several CSF markers on their ability to predict the degree of seizure quality, measured by the SQI to identify possible factors, that could explain some variability of the seizure quality. Baseline CSF levels of metabolites from the kynurenine pathway, markers of neurodegeneration (tau proteins, ß-amyloids and neurogranin), elements of the innate immune system, endocannabinoids, sphingolipids, neurotrophic factors (VEGF) and Klotho were measured before ECT in patients with depression (n = 12) to identify possible correlations with the SQI by Pearson's partial correlation. Negative, linear relationships with the SQI for response were observed for CSF levels of T-tau (rpartial = - 0.69, p = 0.019), phosphatidylcholines (rpartial = - 0.52, p = 0.038) and IL-8 (rpartial = - 0.67, p = 0.047). Regarding the SQI for remission, a negative, linear relationship was noted with CSF levels of the endocannabinoid AEA (rpartial = - 0.70, p = 0.024) and CD163 (rpartial = - 0.68, p = 0.029). In sum, CSF Markers for the innate immune system, for neurodegeneration and from lipids were found to be associated with the SQI for response and remission after adjusting for age. Consistently, higher CSF levels of the markers were always associated with lower seizure quality. Based on these results, further research regarding the mechanism of seizure quality in ECT is suggested.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Trastorno Bipolar/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Resistente al Tratamiento/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Trastorno Depresivo Resistente al Tratamiento/terapia , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Electromiografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inducción de Remisión
14.
Exp Parasitol ; 209: 107814, 2020 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31816280

RESUMEN

Giardia duodenalis is one of the most important intestinal parasites globally, especially in children, and in Cuba is the leading cause of chronic paediatric diarrhoea in this population. G. duodenalis is composed of eight genetic groups (or assemblages), two of which (A and B) are apparently zoonotic, occurring in both humans and other animals. However, consensus on the most appropriate genotyping scheme for optimal characterization of G. duodenalis isolates is lacking. In this article we present the results of three descriptive observational studies conducted in Havana, Cuba between 2010 and 2013, with the aim of comparing the results from molecular (PCR) approaches targeting different genes in order to assign with confidence 224 isolates of G. duodenalis to the correct assemblages. In each sub-study, following DNA isolation by the phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol extraction method, PCR targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was used for molecular characterization, as well as one additional PCR-method targeting another gene or pair of genes. DNA amplification was obtained in 87%, 83%, and 80% in the three sub-studies. Although excellent agreement (kappa index = 1) was recorded between results from some pairs of genes, for other combinations only moderate or substantial agreement was achieved. These results highlight the importance of interpretation of genotyping data, especially when single genetic markers are used. From the results of our studies, PCR targeting a combination of the tpi gene and the intergenic spacer region of rDNA may be a useful approach for the molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates.


Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Genotipaje/normas , Giardia lamblia/clasificación , Giardiasis/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Cuba , ADN Protozoario/química , ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , Heces/parasitología , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardia lamblia/aislamiento & purificación , Glutamato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Triosa-Fosfato Isomerasa/genética
15.
Neuropsychobiology ; 77(1): 13-22, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30121652

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: No candidate biomarkers based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been identified as prognostic factors in patients with major depression treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), yet. METHOD: Following different underlying hypotheses, we analysed baseline CSF levels of markers of neurodegeneration (tau proteins, ß-amyloids and neurogranin), elements of the innate immune system (interleukin [IL]-6, neopterin, soluble CD14, soluble CD163, migration inhibitory factor and monocyte chemotactic protein 1), endocannabinoids, sphingolipids and Klotho before ECT in patients with depression (n = 12) to identify possible correlations with the clinical antidepressant response to ECT. RESULTS: Correlation with the reduction of the depressive symptoms could be observed especially for markers of neurodegeneration and elements of the innate immune system. Differences for CSF levels of several markers were found between the groups of responders and non-responders at the trend level. LIMITATIONS: The sample size is small and the -distribution of responders and non-responders is uneven. CONCLUSIONS: It is this first study on CSF biomarkers for antidepressant efficacy of ECT warrants further research regarding the mechanism of ECT and personalized antidepressant therapy.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Endocannabinoides/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Glucuronidasa/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Inmunidad Innata , Degeneración Nerviosa/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Esfingolípidos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas Klotho , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven
16.
Exp Parasitol ; 197: 9-15, 2019 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30584924

