Gender difference in tooth autotransplantation with complete root formation: a retrospective survey.

Gender-related risk factors in the survival of transplanted teeth with complete root formation have not yet been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in tooth autotransplantation at dental clinics. We asked participating dentists to provide information on transplantations they had undertaken from 1 January 1990 to 1931 December 2010. The data were screened to exclude patients who underwent more than one transplantation, smokers or those whose smoking habits were unknown, patients under 30 or who were 70 years old and over, cases where the transplanted teeth had incomplete root formation or multiple roots and those with fewer than 20 present teeth post-operation. We analysed 73 teeth of 73 males (mean age, 47.2 years) and 106 teeth of 106 females (mean age, 45.3 years) in this study. The cumulative survival rate and mean survival time were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The cumulative survival rate for males was 88.3% at the 5-year mark, 64.8% at 10 years and 48.6% at 15 years; for females, it was 97.2% at the 5-year mark, 85.9% at 10 years and 85.9% at 15 years. A log-rank test indicated the difference between males and females to be significant (P = 0.011). There was also a significant difference in the main causes for the loss of transplanted teeth: males lost more transplanted teeth due to attachment loss than females (P < 0.05). These results indicate that males require more attention during the autotransplantation process, particularly at the stage of pre-operation evaluation and that of follow-up maintenance.

Influence of age on tooth autotransplantation with complete root formation.

The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors with age in the long-term prognosis of autotransplantation of teeth with complete root formation at dental clinics. Participating dentists were asked to provide information on transplantations they had undertaken from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2010. Data on a total of 708 teeth from 637 patients were collected. The data were screened to exclude patients who were under 25 or 70 years of age and over, those who were smokers or whose smoking habits were unknown, those whose transplanted teeth had incomplete root formation or multiple roots and those with fewer than 25 present teeth post-operation. The participants in this study were 71 men (74 teeth) and 100 women (107 teeth) ranging from 25 to 69 years of age. Third molars were used as donor teeth in 89·0% of the cases. The participants were divided into three age groups of 25-39, 40-54 and 55-69. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and a log-rank test revealed that there were no significant differences in age groups for men or women. Cox regression analysis indicated that the survival of transplanted teeth was not influenced by age. However, although not statistically significant, the clinical success rate was lower in the 55-69-year-old group than that in the younger groups. These results indicate that if suitable donor teeth are available and the conditions are right, autotransplantation is a viable treatment for missing teeth regardless of the age of the patient.

Comparison of prognosis of separated and non-separated tooth autotransplantation.

The aim of this study was to compare the prognosis of separated and non-separated tooth autotransplantation of the upper first and second molars with complete root formation undertaken at dental clinics. The participating dentists were requested to provide information on transplantations they had undertaken from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2010. Data on a total of 708 teeth from 637 patients were collected. This study analysed 35 separated teeth and 22 non-separated teeth of 47 participants ranging from 27 to 76 years of age (mean age: 55·0 years) after data screening and elimination. The cumulative post-transplantation survival rate at 10 years was 77·1% for separated teeth and 63·6% for non-separated teeth as calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. There were no significant differences between separated teeth and non-separated teeth in a log rank test (P = 0·687). Separated-tooth autotransplantation can help fill narrow recipient sites and increase occlusal supporting zones, but the clinical success rate was only 48·6%. Although transplantation of teeth with complete root formation has limited prognosis, transplantation of upper first and second molars, whether separated or non-separated, is a viable option to replace missing teeth.

