Exploring the potential of Chat-GPT as a supportive tool for sialendoscopy clinical decision making and patient information support.

INTRODUCTION: Sialendoscopy has emerged in the last decades as a groundbreaking technique, offering a minimally invasive approach for exploring and managing salivary gland disorders. More recently, the advent of chatbots, powered by advanced natural processing language and artificial intelligence algorithms, has revolutionized the way healthcare professionals and patients access and analyze medical information and potentially will support soon the clinical decision-making process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was designed to assess the level of agreement between Chat-GPT and 10 expert sialendoscopists aiming the capabilities of Chat-GPT to further improve the management of salivary gland disorders. RESULTS: The mean level of agreement was 3.4 (SD: 0.69; Min: 2, Max: 4) for Chat-GPT's answers while it was 4.1 (SD: 0.56; Min: 3, Max: 5) for the group of EESS (p < 0.015). The overall Wilcoxon signed-rank test yielded a significance level of p < 0.026 when comparing the level of agreement between Chat-GPT and EESS. The mean number of therapeutic alternatives suggested by Chat-GPT was 3.33 (SD: 1.2; Min: 2, Max: 5), while it was 2.6 (SD: 0.51; Min: 2, Max: 3) for the group of EESS; p = 0.286 (95% CI - 0.385 to 1.320). CONCLUSION: Chat-GPT represents a promising tool in the clinical decision-making process within the salivary gland clinic, particularly for patients who are candidates for sialendoscopy treatment. Additionally, it serves as a valuable source of information for patients. However, further development is necessary to enhance the reliability of these tools and ensure their safety and optimal use in the clinical setting.

Reliability of large language models in managing odontogenic sinusitis clinical scenarios: a preliminary multidisciplinary evaluation.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of large language model (LLM) artificial intelligence tools, Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) versions 3.5 and 4, in managing complex otolaryngological clinical scenarios, specifically for the multidisciplinary management of odontogenic sinusitis (ODS). METHODS: A prospective, structured multidisciplinary specialist evaluation was conducted using five ad hoc designed ODS-related clinical scenarios. LLM responses to these scenarios were critically reviewed by a multidisciplinary panel of eight specialist evaluators (2 ODS experts, 2 rhinologists, 2 general otolaryngologists, and 2 maxillofacial surgeons). Based on the level of disagreement from panel members, a Total Disagreement Score (TDS) was calculated for each LLM response, and TDS comparisons were made between ChatGPT3.5 and ChatGPT4, as well as between different evaluators. RESULTS: While disagreement to some degree was demonstrated in 73/80 evaluator reviews of LLMs' responses, TDSs were significantly lower for ChatGPT4 compared to ChatGPT3.5. Highest TDSs were found in the case of complicated ODS with orbital abscess, presumably due to increased case complexity with dental, rhinologic, and orbital factors affecting diagnostic and therapeutic options. There were no statistically significant differences in TDSs between evaluators' specialties, though ODS experts and maxillofacial surgeons tended to assign higher TDSs. CONCLUSIONS: LLMs like ChatGPT, especially newer versions, showed potential for complimenting evidence-based clinical decision-making, but substantial disagreement was still demonstrated between LLMs and clinical specialists across most case examples, suggesting they are not yet optimal in aiding clinical management decisions. Future studies will be important to analyze LLMs' performance as they evolve over time.

Prophylactic antibiotics in sialendoscopy: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Antibiotics have been prescribed routinely in sialendoscopy procedures to reduce the risk of postoperative infection, despite the limited evidence supporting this practice. Being necessary to assess the need for antibiotics in Sialendoscopy, aiming to provide evidence-based guidance to clinicians regarding antibiotic administration in this procedure. MATERIALS & METHOD: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the of prophylactic antibiotics in Sialendoscopy was designed. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients were included in this study, including 57 females (71.8%) and 23 males (28.8%). In terms of prophylaxis, 36 patients (45%) received prophylactic treatment, and 44 patients (55%) did not. The occurrence of infectious events was observed in 2 patients (5.6%) with prophylaxis and 4 patients (9.1%) without prophylaxis. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.556). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our prospective, randomized clinical trial aimed to address the debate regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics in sialendoscopy. Our study's findings suggest that the routine use antibiotics may not be necessary to prevent postoperative infections in sialendoscopy procedures. These results have important implications for clinical practice, potentially reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics and addressing concerns related to antibiotic resistance and adverse drug reactions.