RESUMEN

Serodiagnosis of human anisakidosis is presently hampered by the current lack of standardised serological assays that allow sensitive and specific detection of Anisakidae-specific antibodies in human patients. In the present study, we comparatively evaluated the diagnostic value (by IgG-ELISA) of excretory-secretory antigens (ESAgs) of Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum, representing the most frequently found genera responsible for human infection. In addition, we tested also a mix of the three ES preparations (Mix-ESAgs) as well as two recombinant allergens of A. simplex, rAni s 1 and rAni s 7. ES antigen from C. osculatum yielded the best diagnostic performance in IgG-ELISA-based serodiagnosis of the Spanish anisakidosis patients investigated in this study (relative serodiagnostic sensitivity 100%; specificity 89%) as compared to A. simplex ES-antigen (93% versus 57%) and P. decipiens (67% versus 93%) or a mix of the three ES antigens (100% versus 44%), respectively. Cross-reactions of C. osculatum ES antigen with serum-antibodies from patients suffering from other helminth infections were rare and were exclusively found with few sera from toxocariasis, ascariasis, and filariasis patients. The two recombinant allergens rAni s 1 and rAni s 7 did not prove sufficiently sensitive and specific in order to justify a further evaluation of these antigens regarding their suitability in IgG-ELISA-based serodiagnosis of human anisakidosis. In conclusion, the C. osculatum-ESAg-ELISA remains as key candidate to be further assessed for the serodiagnosis of symptomatic anisakidosis in different endemic regions.


Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/diagnóstico , Ascaridoidea/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Animales , Anisakis/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/normas , Humanos , Conejos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Pruebas Serológicas
17.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry ; 28(1): 91-109, 2019 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29982875

RESUMEN

Genetic predisposition, autoimmunity and environmental factors [e.g. pre- and perinatal difficulties, Group A Streptococcal (GAS) and other infections, stress-inducing events] might interact to create a neurobiological vulnerability to the development of tics and associated behaviours. However, the existing evidence for this relies primarily on small prospective or larger retrospective population-based studies, and is therefore still inconclusive. This article describes the design and methodology of the EMTICS study, a longitudinal observational European multicentre study involving 16 clinical centres, with the following objectives: (1) to investigate the association of environmental factors (GAS exposure and psychosocial stress, primarily) with the onset and course of tics and/or obsessive-compulsive symptoms through the prospective observation of at-risk individuals (ONSET cohort: 260 children aged 3-10 years who are tic-free at study entry and have a first-degree relative with a chronic tic disorder) and affected individuals (COURSE cohort: 715 youth aged 3-16 years with a tic disorder); (2) to characterise the immune response to microbial antigens and the host's immune response regulation in association with onset and exacerbations of tics; (3) to increase knowledge of the human gene pathways influencing the pathogenesis of tic disorders; and (4) to develop prediction models for the risk of onset and exacerbations of tic disorders. The EMTICS study is, to our knowledge, the largest prospective cohort assessment of the contribution of different genetic and environmental factors to the risk of developing tics in putatively predisposed individuals and to the risk of exacerbating tics in young individuals with chronic tic disorders.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Tic/complicaciones , Trastornos de Tic/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Trastornos de Tic/patología
18.
Infect Immun ; 86(10)2018 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30037796