A retrospective survey of autotransplantation of teeth in dental clinics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of tooth autotransplantation in dental clinics which offer the treatment and evaluate its practicality. Participating dentists were requested to provide information on transplantations they had undertaken from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2010. A total of 614 teeth from 552 patients (37 dentists) ranging in age from 17 to 79 (mean age: 44·1) were examined. Cumulative survival rate and mean survival time were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and log rank test was used for analysis of factors. The mean number of autotransplantation patients per clinic per year was 1·4. Upper third molars constituted 36·8% of donor teeth, while 37·1% were lower third molars. The lower first molar region was the most common recipient site at 32·6%, followed by the lower second molar region (28·0%). Prosthodontic treatment of transplanted teeth involved coverage with a single crown (72·5%) and abutment of bridge (18·9%). A total of 102 transplanted teeth were lost owing to complications such as attachment loss (54·9%) and root resorption (25·7%). The cumulative survival rate in cases where donor teeth had complete root formation was 90·1% at 5 years, 70·5% at 10 years and 55·6% at 15 years. The mean survival time was 165·6 months. Older age was a significant risk factor (P < 0·05) for survival. In cases where suitable donor teeth are available, autotransplantation of teeth may be a plausible treatment option for dealing with missing teeth in dental clinics.

Risk factors affecting third molar autotransplantation in males: a retrospective survey in dental clinics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors affecting long-term prognosis of autotransplantation of third molars with complete root formation in males at dental clinics. Participating dentists were requested to provide information on transplantations they had undertaken from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2010. Data on a total of 708 teeth from 637 patients were collected. After data screening and elimination, participants of this study consisted of 183 teeth of 171 males ranging from 20 to 72 years of age (mean age, 44·8 years). The cumulative survival rate was 86·0% at the 5-year mark, 59·1% at 10 years and 28·0% at 15 years. The mean survival time was 134·5 months, as calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Single factor analysis using the log-rank test showed that the following factors had significant influence (P < 0·05) on survival of transplanted teeth: periodontal disease as the reason for recipient site tooth extraction, fewer than 25 present teeth and Eichner index Groups B1 to C. Cox regression analysis examined five factors: age, smoking habit, recipient site extraction caused by periodontal disease, fewer than 25 present teeth and Eichner index. This analysis showed that two of these factors were significant: fewer than 25 present teeth was 2·63 (95% CI, 1·03-6·69) and recipient site extraction caused by periodontal disease was 3·80 (95% CI, 1·61-9·01). The results of this study suggest that long-term survival of transplanted teeth in males is influenced not only by oral bacterium but also by occlusal status.

Induction of hepatic tumors by diethylstilbestrol alone or in synergism with n-nitrosobutylurea in castrated male WF rats.

Inbred male WF rats were castrated at 40 days of age and divided into 5 groups. Group I was given no further treatment. Groups III, IV, and V received pellet implants of 5.0 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) concurrently with castration. At 50-55 days of age, groups II, IV, and V were given drinking water containing 5.0 mg N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU) per day for 30 days (subthreshold dose). At the termination of NBU treatment, group V further received daily sc injections of 2-bromoergocryptine (CB-154; 0.4 mg/100 g body wt) four times a week throughout the experiment. None of castrated rats or rats castrated and treated with NBU alone developed hepatic tumors (HT) and pituitary tumors (PT). Incidences of HT and PT in groups III, IV, and V were 4/9 (44%) and 7/9 (78%), 15/17 (88%) and 12/17 (71%), and 17/20 (85%) and 4/20 (20%), respectively. The treatment of DES alone resulted in the concurrent development of HT and PT in castrated male rats (group III), and further NBU treatment significantly increased the incidence of HT (group IV). CB-154 treatment did not change the incidence of HT, the number of HT per rat, and the liver weight, although it significantly reduced the incidence of PT, the pituitary weight, and the serum prolactin level in castrated male rats given DES and NBU (group V). These results indicate that DES itself had a direct carcinogenic effect on the liver; this effect was not mediated by prolactin, and NBU increased the effect of DES in this process.

Inhibitory effect of antiestrogen on hepatic tumorigenesis in WF rats treated with diethylstilbestrol alone or in combination with N-nitrosobutylurea.