Association between empty nose syndrome and laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: a preliminary cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) and Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS). METHODS: Nasal and laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms were investigated in patients with ENS. Symptoms were evaluated with reflux symptom score-12 (RSS-12), nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE), empty nose syndrome 6-item questionnaire (ENS6Q), empty nose syndrome index (ENSI), and sinonasal outcome tool-22 (SNOT-22). The anxiety and depression were assessed with the general anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), and patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A study of association was conducted between demographics and patient-reported outcome questionnaires. RESULTS: Forty-one ENS patients were included (20 females (48.8%)). The control groups included 27 patients with rhinitis/rhinosinusitis and 36 asymptomatic individuals. The ENSI and ENS6Q detected ENS in 97.6% and 90.2% of cases, respectively. The mean scores of ENSI, ENS6Q, RSS-12, NOSE, and SNOT-22 were significantly higher in the ENS group compared to controls. The prevalence of suspected LPRD was 90.2% in the ENS group, which was significantly higher compared to controls. The prevalence of mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression in ENS patients was 7.3% (n = 3), 4.9% (n = 2), 39.0% (n = 16), and 46.3% (n = 19), respectively. RSS-12 reported significant and high associations with the ENS6Q (rs=0.939; p = .001) and ENSI (rs=0.699; p = .001). CONCLUSION: LPRD symptoms and prevalence were significantly higher in ENS patients compared to controls. Future controlled studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of LPRD in ENS patients through objective approaches (impedance-pH monitoring, nasal digestive enzyme measurements).

Is generative pre-trained transformer artificial intelligence (Chat-GPT) a reliable tool for guidelines synthesis? A preliminary evaluation for biologic CRSwNP therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Biologic therapies for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) have emerged as an auspicious treatment alternative. However, the ideal patient population, dosage, and treatment duration are yet to be well-defined. Moreover, biologic therapy has disadvantages, such as high costs and limited access. The proposal of a novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm offers an intriguing solution for optimizing decision-making protocols. METHODS: The AI algorithm was initially programmed to conduct a systematic literature review searching for the current primary guidelines on biologics' clinical efficacy and safety in treating CRSwNP. The review included a total of 12 studies: 6 systematic reviews, 4 expert consensus guidelines, and 2 surveys. Simultaneously, two independent human researchers conducted a literature search to compare the results. Subsequently, the AI was tasked to critically analyze the identified papers, highlighting strengths and weaknesses, thereby creating a decision-making algorithm and pyramid flow chart. RESULTS: The studies evaluated various biologics, including monoclonal antibodies targeting Interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-4, IL-13, and Immunoglobulin E (IgE), assessing their effectiveness in different patient populations, such as those with comorbid asthma or refractory CRSwNP. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-4 receptor alpha subunit, demonstrated significant improvement in nasal symptoms and quality of life in patients with CRSwNP in several randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. Similarly, mepolizumab and reslizumab, which target IL-5, have also shown efficacy in reducing nasal polyp burden and improving symptoms in patients with CRSwNP, particularly those with comorbid asthma. However, additional studies are required to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of these biologics in treating CRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS: Biologic therapies have surfaced as a promising treatment option for patients with severe or refractory CRSwNP; however, the optimal patient population, dosage, and treatment duration are yet to be defined. The application of AI in decision-making protocols and the creation of therapeutic algorithms for biologic drug selection, could offer fascinating future prospects in the management of CRSwNP.

Validation of the Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool: a new tool to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms.