RESUMEN

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal disease caused by infection with the metacestode stage of the helminth Echinococcus multilocularis, which develops into a tumorlike mass in susceptible intermediate hosts. The growth potential of this parasite stage is directly linked to the nature of the surrounding periparasitic immune-mediated processes. In a first step (experiment 1), mice were orally infected with E. multilocularis eggs, to be used for assessing the hepatic expression profiles of 15 selected cytokine and chemokine genes related to acquired immunity from 21 to 120 days postinfection. The early stage of infection in immunocompetent animals was marked by a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, as characterized by the concomitant presence of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and their related chemokines. At the late stage of AE, the profile extended to a combined tolerogenic mode including Foxp3, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) as key components. In a second step (experiment 2), the effect of T regulatory cell (Treg) deficiency on metacestode growth was assessed in E. multilocularis-infected DEREG (depletion of regulatory T cells) mice upon induction of Treg deficiency with diphtheria toxin (DT). The parasite lesions were significantly smaller in the livers of treated mice than in corresponding control groups. Foxp3+ Tregs appear to be one of the key players in immune-regulatory processes favoring metacestode survival by affecting antigen presentation and suppressing Th1-type immune responses. For these reasons, we suggest that affecting Foxp3+ Tregs could offer an attractive target in the development of an immunotherapy against AE.


Asunto(s)
Equinococosis/inmunología , Equinococosis/terapia , Echinococcus multilocularis/inmunología , Inmunoterapia , Óvulo/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Animales , Quimiocinas/genética , Quimiocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/inmunología , Equinococosis/parasitología , Echinococcus multilocularis/genética , Femenino , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/genética , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/inmunología , Humanos , Interferón gamma/genética , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-4/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunología
19.
Chemphyschem ; 19(8): 907-912, 2018 04 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29399935

RESUMEN

A major breakthrough in speed and sensitivity of 2 D spin-noise-detected NMR is achieved owing to a new acquisition and processing scheme called "double block usage" (DBU) that utilizes each recorded noise block in two independent cross-correlations. The mixing, evolution, and acquisition periods are repeated head-to-tail without any recovery delays and well-known building blocks of multidimensional NMR (constant-time evolution and quadrature detection in the indirect dimension as well as pulsed field gradients) provide further enhancement and artifact suppression. Modified timing of the receiver electronics eliminates spurious random excitation. We achieve a threefold sensitivity increase over the original snHMQC (spin-noise-detected heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation) experiment (K. Chandra et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 3853) and demonstrate the feasibility of spin-noise-detected long-range correlation.

20.
Horm Behav ; 100: 100-106, 2018 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29526749

RESUMEN

Decision-making in groups is a remarkable and decisive element of human societies. Humans are able to organize themselves in groups, engage in collaborative decision-making processes and arrive at a binding agreement, even in the absence of unanimous consent. However, the transfer of decision-making autonomy requires a willingness to deliberately expose oneself to the decisions of others. A lack of trust in the abilities of others or of the underlying decision-making process, i.e. public trust, can lead to a breakdown of organizations in political or economic domains. Recent studies indicate that the biological basis of trust on an individual level is related to Oxytocin, an endogenous neuropeptide and hormone, which is also associated with pro-social behavior and positive conflict resolution. However, little is known about the effects of Oxytocin on the inclination of individuals to form or join groups and to deliberately engage in collaborative decision-making processes. Here, we show that intranasal administration of Oxytocin (n = 60) compared to placebo (n = 60) in males causes an adverse effect on the choice for forming groups in the presence of a competitive environment. In particular, Oxytocin negatively affects the willingness to work collaboratively in a p-Beauty contest game, whereas the effect is most pronounced for participants with relatively high strategic sophistication. Since our data provide initial evidence that Oxytocin has a positive effect on strategic thinking and performance in the p-Beauty contest game, we argue that the adverse effect on group formation might be rooted in an enhanced strategic sophistication of participants treated with Oxytocin.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Cooperativa , Toma de Decisiones/efectos de los fármacos , Procesos de Grupo , Oxitocina/farmacología , Administración Intranasal , Adolescente , Adulto , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Masculino , Oxitocina/administración & dosificación , Conducta Social , Pensamiento/efectos de los fármacos , Confianza/psicología , Adulto Joven
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