Four groups of inbred male WF rats were castrated and received sc implantations of diethylstilbestrol [(DES) CAS: 56-53-1; alpha,alpha'-diethyl-4,4'-stilbenediol] at 40 days of age. Group I was given no further treatment; groups II and IV were treated with antiestrogen (AntiE) clomiphene citrate simultaneously with DES treatment. At 50-55 days of age, groups III and IV were given drinking water containing N-nitrosobutylurea [(NBU) CAS: 869-01-2; 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea] for 30 days. Castrated male rats or rats castrated and treated with NBU alone developed neither hepatic tumors (HT) nor pituitary tumors (PT). When AntiE was administered, incidences of HT and PT, size and the total number of HT, and mean pituitary weight were significantly reduced in rats given DES alone and in rats given DES with NBU. AntiE treatment changed the distribution in the histologic classification of hepatocellular lesions: Neoplastic nodules, instead of hepatocellular carcinomas, were predominant. The results indicate that AntiE was effective in the inhibition of hepatic and pituitary tumorigenesis associated with DES treatment. Our previous study has shown that prolactin was not involved in this hepatic tumorigenesis. Therefore, these studies provide evidence that the carcinogenic effect of DES on the liver cell is direct and that HT are regulated in development and growth by AntiE treatment.

Effects of 17 beta-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol on concurrent development of hepatic, mammary, and pituitary tumors in WF rats: evidence for differential effect on liver.

17 beta-Estradiol [(E2) CAS: 50-28-2; estradiol] and diethylstilbestrol [(DES) CAS: 56-53-1; alpha-alpha'-diethyl-4,4'-stilbenediol] were compared to determine their tumor-inducing abilities in tissue. After castration at 40 days of age, inbred male WF rats received a pellet of either 5.0 mg DES or 5.0 mg E2. Approximately half of the rats that had been given DES or E2 were further given at 50-55 days of age 5.0 mg N-nitrosobutylurea [(NBU) CAS: 869-01-2; 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea] in their drinking water each day for 30 days. None of the castrated rats given E2 alone developed hepatic tumors (HT). Even further addition of NBU did not elicit any HT. Conversely, E2 treatment as well as DES treatment, whether administrated alone or in combination with NBU, resulted in an increase in the incidence of pituitary tumors (PT) and in the mean pituitary weight. The data indicate that E2 was ineffective in inducing HT in castrated male rats, whereas E2 showed an ability to induce PT similar to that of DES. In addition, E2 was not as able to induce as many mammary tumors as DES was able to induce. There was no significant synergism between E2 and NBU in contrast to that between DES and NBU in mammary tumorigenesis, whereas these two estrogens had a similar effect in causing an increase in the pituitary weight. This study, therefore, suggests that the carcinogenic effect of estrogens may not always correlate with their estrogenic effect and further confirms the noninvolvement of prolactin in hepatic tumorigenesis.

Inhibition by 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole of hepatic tumorigenesis induced by diethylstilbestrol alone or combined with N-nitrosobutylurea in WF rats.

Six groups of inbred male WF rats were castrated at 40 days of age. Group 1 was given no further treatment; groups 3-6 received sc implantations of 5.0 mg diethylstilbestrol [(DES) CAS: 56-53-1]. At 50-55 days of age, groups 5 and 6 were given drinking water containing 5.0 mg N-nitrosobutylurea [(NBU) CAS: 869-01-2] per day for 30 days. After the termination of NBU treatment, groups 2, 4, and 6 were given 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (AT), considered an inhibitor of hydroperoxidases, in the drinking water throughout the experiment. Castrated male rats or rats castrated and treated with AT alone developed neither hepatic tumors nor pituitary tumors. The hepatic tumor incidence, the size and total number of hepatic tumors, and the mean liver weight were significantly reduced in rats given the DES-NBU combination and slightly reduced in rats given DES alone when AT was administered. In contrast, AT treatment did not change the pituitary tumor incidence and the mean pituitary weight. The thyroid gland weights were approximately 7-44 times greater in AT-treated groups than those in each corresponding control group. These data indicate that AT inhibited hepatic but not pituitary tumorigenesis and caused enlargement of the thyroid gland. The present study, therefore, provides evidence that the metabolic activation of DES by oxidation is involved in rat liver carcinogenesis.