BACKGROUND: The widespread diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms is revolutionizing how health-related information is disseminated, thereby highlighting the need for tools to evaluate the quality of such information. This study aimed to propose and validate the Quality Assessment of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI), a tool specifically designed to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. METHODS: The QAMAI tool has been developed by a panel of experts following guidelines for the development of new questionnaires. A total of 30 responses from ChatGPT4, addressing patient queries, theoretical questions, and clinical head and neck surgery scenarios were assessed by 27 reviewers from 25 academic centers worldwide. Construct validity, internal consistency, inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed to validate the tool. RESULTS: The validation was conducted on the basis of 792 assessments for the 30 responses given by ChatGPT4. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional structure of the QAMAI with a single factor comprising all the items that explained 51.1% of the variance with factor loadings ranging from 0.449 to 0.856. Overall internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.837). The Interclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.983 (95% CI 0.973-0.991; F (29,542) = 68.3; p < 0.001), indicating excellent reliability. Test-retest reliability analysis revealed a moderate-to-strong correlation with a Pearson's coefficient of 0.876 (95% CI 0.859-0.891; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The QAMAI tool demonstrated significant reliability and validity in assessing the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. Such a tool might become particularly important/useful for physicians as patients increasingly seek medical information on AI platforms.

Allergic rhinitis and dental caries: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting millions of people globally. Some studies revealed the presence of bidirectional relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and oral diseases, with each disease having a potential impact on the other. In this study we aimed to systematically review the literature and analyze the available evidence regarding whether AR contributes to the development of dental caries. METHODS: Three authors, members of the YO-IFOS rhinology study group, independently analyzed the data sources (Pubmed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SciELO) for papers assessing the relationship between rhinitis and caries, in adult and pediatric patients. RESULTS: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (87612 participants). Six studies were performed in children. A total of three studies found an association between AR and dental caries. Only two studies had adjusted the measure of effect for potentially confounding variables. Regarding the quality of the selected studies according to the NICE classification, the most observed methodological limitations detected were: (1) the cross-sectional design of the included studies which could have introduced a simultaneity bias, and (2) not clearly reporting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: This systematic review can neither confirm nor deny the presence of an association between AR and caries. Despite the evidence is very scarce to conclude a relationship between AR and caries, the option for examining patients with repetitive caries by an otolaryngologist and those with AR by odontologist should be considered, as these examinations do not possess any risk for the patient.

Lymph node metastasis in level IIb in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a multicentric, longitudinal, retrospective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, 70% of patients in Europe and the USA are affected by a p16 + , potentially HPV driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, despite the improved survival rate in this group, the quality-of-life remains low in cases which neck dissection took place. In this vein, in recent years, some surgeons have considered to avoid dissection of level IIB, proposing a supra-selective non-IIb neck dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, longitudinal, multicentric study was conducted, including patients with pathologically confirmed primary HPV + or HPV - OPSCC who went through surgical treatment for the primary lesion and neck dissection. RESULTS: 141 patients were included. Among them, 99 (70.2%) were male and 42 (29.8%) were female. The mean age was 62 ± 9 years (range 36-81). The most frequent anatomical location was the tonsil in 63 (44.7%) of patients. The most common approach was the classic transoral oropharyngectomy in 51 (36.2%) patients. Immunohistochemistry for p16 was positive in 62 (44%) patients. One-hundred and five (74.5%) patients received a unilateral ND, and a 36 (25.5%) a bilateral ND. Of those, a 12.8% (18/141) of patients were level IIb LN + . According to our results, level IIb ND should be considered in patients underwent therapeutic ND with positive LN metastasis in level IIa (OR = 9.83; 95% CI 3.463-27.917) or III (OR = 6.25; 95% CI 2.158-18.143), advanced (T3/T4) oropharyngeal primary tumors (OR = 3.38; 95% CI 1.366-8.405), and patients with ENE (OR = 6.56; 95% CI 2.182-19.770), regardless of p16 status. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, level IIb ND should be considered in patients who underwent therapeutic ND with positive LN metastasis in level IIa or III, advanced oropharyngeal primary tumors, and patients with ENE, independently of p16 status. Prospective data are necessary to definitively ensure the safety of omitting ipsilateral or contralateral level IIb ND in cN - patients with early stage disease.

