RESUMEN
This paper presents a nondestructive method for accurately identifying internal flaws in metal plates, which is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in safety-critical applications. The technique relies on analyzing laser-induced ultrasound (LIU) longitudinal wave time-of-flight, as demonstrated through a theoretical five-layer model. Experimental validation was conducted using a piezo-sensor in contact with a slab containing millimetric artificial cavities immersed in air, resulting in a discrepancy of 5.05%. In contrast, experiments performed in a water medium exhibited a lower discrepancy of 2.5%. (Discrepancy refers to differences between measurements obtained through an experimental time-of-flight analysis and caliper measurements.) The results obtained in water-based experiments affirm the accuracy of the proposed model. B-scan measurements and the five-layer model were utilized to generate 2D reconstructed images, enabling precise localization and sizing of cavities and kissing bonds between plates, finding an average size of kissing bond of 30 µm. In conclusion, the proposed five-layer model, based on a longitudinal wave time-of-flight analysis, provides a straightforward framework for an easy cavity and kissing bond measurements in metal plates.
RESUMEN
High-frequency phase polarization gratings are fabricated holographically in dichromated gelatin dyed with malachite green. It is observed that the intensity of the -1 diffracted beam is a sinusoidal function of the incident polarization angle. In addition, we analyze the dependence of the diffracted order polarization on grating frequency. It is evident from our results that form birefringence becomes significant when the grating period is smaller than the illumination wavelength, thus modifying the optically induced birefringence. Then, in polarization hologram reconstruction, it is not possible to obtain the polarization distribution at the recording step for high-frequency objects.