Suppression of diethylstilbestrol and N-nitrosobutylurea-induced mammary and pituitary tumorigenesis in rats by prolonged treatment with 2-bromoergocryptine.

Inbred male W/Fu rats were castrated at 40 days of age (24) and divided into five groups. Group I was given no further treatment. Groups II, IV, and V received pellet implants of 5.0 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) concurrently with the castration. At 50 to 55 days of age, Groups II, IV, and V were given drinking water containing 5.0 mg N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU)/day for 30 days. This amount does not induce mammary tumors (MTs) in castrated male rats (24) or in female rats (31). At the termination of NBU treatment, Group V received further daily s.c. injections of 2-bromoergocryptine (CB-154; 0.4 mg/100 g body weight) four times/week throughout the experiment. None of the castrated rats or rats castrated and treated with NBU alone developed MT or pituitary tumors (PTs). Incidences of MT and PT in Groups III, IV, and V were three of nine (33%) and seven of nine (78%), 15 of 17 (88%) and 12 of 17 (17%), and three of 20 (15%) and four of 20 (20%), respectively. The treatment with DES alone resulted in the concurrent development of MT and PT in castrated male rats (Group III), and further NBU treatment markedly accelerated the development and growth of MT (Group IV). CB-154 treatment profoundly reduced the incidences of both MT and PT in castrated male rats given DES and NBU (Group V). This treatment also depressed the increase in the number of MT per rat with MT, the pituitary and epididymis weights, and the serum prolactin levels caused by DES treatment. These results indicate that prolonged treatment with CB-154 was effective in the suppression of the concurrent tumorigenesis of mammary and pituitary glands, and the elevation of circulating prolactin levels, by counteracting the continuous stimulatory action of DES. In addition, CB-154 was able to reverse DES-enhanced growth of the epididymis in castrated male rats, suggesting a direct action of prolactin.

Tumor-promoting activity of staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor on mouse skin.

Staurosporine, which is a potent inhibitor of protein kinases, such as protein kinase C, inhibited both inductions of adhesion of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (50% effective dose = 9.0 nM) and Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in Raji cells (50% effective dose = 3.4 nM) by teleocidin. However, staurosporine induced irritation on mouse ear and histidine decarboxylase activity in mouse skin. It did not induce ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse epidermis. The two-stage carcinogenesis experiments of staurosporine were carried out at two different doses. Experiment 1 revealed that the group treatment with a single application of 100 micrograms of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, followed by repeated applications of 50 micrograms of staurosporine, resulted in 85.7% of tumor-bearing mice at Wk 30, whereas group treatment with staurosporine alone or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene alone gave 6.7% and 0%, respectively. Experiment 2 showed that group treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene followed by applications of 10 micrograms of staurosporine resulted in 33% of tumor-bearing mice at Wk 30. In addition, staurosporine treatment reduced the percentages of tumor-bearing mice treated with teleocidin from 100% to 67% in Wk 15. These results demonstrated that staurosporine is a weak tumor promoter of mouse skin compared with teleocidin, but staurosporine has some potency to inhibit tumor promotion by teleocidin.

Rapid purification of protein phosphatase 2A from mouse brain by microcystin-affinity chromatography.

Microcystin LR, which is a monocyclic heptapeptide containing two L-amino acids, leucine and arginine, is a new inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Microcystin LR-affinity chromatography was used to purify protein phosphatase 2A as a holoenzyme. Five mg of microcystin LR were immobilized to ECH Sepharose 4B by the carbodiimide coupling reaction. Following DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, microcystin-affinity chromatography, as the second step in the procedure, resulted in purification of protein phosphatase 2A in a pure form. The enzyme isolated from mouse brain consisted of two regulatory subunits of 67 kDa and 58 kDa and a catalytic subunit of 41 kDa. Microcystin-affinity chromatography is useful for isolation of protein phosphatase 2A.