Tissue augmentation treatment for periprosthetic leakage in patients who have undergone a total laryngectomy: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is considered the gold standard for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. One of the main causes of treatment failure, and a potentially serious complication, is the TEP enlargement and/or leakage around the voice prosthesis. The injection of biocompatible material to increase the volume of the puncture surrounding tissue has been studied as a popular option for conservative treatment of enlarged tracheoesophageal fistula. The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of such treatment. DESINGN: Search conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scielo and Web of Science and through the meta-searcher Trip Database based on Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. SETTINGS: Human experiments published in peer-reviewed journals, where investigators assessed the use of peri-fistular tissue augmentation for periprosthetic leakage were evaluated. PARTICIPANTS: Laryngectomized patients with voice prosthesis, presenting periprosthetik leak due to enlarged fistula. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: mean-duration without new leak. RESULTS: A total of 196 peri-fistular tissue augmentation procedures in 97 patients were found in the 15 selected articles. The 58.8% of patients had a time without periprosthetic leak after treatment of >6 months. The 88.7% of tissue augmentation treatments resulted in periprosthetic leakage cessation. The general level of evidence of the studies included in this review was low. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue augmentation treatment is a minimally invasive, biocompatible and safe solution that temporarily resolves periprosthetic leaks in many cases. There is no standard technique or material, and treatment needs to be individualised according to the experience of the practitioner and the characteristics of the patient. Future randomised studies are needed to confirm these results.

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Patient Changes during the COVID-19 Quarantine.

Background and Objective: To examine the effects of the lockdown on diet adherence and stress levels in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Materials and Methods: Patients with a positive LPR diagnosis at the hypopharyngeal-esophageal impedance-pH monitoring were treated from a pre- to lockdown period with a 3-month high-protein, low-fat, alkaline, plant-based diet, with behavioral changes, and an association of pantoprazole (20 MG/d) and alginate (Gaviscon 3/d). The following patient-reported outcomes questionnaire and findings instrument were used: Reflux Symptom Score-12 (RSS-12) and Reflux Sign Assessment (RSA). At the posttreatment time, patients were invited to evaluate the impact of lockdown on diet adherence and stress management with a predefined grid of foods and beverages and the perceived stress scale (PSS), respectively. Results: Thirty-two patients completed the evaluations. RSS-12 and RSA significantly improved from baseline to 3-month posttreatment. Most patients experienced mild-to-severe stress levels at the end of the lockdown. The level of stress substantially increased in 11 patients (34%) due to the lockdown, while it did not change in 11 patients (44%). In 11 cases (34%), patients reported that the adherence to the anti-reflux diet was better than initially presumed thanks to the lockdown period, while 44% (N = 14) reported that the lockdown did not impact the adherence to a diet. PSS and RSS-12 were significantly correlated at the end of the pandemic (rs = 0.681; p < 0.001). The increase in stress level was positively associated with the lack of adherence to diet (rs = 0.367; p = 0.039). Conclusions: During the lockdown, the diet habits of LPR patients were improved in one-third and unchanged in 44% of cases. The stress level was increased in one-third of patients, which was associated with an increase in symptom scores.