Infrahyoid and accessory motoneurons in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata).

The segmental and topographical organization of motoneurons innervating the infrahyoid (IH) and the spinal accessory (AC) muscles was studied in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method after application of HRP to the peripheral nerve branches supplying the IH and AC muscles. IH motoneurons constitute two distinct slender cell columns, a longer medial and a shorter lateral one. The medial cell column extends from the most caudal level of the hypoglossal nucleus to the lower levels of the second cervical (C2) cord segment. In the medial column, motoneurons supplying the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles are distributed at the medullary and C1 levels, while those innervating the omohyoid muscle are primarily distributed at the C2 level. The lateral cell column consists of motoneurons supplying the thyrohyoid muscle and extends from the most caudal level of the hypoglossal nucleus to the middle levels of the C1 cord segment. Axons of thyrohyoid motoneurons follow a dorsomedially directed bent emergent course, making a hairpin turn. AC motoneurons supplying the sternocleidomastoid (SC) and trapezius (TZ) muscles form a single slender cell column extending from the most rostral level of the pyramidal decussation to the middle levels of the C6 cord segment. SC motoneurons are distributed from the most rostral level of the pyramidal decussation to the middle levels of the C3 cord segment, while TZ motoneurons are distributed from the upper levels of the C2 cord segment to the lower levels of the C6 cord segment. At the levels of the C2 and C3 cord segments, both SC and TZ motoneurons are distributed in the AC cell column; the cluster of SC motoneurons is located dorsomedial to that of TZ motoneurons.

Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve in macaque monkeys.

Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve was studied by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in 13 macaque monkeys, i.e., in nine Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and two crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The enzyme was applied to the central cut end of the pudendal nerve; then the monkeys were allowed to survive for 36 to 72 hr. Retrogradely labeled neuronal cell bodies of pudendal motoneurons constituted a slender longitudinal cell column in the ventral horn. The cell column extended from high or middle S1 to high or middle S2 in eight monkeys, from middle or low L7 to high S2 in four monkeys, and from high L7 to middle S1 in a monkey. The cell column appeared to correspond to Onuf's X nucleus in man. No sex difference was recognized in the position of the cell column. The average number of HRP-labeled pudendal motoneurons was larger in male than in female adult Japanese monkeys, whereas no sex difference was found in the average soma diameter of the pudendal motoneurons. Transganglionically labeled axons entered into the spinal cord through the S1 and S2 dorsal roots in 12 monkeys and through the L7 and S1 dorsal roots in one monkey. Labeled axons were distributed ipsilaterally in laminae I-VI and X of the spinal cord at the same and adjacent levels of entry of HRP-labeled dorsal root fibers (from L7 to S3 in 12 monkeys and from L6 to S3 in one monkey).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with hepatotoxicity.

Microcystins and nodularin, isolated from toxic blue-green algae, are hepatotoxic monocyclic polypeptides. Both microcystins and nodularin inhibited in vitro protein phosphatase activity present in a cytosolic fraction of mouse liver, bound to the okadaic acid receptors, protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, and thus resulted in the increase of phosphoproteins; this was referred to as the apparent "activation" of protein kinases. Their concentrations causing 50% of the maximal effects are comparable to that of okadaic acid, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor and a potent tumor promoter, in the nanomolar range of concentration. The increase of phosphoproteins was observed in rat primary cultured hepatocytes and was subsequently associated with morphological changes, which appeared to be a step in the process of hepatotoxicity. The well-known hepatotoxic compounds, alpha-amanitin and phalloidin, did not show any effects similar to those of microcystins, nodularin and okadaic acid. It is suggested that the hepatotoxicity of microcystins and nodularin may result from inhibition of protein phosphatases and the increase of phosphoproteins.

Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR.

Certain waterblooms of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a health threat because of their production of toxic peptides, termed microcystins, which cause liver damage in wild and domesticated animals. The most widely studied microcystin is microcystin-LR, a heptapeptide containing the two L-amino acids, leucine and arginine. The inhibition of protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2A activities by microcystin-LR is similar to that of the known protein phosphatase inhibitor and tumor promoter okadaic acid. We show in this report that microcystin-LR, applied below the acute toxicity level, dose-dependently increases the number and percentage area of positive foci for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase in rat liver, which was initiated with diethylnitrosamine. The result was obtained independently through two animal experiments. This observation indicates that microcystin-LR is a new liver tumor promoter mediated through inhibition of protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2A activities. This provides further evidence that the okadaic acid pathway is a general mechanism of tumor promotion in various organs, such as mouse skin, rat glandular stomach and rat liver.

Distribution of axons showing calcitonin gene-related peptide- and/or substance P-like immunoreactivity in the sensory trigeminal nuclei of the cat.

Distribution of axons with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like and/or substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) within the sensory trigeminal nuclei was examined in the cat before and after trigeminal rhizotomy. Axons with CGRP-LI or SP-LI were seen throughout the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vp) and spinal trigeminal nuclei, including the medullary dorsal horn (MDH). They were densely distributed particularly in the dorsolateral part of the dorsal subnucleus of the Vp, ventromedial marginal zone of the ventral subnucleus of the Vp, dorsomedial and ventromedial parts of the oral spinal trigeminal nucleus, ventromedial and lateral marginal zones of the interpolar spinal trigeminal nucleus, and lamina I, outer part of lamina II and lamina V of the MDH. Most of the CGRP-LI axons exhibited SP-LI, while many SP-LI axons did not show CGRP-LI. After trigeminal rhizotomy, almost all CGRP-LI axons disappeared from the ipsilateral sensory trigeminal nuclei, while a considerable number of SP-LI axons remained intact throughout the nuclei; these SP-LI axons did not show CGRP-LI. The results indicate that CGRP-LI axons within the sensory trigeminal nuclei exhibit SP-LI and are of peripheral origin, and that SP-LI axons without CGRP-LI are of central origin.

Direct connections of primary afferent fibers with central cervical nucleus neurons projecting to the cerebellum in the cat.

The synaptic organization of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in the cat was examined by means of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and the anterograde degeneration tracing technique. Light microscopic studies confirmed that cervical primary afferents terminate heavily in the region of CCN cerebellar projection neurons and electron microscopic findings demonstrated that primary afferent fibers of cervical dorsal roots form synapses mainly with distal dendrites of CCN neurons projecting to the cerebellum.

Convergence of serotonin-, enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive afferent fibers on single pudendal motoneurons in Onuf's nucleus of the cat: a light microscope study combining the triple immunocytochemical staining technique with the retrograde HRP-tracing method.

Convergence of serotonin (5-HT)-, enkephalin (ENK)-, and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactive (LI) afferent fibers on single pudendal motoneurons within Onuf's nucleus was demonstrated: pudendal motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase applied to the pudendal nerve. Subsequently, 5-HT-LI fibers were stained by the immunoperoxidase method, and then ENK- and SP-LI fibers were stained by the double immunofluorescence method.

Possible origins of substance P-like immunoreactive axons within Onuf's nucleus of the cat.

The double immunofluorescence method revealed that 30-50% of substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) axons within Onuf's nucleus of cats exhibited enkephalin (ENK)-LI, and that about 5% of SP-LI axons within the nucleus showed serotonin (5-HT)-LI. After hemicordotomy, axons with both SP- and 5-HT-LI, as well as those with only 5-HT-LI, were profoundly depleted in Onuf's nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion, but no changes were detectable in axons with SP-LI and/or ENK-LI in the nucleus.