Epidemiological, clinical and oncological outcomes of young patients with laryngeal cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate epidemiological, clinical and oncological outcomes of young patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). METHODS: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library were searched by three researchers for studies investigating epidemiological, clinical and oncological outcomes of patients with age < 40 years old and LC. The following outcomes were investigated with PRISMA criteria: age; ethnicity; gender; tobacco/alcohol habits; anatomical, pathological, therapeutic and survival features. Authors performed a bias analysis of papers and provided recommendations for future studies. RESULTS: Seventeen papers published between 1982 and 2021 met our inclusion criteria, accounting for 928 patients with age < 40 years (female/male ratio: 2:5). There were on average 54.2 and 45.8% of smokers and drinkers. The tumor location mainly consisted of glottis (70.1%), supraglottis (27.7%) and subglottis (2.2%). Radiation therapy was the main therapeutic strategy used in young adults with LC. The 2-year overall survival ranged from 50 to 100% and depended on tumor stage, treatment, and cohort features. Four studies reported better overall survival in young compared with old adults, while there were no significant differences in three studies. There was an important heterogeneity between studies regarding the inclusion/exclusion criteria, epidemiological, clinical, pathological and treatment. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that young patients with LC had lower proportion of smokers and drinkers and better overall survival compared with older but both data of the current literature and heterogeneity between studies limit us to draw definitive conclusions.

Long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a magnet-based valve voice prosthesis for endoprosthesis leakage treatment.

PURPOSE: Tracheoesophageal speech is considered the gold standard for rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. The main reason of voice prosthesis failure is the endoprosthesis leakage. Provox ActiValve® incorporates a magnet-based valve system to achieve active closure of the valve to treat these leakages, with the drawback of being significantly more expensive. The aim of the study was to compare the Provox Vega® and Provox ActiValve® duration and costs in patients with replacements increase due to endoprosthetic leakage. METHODS: Prospective case-crossover study in laryngectomized patients with Provox Vega® and endoprosthesis leakage to whom a Provox ActiValve® was placed. Survival and possible factors that affect voice prosthesis were studied using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression. Cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the Spanish Public National Health System with incremental cost-effectiveness calculation was performed. RESULTS: A total of 159 prostheses were evaluated. The most frequent reason for replacement was the endoprosthesis leakage (N = 129; 83.77%) in both models. The mean duration-time of Provox Vega® was 44.77 ± 2.82 days (CI 95%, 39.18-50.35; median 36 days), and 317.34 ± 116.8 days (CI 95% 86.66-548; median 286 days) for the Provox ActiValve® (p < 0.000). For every replacement not made thanks to the Provox ActiValve® there was saving of 133.97€ CONCLUSIONS: The Provox ActiValve® is a cost-effective solution in patients with increased prosthesis replacements due to endoprosthetic leakage, reducing the number of changes and cost compared to Provox Vega®.

Machine Learning Algorithms as a Computer-Assisted Decision Tool for Oral Cancer Prognosis and Management Decisions: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Despite multiple prognostic indicators described for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), its management still continues to be a matter of debate. Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from historical data, gather insights, and make predictions about new data using the model learned. Therefore, it can be a potential tool in the field of head and neck cancer. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review. RESULTS: A total of 81 manuscripts were revised, and 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 38 were excluded for the following reasons: use of a classical statistical method (N = 16), nonspecific for OCSCC (N = 15), and not being related to OCSCC survival (N = 7). In total, 8 studies were included in the final analysis. CONCLUSIONS: ML has the potential to significantly advance research in the field of OCSCC. Advantages are related to the use and training of ML models because of their capability to continue training continuously when more data become available. Future ML research will allow us to improve and democratize the application of algorithms to improve the prediction of cancer prognosis and its management worldwide.

ENT emergencies during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: Our experience.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the characteristics of the visits attended to in an ENT Emergency Department (ENT-ED) during the first wave of COVID-19, comparing them with the emergencies attended to during the same period of time in 2019. METHODS: Descriptive and analytical observational retrospective study of all emergency consultations between March 1, 2020, and May 21, 2020, carried out by the Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department of a tertiary university hospital. The adequacy of consultations was assessed with the Hospital Emergency Suitability Protocol (HESP). The correlation between the emergencies and the SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases was assessed with a generalized linear model. RESULTS: Although there was a decrease of almost 50% in ENT-ED visits during the first wave of COVID-19, the pattern of most cases remained similar to the pre-COVID-19 era: non-urgent consultations, not previously assessed by Primary Care (PC), being considered inadequate by the HESP. The three main reasons for consultation were otalgia, odynophagia, and epistaxis. The number of ENT-ED visits and the total number of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the health area were correlated. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was a challenge for the Spanish health system. The critical epidemiological situation experienced during March, April, and May explains the reduction in the number of visits to the ENT-ED. However, this condition did not affect the predominant pattern of visits with respect to the pre-COVID-19 era, which were mostly inadequate. A strengthening of PC and an improvement in the population's health education is essential.

Google Trends application for the study of information search behaviour on oropharyngeal cancer in Spain.

PURPOSE: Oropharyngeal cancer is estimated to continue to increase in the next decades. Prevention strategies and knowing the current situation of knowledge and concern of the population about this disease is necessary. Infodemiology is valuable to monitor health information-seeking behaviour trends and epidemiology. The objective of this study is to analyze the use and evolution, through Google trends as a source of information, of internet-based information-seeking behaviour related to the oropharyngeal cancer in Spain and related to mass media stories. METHODS: Using Google Trends, the terms "throat cancer', "HPV", "laryngeal cancer", "tonsil cancer" and "oral cancer". The searches volume and trend were analyzed using a Jointpoint regression method from January 2009 to July 2019. RESULTS: The most searched term was "HPV", with a search volume index of 61, followed by "throat cancer" (SVI = 25). The trend of the term "HPV" increased 6.1% annually (p < 0.000), with a linear correlation of both terms of 0.52 (p < 0.000). The greatest number of searches was carried out in the north of Spain, the most repeated query being "oral sex AND cancer". A correlation between the news in the media and the increase in the volume of searches for the terms was found. CONCLUSION: Any news stories, new interventions or aetiology related to oropharyngeal cancer can manifest as an increase in information-seeking behaviours for "throat cancer" on Google. Understanding healthcare information-seeking behaviour is essential in order to control and plan the quality of knowledge provided by health organisations, advocacy groups and health professionals regarding head and neck cancers.

Looking for a cutoff value for the decongestant test in children suffering with turbinate hypertrophy.

OBJECTIVE: The main causes for objectively confirmed chronic impaired nasal breathing in children are adenoid and turbinate hypertrophy. Turbinate hypertrophy may be addressed by turbinate surgery. However, specialized guidelines include no specific indications for pediatric patients. The decongestant test consists of simulating the effect of turbinate surgery by means of a nasal decongestant. This project, developed by the YO-IFOS rhinology group, aims to establish a cutoff value for the nasal decongestant test with rhinomanometry to select children for turbinate surgery. METHODS: Children between 4 and 15 years of age were included. Cases were consecutively selected from children affected by turbinate hypertrophy undergoing turbinate radiofrequency ablation with or without adenoidectomy. Controls were consecutively selected from a sample of healthy children. All the subjects were examined with anterior active rhinomanometry with and without nasal decongestant. RESULTS: Sample included 72 cases and 24 healthy controls. There was a statistically significant difference in the improvement with the decongestant between cases (57.91%) and controls (15.67%). The ROC curve revealed an area under the curve of 0.97. The highest amount of correctly classified individuals (93.44%) corresponded to the cutoff value of 31.66%. However, the value with the highest specificity and highest Youden's index was the 38.88% improvement in nasal resistance with nasal decongestant. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a preliminary cutoff value for the decongestant test used with rhinomanometry in children has been established. This test could help identify children for turbinate surgery.

Appropriateness for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for otolaryngologist and head and neck surgeons in case of pregnancy, breastfeeding, or childbearing potential: Yo-IFOS and CEORL-HNS joint clinical consensus statement.

PURPOSE: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are a key step in fighting the pandemic. Nevertheless, their rapid development did not allow for testing among specific population subgroups such as pregnant and breastfeeding women, or elaborating specific guidelines for healthcare personnel working in high infection risk specialties, such as otolaryngology (ORL). This clinical consensus statement (CCS) aims to offer guidance for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination to this high-risk population based on the best evidence available. METHODS: A multidisciplinary international panel of 33 specialists judged statements through a two-round modified Delphi method survey. Statements were designed to encompass the following topics: risk of SARS-Cov-2 infection and use of protective equipment in ORL; SARS-Cov-2 infection and vaccines and respective risks for the mother/child dyad; and counseling for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in pregnant, breastfeeding, or fertile healthcare workers (PBFHW). All ORL PBFHW were considered as the target audience. RESULTS: Of the 13 statements, 7 reached consensus or strong consensus, 2 reached no consensus, and 2 reached near-consensus. According to the statements with strong consensus otorhinolaryngologists-head and neck surgeons who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or with childbearing potential should have the opportunity to receive SARS-Cov-2 vaccination. Moreover, personal protective equipment (PPE) should still be used even after the vaccination. CONCLUSION: Until prospective evaluations on these topics are available, ORL-HNS must be considered a high infection risk specialty. While the use of PPE remains pivotal, ORL PBFHW should be allowed access to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination provided they receive up-to-date information.

Methods to assess olfaction in pediatric patients: a systematic review from the international YO-IFOS study group.

OBJECTIVE: Olfaction is an important sense in children, but its measurement is usually disregarded or neglected. There has been increasing interest in olfaction in recent years, and many olfaction assessment tests have been developed to assess pediatric patients. In this systematic review, we identify and compare different olfaction assessment tests used in the pediatric population DATA SOURCES: Pubmed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Trip Database. REVIEW METHODS: The main outcome was review of the tests used to assess olfaction. The secondary outcomes were review of differences between tests regarding sex, age, exercises and odorants. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles fulfilled the established inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Olfaction assessment in children should combine different methods of evaluation, and not rely only on identification tasks. There are still many questions to answer. There is a great need for a specific test for children under 5 years old. Also, there is not a real cutoff value to define hyposmia yet; real cutoff values and values adapted to children's development are keenly needed.

Does pediatric septoplasty compromise midfacial growth? A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Septal deviation is an important cause of impaired nasal breathing among pediatric patients. A widespread solution to septal deviation is septoplasty. However, there are certain controversies surrounding the effect of this technique on pediatric patients and its influence on the growth centers of the nose. The objective of this review is to study if there is a strong and valid evidence in the literature that supports a detrimental effect of pediatric septo- and rhinoseptoplasty in facial growth DATA SOURCES: Pubmed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Trip Database. REVIEW METHODS: The outcome assessed was the midfacial growth after pediatric septoplasty. RESULTS: Eight publications met the inclusion criteria. None found major disturbances in facial growth. Only minor nasal anomalies were reported by 4 authors. CONCLUSION: Septoplasty in pediatric patients does not seem to affect midfacial growth according to available evidence. However, due to their design, the degree of recommendation of these studies was not superior to level C.

Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 patients may present mild symptoms. The identification of paucisymptomatic patients is paramount in order to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Olfactory loss could be one of those early symptoms which might help in the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to develop and validate a fast, inexpensive, reliable and easy-to-perform olfactory test for the screening of suspected COVID-19 patients. STUDY DESIGN: Phase I was a case-control study and Phase II a transversal descriptive study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Olfaction was assessed with the ethyl alcohol threshold test and symptoms with visual analogue scales. The study was designed in two phases: In Phase I, we compared confirmed COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. In Phase II, patients with suspected COVID-19 infection referred for testing were studied. RESULTS: 275 participants were included in Phase I, 135 in Phase II. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.749 in Phase I, 0.737 in Phase II. The cutoff value which offered the highest amount of correctly classified patients was ≥ 2 (10% alcohol) for all age intervals. The odds ratio was 8.19 in Phase I, 6.56 in Phase II with a 75% sensitivity. When cases report normal sense of smell (VAS < 4), it misdiagnoses 57.89% of patients detected by the alcohol threshold test. CONCLUSION: The olfactory loss assessed with the alcohol threshold test has shown high sensitivity and odds ratio in both patients with confirmed COVID-19 illness and participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.